Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Conformity Obedience
The Chameleon Effect
• The chameleon effect is our tendency to
unconsciously mimic those around us.
• Yawning when others yawn
• Picking up the mood of a happy or sad person
:
https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=ioblgpA5eTo
• This automatic mimicry is an ingredient in our ability to
empathize with others.
Figure 18.4
Informational influence
Myers: Psychology,
Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth
Reasons for Conforming
• Normative Social Influence (“social norms”): Influence
resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid
rejection/ disappointment.
• A person may respect normative behavior because there
may be a severe price to pay if it’s not respected.
• For example, Darhl Pederson and his colleagues
demonstrated conformity to a social norm.
• When someone else was present in a public restroom,
____ percent of women washed their hands. If no one
else was present, only ____ percent did so.
Breaking Social Norms
ture=related
• Examine which cultures are more likely to
encourage conformity:
• What are the qualities of cultures that encourage conformity?
• What types of government do these cultures have?
• Are they all communistic, democratic, or a mixture of both?
• On whom do these cultures encourage conformity –
government officials, families, adults or all of the above?
• How do these cultures handle people who don’t conform?
• Do they suffer formalized punishment (jail, fines, etc.) or
more informal social punishment (shunning, lack of job
advancement, etc.)?
Obedience
• People comply to
Mob behavior
(lynchings, riots) is
an example of
deindividuation.
Group Polarization
• Decision making processes can be
influenced by groups as well.
• Group polarization occurs when
group discussion strengthens a
group’s dominant point of view
and produces a shift toward a
more extreme decision in that
direction.
• In other words, when a group is
like-minded, discussion strengthens
its prevailing opinions and attitudes
and leads a group to shift toward a
more extreme decision in the
direction it was already leaning
• For example: racial prejudice, politics,
suicide terrorists As a group, both the Black
Panthers and the Ku Klux Klan
are more extreme than the
average individual in the group.
• Groupthink is the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire
for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic
appraisal of alternatives (common sense).
• In other words, groupthink is when a cohesive group suspends
critical thinking in a misguided effort to promote agreement.
• Members of a group become so interested in seeking a consensus
of opinion that they start to ignore and even suppress
dissenting views.
• Many “historic fiascoes” can be attributed to its influence:
• Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs invasion
• WMDs in Iraq
• The escalation of the Vietnam conflict
• The U.S. failure to anticipate the attack on
Pearl Harbor
Symptoms of “Groupthink”
• An illusion of invulnerability – The decision makers in the group believe
that they will succeed, demonstrating an unrealistic degree of
confidence, resulting in a willingness to resort to extreme risk.
• An illusion of unanimity – Everyone in the group believes that everyone
holds the same opinion, when in reality, other people may be having
misgivings. This shared illusion results in strong conformity pressure – no
one expresses their reservations, for fear of group criticism or retribution.
• A belief on the inherent morality of the group – The group members
believe what they are doing is the morally and ethically correct course of
action, and ignore evidence to the contrary.
• Collective rationalization – In the face of arguments against their course
of action, the group will collectively rationalize, or “explain away” the
arguments, which may have led them to reconsider their course of
action.
• Stereotypical thinking – Members of a group in the throes of groupthink
paint in broad strokes, portraying their adversaries in terms of broad
stereotypes.
• Mindguards – mindguards are self-appointed “gatekeepers” who take it
upon themselves to keep dissenting opinions out of the discussion,
protecting the “unanimity” of the group.
The Power of
Individuals
Minority Influence
Power of Individuals