• Random Variables - Function that associates a numerical value with every outcomes of an experiment Domain – sample space Range – some set of real numbers - Discrete if its set of possible outcomes is countable - Continuous if it takes on values on a continuous scale (usually measured data) Example: Discrete ▪ Number of defective computers ▪ Number of siblings in a family in a region ▪ Number of female students ▪ Time needed to finish the test Continuous ▪ Weight of newborns each year ▪ Speed of a car ▪ Amount of paint utilized in a project # 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 • 𝑃(𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 • A discrete probability distribution or a probability mass function consists of the values of a random variable can assume and the corresponding probabilities of the values/ Properties of a Probability Distribution • The probability of each value of the random variable must be between or equal to zero and one. — 𝑜 ≤ 𝑃(𝑋) ≤ 1 • The sum of the probabilities of all value of the random variable must be one. — Σ𝑃(𝑋) = 1 Computing the Mean and the Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution • The mean of a random variable with a discrete probability distribution is 𝜇 = Σ 𝑋 ⋅ P(X) - Where 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 … are the values of the random variable and 𝑃(𝑋1 ), 𝑃(𝑋2 ), 𝑃(𝑋3 ) … are the corresponding probabilities. • Variance = 𝜎 2 = Σ 𝑋2 ⋅ 𝑃(𝑋) − 𝜇 2 • Standard Deviation = square root of variance Expected Value • Applies the expectation or expected value in various types of games of chance in decision theory. • 𝜇 = Σ 𝑊 ⋅ 𝑃(𝑊) − 𝑏𝑒𝑡 Example: One thousand tickets are sold at php 100 each for a smart television valued at php 35,000. What is the expected value if you purchase one ticket? 𝜇 = Σ 𝑊 ⋅ 𝑃(𝑊) − 𝑏𝑒𝑡 = 35000*1/1000 – 100 = -65 • FYI – if the expected value is zero, the game is said to be fair. • Expected value is positive, then the game is on favor of the player • Expected value is negative, then the game is on the favor of the house • Expected value is zero, the game is said to be fair. Normal Distribution • Continuous random variable is normally distributed or has a normal probability distribution if its relative frequency histogram of the random variable has the shape of normal curve. • Not normal curve = skewed to the left/right Properties of the Normal Curve
- Symmetric about its mean
- Because mean=median=mode, the highest point occurs at 𝑋 = 𝜇 - The are under the curve is 1 (Left = 0.5 & right = 0.5) - As x increases/decrease, the graph approaches x-axis - It follows the Empirical rule Standardizing a Normal Random Variable 𝑋−𝜇 • 𝑍= 𝜎 - Where X = given score - 𝜇 = population mean - 𝜎 = population standard deviation Z-score • Represents the distance that a data value is from the mean in terms of the number of standard deviation • Unitless. It has a mean of zero and standard deviation 1/ 𝑋−𝜇 • Population z-score: 𝑍 = 𝜎 𝑋−𝑋̅ • Sample z-score: 𝑍 = 𝑠
Standard Normal Curve
Distribution of the Sample Mean • Sampling distribution - Probability distribution for all possible values of the statistic computed from the sample of size n. • Sampling distribution of the sample mean - Probability distribution of all possible values of the random variable x computed from the sample size n from the population mean and standard deviation If a random variable X is normally distributed, the distribution of the sample mean is normally distributed.
Standard error of the mean
Formula • Central Limit Theorem - Shape of the distribution of the sample mean becomes approximately normal as the sample size n increases, regardless of the shape of the population.
Estimating Parameters with Known Population Standard Deviation
• Point estimate - Value of a statistic that estimates the value of a parameter. - The best point estimate is the sample mean. • Level of Confidence - Expected proportion of intervals that will contain the parameter if a large number of different samples is obtained. Estimating A Population Mean Unknown Population Standard Deviation Hypothesis Testing