List of Symbols and Abbreviations

Latin symbols

Symbol Explanation Unit Chapter

A Matrix of constant coefficients 11
AAB Coefficient in van Laar’s equation – 4
Ac column cross section area m2 10
Ae Effective adsorption factor (Group – 11
methods)
Aht Heat transfer area m2 6
Ai Coefficient in Antoine’s equation Pa, bar 4
for component i
Az Azeotropic composition mol/mol 5
a Attractive parameter in cubic Jm3/mol2 2
equations of state
aI specific vapor-liquid interfacial m2/m3 10
area
ai Activity of component i – 2
B Bottom stream flow rate kmol/s, kg/s 4, 11
B Matrix of coefficients 11
Bi Coefficient in Antoine’s equation Pa K, bar
C, Pa 4
for component i
C,.

BT Total molar bottom stream flow kmol/s 11

rate
b Co-volume in cubic equations of cm3/mol, 2
state m3/mol
b Content dependent 11
Binary variable
Vector of constant coefficients
CA Price of distillate product $, V 5
CC Unit costs for cooling in the $/kW 11
condenser
CF Price of feed $, V 5
Cfix,k Annualized fixed charge cost of $/a 11
column k
CH Unit costs for heating in the $/kW 11
reboiler
Ci Coefficient in Antoine’s equation K,
C 4
for component i
Ck Annualized cost of column k $/a 11

(continued)

xiii
xiv List of Symbols and Abbreviations

dcont’d

Symbol Explanation Unit Chapter

c Parameter in the VTPR equation of m3/mol 2
state
c Constant/vector of constant 11
coefficients
c molar concentration mol/m3 10
cp Molar heat capacity at constant J/(mol K) 2
pressure
cpL Liquid heat capacity at constant J/K 4
pressure
cpLi Liquid heat capacity of component J/K 4
i at constant pressure
cpV Vapor heat capacity at constant J/K 4
pressure
d generalized driving force, 1/m 10
Eq. (10-30)
D Distillate flow rate mol/s, kmol/s, kg/s 4, 5, 8, 10, 11
DAB binary diffusion coefficient m2/s 10
Dax axial dispersion coefficient m2/s 10
Di effective diffusion coefficient of m2/s 10
component i
Dij Driving Force 9
Ðij Maxwell-Stefan diffusion m2/s 10
coefficient
DT Total molar distillate flow rate kmol/s 11
E Entrainer flow rate kmol/s 5, 8
EMV Murphree vapor efficiency – 4
EO Overall tray/stage efficiency – 4
EOL Murphree efficiency for the liquid – 10
phase
EOV Murphree efficiency for the vapor – 10
phase
Ex Exergy W, W/K 6
F Feed flow rate mol/s, kmol/s, kg/s 4, 5, 8, 10, 11
FT Total molar feed flow rate kmol/s 11
f Vaporized fraction of the feed – 4
f($) Scalar function 11
fi Fugacity of component i Pa 2
fobj($) Objective function 2, 5
GE Total excess Gibbs energy J 2, 8
Gij NRTL parameter 2
g($) Equality constraints 5
Scalar/vector functions 11
gE Molar excess Gibbs energy J/mol 2
6gij Interaction parameter between K 2
component i and j
 List of Symbols and Abbreviations xv

dcont’d

Symbol Explanation Unit Chapter

H Enthalpy W, W/K 6
h partial molar enthalpy J/mol 10
HA Amount of distillate mole 5
HF Amount of feed mole 5
Hi,j Henry constant of component i in j Pa 2
6Hvap Molar heat of vaporization J/mol 4
h Specific enthalpy J/kg, J/mol 4, 8, 11
h($) Inequality constraints 5
Scalar/vector functions 11
Dhv Enthalpy of vaporization J/mol 2
hE Molar excess enthalpy J/mol 2
HETP height equivalent to a theoretical m 10
plate
HTU height of a transfer unit m 10
Hc column height m 10
J diffusion flux mol/(m2 s) 10
J column vector consisting of Ji mol/(m2 s) 10
Ki Chemical equilibrium constant of – 2
component i
Ki Distribution coefficient/K-factor of – 2, 4, 8, 11
component i
Kk Relation between feed and heat – 11
flow (Andrecovich & Westerberg
model)
kij Binary parameter in cubic – 2
equations of state
K eq vapor-liquid equilibrium constant – 10
KOL overal mass transfer coefficient in mol/(m2 s) 10
terms of the liquid phase
KOV overal mass transfer coefficient in mol/(m2 s) 10
terms of the vapor phase
L Liquid flow rate kmol/s, kg/s 4, 8, 11
Ld Reflux flow rate returned to the kmol/s 11
column
LR Liquid flow rate in a rectifying kmol/s 11
column section
LS Liquid flow rate in a stripping kmol/s 11
column section
l axial coordinate directed from m 10
column top to bottom
L liquid molar flow rate mol/s 10
M Scalar (Big M parameter) 11
m slope of the operating line, – 10
Eq. (10-A2)

(continued)
xvi List of Symbols and Abbreviations

dcont’d

Symbol Explanation Unit Chapter

N Content dependent – 4, 6, 8, 11
Number of trays/stages
Number of components
NR Number of trays/stages in the – 4, 8, 11
rectifying section
NS Number of trays/stages in the – 4, 8, 11
stripping section
NT Total number of trays in column – 4
section
NF Feed tray location mole 4
n Number of moles 2
nC Number of components – 8
n number of mixture components – 10
N Content dependent molar flux mol/(m2 s) 10
NTU number of transfer units – 10
Oi Offcuts – 5
P Hourly profitability profit/hr 5
Pi Product cuts – 5
Poyi Poynting factor of component i 2
p Pressure Pa (or bar, atm) 2, 4, 8, 11
pLV
0;i Vapor pressure of component i Pa 4
pbi Individual flow rate of the bottom kmol/s, kg/s 11
product
pi Partial pressure of component i Pa (or bar, atm) 4
pti Individual flow rate of the top kmol/s, kg/s 11
product
QEX Exchanged heat kJ 11
_
Q Duty W 4, 5, 6, 8, 11
_ flash
Q Energy added or removed in the W 4
flash drum
_ ht
Q Heat transfer duty W 6
_ hx
Q Energy added or removed in the W 4
heat exchanger
_k
Q Heat duty for column k W 11
QB / QR reboiler/boilup heat duty – 8
q Energy to convert one mol of feed – 4
to saturated vapor at dew point
divided by the molar heat of
vaporization
qLS Liquid fraction of a stream mol/mol 11
q liquid molar fraction in the feed – 10
stream
Q heat flux W/m2 10
R Gas constant J/mol$K 2
 List of Symbols and Abbreviations xvii

dcont’d

Symbol Explanation Unit Chapter

R Boolean variable 11
Rmin Reflux ratio – 4, 5, 6, 8, 11
r Content dependent 11
Binary variable
Interest rate
Scalar function
rec Component recovery 11
< gas constant 8.3144 J/(mol K) 10
Rb reboil ratio – 10
Rf reflux ratio – 10
S Stripping factor – 11
S Entropy W, W/K 6
S Side stream flow rate kmol/s, kg/s 4
Se Effective stripping factor (Group – 11
methods)
Sij Selectivity – 2, 8
s Renewal frequency, parameter of 1/s 10
the surface renewal model
T Absolute temperature K 2, 4, 6, 8, 11
Tbp Boiling temperature K, (
C) 4, 5
T0 Reference temperature K 6
Tmin,ea Minimum exchanger approach K 11
temperature
Tst Steam temperature K 11
DTlm Logarithmic mean temperature K 6
difference
t Time s 5,10
tf Total operating/final time s 5
te exposure time, parameter of the s 10
penetration model
T temperature K 10
U Overall heat transfer coefficient W/m2K 6
U Big M Parameter 11
u Control variables 5
uL liquid-phase velocity m/s 10
U length-specific molar holdup mol/m 10
V Vapor flow rate kmol/s, kg/s 4, 8, 11
VR Vapor flow rate in a rectifying kmol/s 11
column section
Vr Reboil flow rate returned to the kmol/s 11
column

(continued)
xviii List of Symbols and Abbreviations

dcont’d

Symbol Explanation Unit Chapter

VS Vapor flow rate in a stripping kmol/s 11
column section
v Molar volume cm3/mol, 2
m3/mol
v Design variables 5
V vapor molar flow rate mol/s 10
W Still holdup in differential distillation mole 4, 5
W Boolean variable 11
Wideal Ideal compression power demand W 6
WC Boolean variable (determine if a 11
condenser exists)
WR Boolean variable (determine if a 11
reboiler exists)
w Binary variable – 11
X Parameter in the Gilliland graphical 11
correlation
x Vector of real variables 11
x liquid mole fraction mol/mol 10
x liquid-phase composition vector mol/mol 10
xi Mole fraction of component i in the mol/mol 2, 4, 5, 8, 11
liquid phase
Y Content dependent 11
Parameter in the Gilliland graphical
correlation
Boolean variable
y Algebraic variable 5, 11
yi Mole fraction of component i in the mol/mol 2, 4, 5, 8, 11
vapor phase
y vapor mole fraction mol/mol 10
y vapor-phase composition vector mol/mol 10
Z Content dependent – 11
Boolean variable
Objective variable in optimization
problems
z Boolean variable 11
z Compressibility factor – 2
zi Mole fraction of component i mol/mol 2, 4, 8, 11
z film coordinate; m 10
transformed liquid-phase –
concentration,
Eq. (10-A11)
z liquid-phase composition vector – 10
consisting of zi
 List of Symbols and Abbreviations xix

Greek Symbols

Symbol Explanation Unit Chapter

a Relative volatility – 2, 4, 5, 10, 11
a relative volatility vector consisting of ai – 10
aT heat transfer coefficient W/(m2 K) 10
aij Non-randomness parameter in the NRTL – 2
equation (aij ¼ aji)
bk Size factor for column k (Andrecovich & 11
Westerberg model)
b; bik binary mass transfer coefficient mol/(m2 s) 10
½b matrix of mass transfer coefficients mol/(m2 s) 10
gi Activity coefficient of component i – 2, 4
g component net interstage flow, Eq. (10-A3) – 10
g component net interstage flow vector – 10
consisting of gi
G Group activity coefficient – 2
½G matrix of thermodynamic correction factors – 10
d film thickness m 10
z Split fraction – 11
l Eigenvalue – 8
r Density kg/m, 2
mol/m3
nk Number of structural groups in the mixture – 2
ðiÞ
nk Number of structural groups in pure solvent – 2
f Liquid phase ratio – 8
fA Recovery factor for absorption section – 11
fi Recovery factor for component i – 11
fR Underwood root – 11
fS Recovery factor for stripping section – 11
f Fugacity coefficient – 2
4FB Fischer–Burmeister function 11
f volumetric holdup m3/m3 10
m chemical potential J/mol 10
q root of Underwood’s equation – 10
q vector of roots of Underwood’s equation – 10
s transformed time parameter, Eq. (10-1) – 10
j Recovery fraction – 11
w Temperature
C 2
s Dimensionless time – 8
sij NRTL parameter – 2
x Dimensionless time scale – 2
U($) Boolean function 11
u Acentric factor – 2
xx List of Symbols and Abbreviations

Subscripts

Symbol Explanation Chapter

ave Average 4
az Azeotropic point 2
B Bottom stream 4, 8, 11
bot Bottom section (aggregated models) 11
C, cond Condenser 4, 6, 8, 11
c Critical point 2
cool Cooling 6, 11
D Distillate 4, 5, 11
dp Dew point 4
evap Evaporation 6
F Feed 4, 5, 8, 11
f Formation reaction 2
heat Heating utility 11
HK Heavy key 11
HP High pressure 5
hx Heat exchanger 4
in Inlet 4
int Internal 4
i, j, k Component, tray position, iteration 2, 11
i,j,k component, reaction or stage 10
indices
k Number of heterogeneous trays 8
L Liquid 2, 4, 8, 11
L liquid phase 10
LK Light key 11
LP Low pressure 5
min Minimum/minimal 4, 6, 8, 11
mb Top part of the bottom section 11
(aggregated models)
mt Bottom part of the top section 11
(aggregated models)
N Stage/tray number, component in a 11
mixture
opt Optimal 4
r Chemical reaction 2
R, reb Reboiler 4, 5, 8, 11
S State 11
S Side stream 4
s Position in column 11

(continued)
 List of Symbols and Abbreviations xxi

dcont’d

Symbol Explanation Chapter

st Steam 11
t total 10
top Top section (aggregated models) 11
V Vapor 2, 4, 8, 11
V vapor phase 10
w Still 4, 5
0 Initial 4, 5, 11

Superscripts

Symbol Explanation Chapter

_ Partial molar property 2
N At infinite dilution 2
* equilibrium 10
av average 10
b bottom product 10
B bulk phase 10
C Combinatorial part 2
d distillate product 10
f column feed stream 10
I phase interface 10
o Standard state 2
r Reduced property 2
r rectifying section 10
R Residual part 2
S Solvent free basis 2
s At saturation 2
s stripping section 10
spec Specification 5
xxii List of Symbols and Abbreviations

Abbreviations

Abbreviation Explanation Chapter

BM Big-M 11
BVM Boundary value method 8, 11
CAMD Computer-aided molecular design 8
CAMD Computer-Aided Molecular Design 9
CC Composition control 5
CDR Continuous distillation region 8
CDRM Continuous distillation region method 8
CH Convex hull reformulation 11
CHR Convex hull reformulation 11
CMO Constant molar overflow 8
CNF Conjunctive normal form 11
CRV Constant relative volatility 8
DAE Differential algebraic equation 5
DB Distillation boundary 8
DBB Disjunctive branch and bound 11
DDB Dortmund Data Bank 2
DIPPR Design Institute for Physical Property Data 2
DL Distillation line 8
DRD Distillation region diagram 1
EC Eigenvalue criterion 8
ECP Extended cutting plane 11
EMAT Exchanger minimum approach temperature 11
EOS Equation of state 2, 8
FAM Feed angle method 8
FPM Feed pinch method 8
FRI Fractionation Research Inc. 1
FTC Fully thermally coupled 11
FUG Fenske-underwood-gilliland 4, 11
GBD Generalized benders decomposition 11
GDP Generalized disjunctive programing 11
GM Group method 11
CFG Computational fluid dynamics 1
HDS Hybrid Distillation Scheme 9
HETP Height equivalent to a theoretical plate 1, 4
HI Heat integration 8
HIAG Holzindustrie AG 2
HIDiC Heat integrated distillation columns 6, 11
HP High-pressure 5, 6
 List of Symbols and Abbreviations xxiii

HTU Height of transfer unit 1

ICAS Integrated Computer-Aided System 9
L Liquid 2, 11
LBOA Logic based outer approximation 11
LC Level control 5
LP Linear programing 11
LP Low-pressure 5, 6
LLE Liquid–liquid equilibrium 2
MAC Minimum angle criterion 8
MED Minimum energy demand 8
MESH Mass balances, equilibrium equations, molar fraction 8, 11
summation and enthalpy (H) balances
MIDO Mixed-integer dynamic optimization 5
MILP Mixed-integer linear programming 11
MINDLP Mixed-integer nonlinear dynamic optimization 5
problem
MINLP Mixed-integer nonlinear programming 8, 11
MP Medium-pressure 6
MSF Multi stage flash 4
MTN Minimum number of trays 8
M-HDS Membrane-based Hybrid Distillation Scheme 9
NLP Nonlinear programing 5, 8, 11
NRTL Nonrandom two liquid 2
OA Outer approximation 11
OTOE One task one equipment 11
PDB Pinch distillation boundary 8
PR Peng–Robinson 2
P-HDS Pressure-Swing Hybrid Distillation Scheme 9
RB Rectification body 8
RBM Rectification body method 8, 11
RC Residue curve 8
RCM Residue curve map 1, 8
RD Reactive Distillation 9
RDM Reversible distillation model 11
R-HDS Reactive agent-based Hybrid Distillation Scheme 9
SDB Simple distillation boundary 8
SEN State equipment network 11
SLE Solid–liquid equilibrium 2
SRK Soave–Redlich–Kwong 2
SR-MINLP Successive relaxed MINLP 11
S-HDS Solvent-based Hybrid Distillation Scheme 9
SSLM Shortest stripping line method 8

(continued)
xxiv List of Symbols and Abbreviations

dcont’d

Abbreviation Explanation Chapter

STN State task network 11
TAC Total annual costs 8, 11
TC Temperature control 5
TRB Total reflux boundary 8
UNIFAC Universal quasi-chemical theory functional group 2, 8
activity coefficients
VHP Very high pressure 6
VLE Vapor–liquid equilibrium 2, 8
VLLE Vapor–liquid–liquid equilibrium 2, 8
VRC Vapor recompression cycle 11
VTE Variable task equipment 11
VTPR Volume translated Peng–Robinson 2
ZVC Zero volume criterion 8

Abbreviations of chemical compounds

Abbreviation Explanation Chapter

CFC Chlorofluorocarbon 6
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide 8
HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon 6
HFC Hydrofluorocarbon 6
HOAc Acetic acid 9
H2O Water 9
NFM N-formylmorpholine 2
NMP N-methylpyrrolidone 2
MeOAc Methyl-acetate 9
MeOH Methanol 9
MTBE Methyl-tert-butylether 1