Influence of GISE and Slotting at

Magnet Edge in Integral and

Fractional Slot Number on the
Cogging Torque in PMSM for
Renewable Energy Application
Tajuddin Nur
Dept. of Electrical Engineering (EE), School of Engineering
Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia Jakarta,
Indonesia
Outline of 01 Introduction of Inset-PMSM

Review the cogging torque (CT)

Presention 02 reduction technique for wind power

03 Selection of CT reduction techniques

Analysis Result of CT reduction using a

04 2D finite element

Compare the CT result between integral

05 and fractional slot number

06 Conclusion/Recommendation
Motivation

Inset-PMSMs have been used in many applications such

as in :
• Industry, robotic, wind power, water power, and many
more
• In Inset-PMSM, the magnets are mounted or buried in
the rotor core.
One of important issue and problem in Inset-PMSM renewable energy
application a is the cogging torque (CT).

What is the CT?

“CT is the interaction with magnet flux at the rotor with stator
core/stator slot opening width”.
Some techniques to reduce the CT in PMSM :
• a. Modify the stator core.
• b. Modify the magnet rotor.
• c. Combining the a and b.
Why the CT must be minimized?

In industry applications, CT effects to the vibration, noisy etc.

If CT is high, the rotor of PMSM is difficult to rotate, leads the PMSM
can not generate electric energy.

CT is the most important issue in electric machine applications which

must be minimized.
Where is CT position in machine
structure ?

In general, the CT position located at the magnet edge

of machine.
 CT value standard for
Renewable energy
application
Europe Korea and Indonesia
CT value maximum 2 % or East Asia CT value maximum
CT value maximum
less from it the rated torque. below 1%
1,5%

By combining the magnet shaping and step of slotting at the magnet edge,
the CT of machine can be reduced to less than 1 %.
Fig.1 CT Reduction for Inset-PMSM
 Selection of CT Reduction Method

In this presentation, the magnet rotor of PMSM was

modified to reduce the CT (see the Figure 1 ):

Meanwhile, the PMSM uses fractional slot number, magnet

shaping, and slotting the magnet edge
 CT location

Fig.2 Modification the magnet rotor using magnet edge one step of slotting
Fig.3 Modification of rotor structure using two steps of slot
Fig.4 Conventional Magnet rotor
Fig.5 One slot in magnet edge
Fig. 6 two steps of slotting at the magnet edge
In modification of rotor core to reduce the CT has
been selected (see Figure 1).

Three/four methods of CT have been combined :

01 Magnet Shaping 03 Adjust the magnet pole arc

02 Magnet edge slotting 04 Fractional (24 slot /10 pole)

Stator structure is kept
simple
Stator Structure of PMSM adopts the conventional

without dummy slot, Air gap length is set to be 1

dummy teeth or other mm

Stator teeth width and length For rotor and stator core,
are the same size the machine uses M-19

Slot opening width is limited

to 2 mm
 Cogging Torque Analysis
The cogging torque is analyzed using finite element. The analyzing of the CT
is based on the FEMM 4.2. The value of the CTs were calculated :

where ;
R = air gap reluctance
θ = mechanical degree of rotor rotation
Another formula for CT computation
continue
Fig.7 Cogging torque reduction of integral slot number (30 slot /10 pole )
Fig.8 Cogging Torque reduction for fractional slot number (24 slot /10 pole )
 Improvement of CT Methods

The initial CT value of Integral Slot number ( 24 slot / 8 pole ) is

2.5085881 Tesla :

• For one slot in magnet edge, the CT peak value reduces to 0.4361457 Tesla.
The CT reduction the PMSM is = 82.61 %

• For two slots in magnet edge, the CT peak value decreases to 0.0465475
Tesla. The CT reduction of the PMSM is = 98.14 %
 Fractional Slot Number

The initial value of CT of the fractional Slot number (24 slot / 10 pole),
the initial CT of PMSM is 0.2352206 Tesla

For one slot at magnet edge, the CT decreases to 0.0118322 Tesla.

The CT reduction of the PMSM is = 94.96 %

And, for two slot at magnet edge, the CT of the PMSM decreases to
0.0006905 Tesla. The CT reduction is = 99.71 %.
 Conclusion

• Reducing the CT by employing the step slotting in magnet

edge and GISE have been presented in this presentation.
• It can be concluded that CT of both of integral and fractional
slot number can be reduced effectively by combining slotting
at the magnet edge, shaping the magnet edge.
• The CT reduction for fractional slot number is (24 slot/10
pole) higher compared with the integral slot number (30 slot
 Suggestion for Future Work

For future work, authors suggest to :

• Combine or compare the optimization methods such as Taguchi

Method, GA Method or other

• Investigate effect of axial channels to the CT values

• Investigate the Relation between rotor teeth height and CT values

Thank You very much for the attention..