CHAPTER-12

FRICTIONAL
FORCE
 The force acting along the two surfaces
in contact which opposes the motion
of one body over the other is known as
the force of friction or frictional force.
WHAT IS A
FRICTIONAL
FOECE?
THE ORIGIN WHEN TWO ROUGH SURFACES COME IN CONTACT,MANY CONTACT POINTS
ARE FORMED.THE ATOMS OR MOLECULES PRESENT AT SUCH POINTS OF
CONTACT GIVE RISE TO ATTRACTIVE FORCES OF ADHESION WHICH OPPOSE

OF FRICTION THE RELATIVE MOTION OF THE BODIES.THUS THE FORCES OF ADHESION

BETWEEN THE TWO SURFACES GIVE RISE TO FRICTION.
 Friction depends upon the nature of
the surfaces in contact.

FACTORS
AFFECTING The force of friction is directly
FRICTION proportional to the normal force.

Friction does not depend on the

amount of surface area in contact
between the moving bodies.
FRICTIONAL FORCE IS SELF
ADJUSTING IN NATURE • It is important to note that
the force of friction is self
adjusting as the applied
force is increased, the force
of friction also increases
proportionately. However,
the force of friction has
some maximum limit.
• The maximum force of
friction when the body is
beginning to move is known
as the limiting friction.
 On the basis of its nature frictional
force can be divided into three
types. They are
❖Static friction
TYPE OF ❖Sliding friction
FRICTION ❖Rolling friction
STATIC FRICTION
SLIDING
FRICTION
The friction that
exists between a
surface sliding
on another
surface.
The friction that exists
between two
surfaces, when a body
rolls on the surface of
the another.

ROLLING
FRICTION
SPRING BALANCE
 The frictional force exerted by liquids is less
FRICTION DUE TO when compared to the frictional force
LIQUIDS AND exerted by solids . It is called DRAG.
GASES The gases exert the least force of friction as
compared to the solids and liquids.
 When one object moves over another object,
the friction between them shows the following
effects.

Friction opposes motion

EFFECTS OF
FRICTION Friction produces heat.

Friction causes wear and tear.

FRICTION, A
NECESSARY EVIL
WAYS TO REDUCE FRICTION
Friction can be reduced in the following ways.
❖STREAMLINED BODIES
❖POLISHING
❖WHEELS
❖LUBRICANTS
❖BALL BEARINGS OR ROLLER BEARINGS
❖ANTI FRICTION METALS
❖AIR CUSHION
 Objects moving in air or water
have streamlined bodies to reduce
STREAMLINED friction . birds, cars , aeroplanes
BODIES and rockets have special
streamlined bodies to reduce air
resistance.
 Polishing of rough
POLISHING surfaces also reduces
friction.
 WHEELS
WHEELS ALSO HELPS IN REDUCING FRICTION.
 Use of lubricants
make the surface
LUBRICANTS smooth , thus
reduces friction.
BALL BEARINGS OR
ROLLER BEARING

They reduce friction

because rolling friction is
smaller than sliding
friction.
ANTI FRICTION METALS

When steel slides over an alloy of lead , the friction is

less than when steel slides on steel.
 By increasing the roughness
of the surfaces
WAYS TO
INCREASE
FRICTION
By drying the surfaces
 AIR CUSHION
Here the moving surfaces are separated by
an air cushion to reduce friction.
AMAZING FACTS