Unit 1.

Curriculum
Essentials
with Maam Evie D. Dulino
Let us pray!
 After the completion of the chapter, students
will be able to:
1. discuss the different curricula that exists in
the schools,
2. analyze the significance and nature of
curriculum and curriculum development in the
teacher’s classroom
3. define curriculum in different perspectives
5
Prescriptive Definition of Curriculum
DATE AUTHOR DEFINITION
1902 JOHN DEWEY “Curriculum is a continuous reconstruction,
moving from the child’s present experience out
into that represented by the organized bodies of
truth that we call studies….
1957 Ralph Tyler “[The curriculum is] all the learning experiences
planned and directed by the school to attain its
educational goals
2010 Indiana Department of “Curriculum means the planned interaction of
Education pupils with instructional content, materials,
resources, and processes for evaluating the
attainment of educational objectives, “
Note: Prescriptive curriculum provides us with what “ought” to happen and, more often than
not, takes the form of a plan, an intended program, or some kind of expert opinion about what
needs to take place in the course of study.
In your opinion, which prescriptive is most appropriate today? Why?
Descriptive Definitions of Curriculum
DATE AUTHOR DEFINITION
1935 Hollis Caswell and Doak “Curriculum is all the experiences children have
Campbell under the guidance of teachers”
1960 W.B. Ragan “Curriculum is all the experiences of the child for
which the school accepts responsibility”
2013 Edward S. Ebert II, “Curriculum is only that part of the plan that
Christine Ebert and directly affects students. Anything in the plan that
Michael L. Bentley does not reach the students constitutes an
educational wish but not a curriculum”
Note: Descriptive curriculum explains how curricula “benefit or harm all individuals. “For
example, one descriptive concept from curriculum theory is that of the hidden curriculum, which
is some of the outcomes or by-products of schools, particularly those situations that are
learned but not openly intended.
In your opinion, which descriptive is most appropriate today? Why?
Concept of Curriculum

Curriculum as a list of subjects

This definition suggests that curriculum
includes “permanent” or traditional
subjects offered in the school curriculum
such as English, Math, and Science.
Concept of Curriculum
Curriculum as Learning Experiences
This includes students curricular and co-
curricular experiences encountered inside
of outside the school.
In short, curriculum includes all learning
opportunities that bring about changes in
the knowledge, skills and attitude of the
students.
Concept of Curriculum

Curriculum as Intended learning outcomes

This includes the learning competencies or
standards that students should learned in
the school
In designing a lesson, important to align
the learning outcomes with the learning
competencies prescribe in a course.
Concept of Curriculum
Curriculum as a plan for achieving goals.
This position, popularized by Tyler and Taba,
exemplifies a linear view of curriculum. The plan
involves a sequence of steps.
“a plan for providing sets of learning
opportunities for persons to be educated.”
Curriculum is an organized set of formal
education and/or training intentions.”
Concept of Curriculum

In other words, Curriculum

The total learning experiences in the
school.
Types of Curriculum

1. Recommended curriculum (Ideological Curriculum)

• outlined by scholars and professional organizations.
• Curriculum construed by educational stakeholders at
national level.
• For Basic Education – Department of Education
(DepEd), for Higher Education Commission on Higher
Education (CHED) and for Vocational Education by
TESDA.
Types of Curriculum
2. Written curriculum (Enacted Curriculum)
• Rationale of the curriculum, general Goals to be
realized, specific objective to be achieved. The
sequence of objectives to be achieved and kind of
learning activities.
• They come in the course of study, syllabi, modules,
books or instructional guides among others and the
teachers lesson plan.
• The most recent written curriculum is the K-12/MELC
Types of Curriculum

Curriculum that is authorize and approved for

classroom delivery.
• Interpret the comprehensive goals of the
“Recommended Curriculum “into specific
learning outcome.
Types of Curriculum
3. Taught curriculum (Operational Curriculum)
that teachers attempt to implement;
• From what has been written or planned, the
curriculum has to be implemented or taught.
Teachers are the chief implementers of the
curriculum.
• Teachers and learners will put life to the written
curriculum.
Types of Curriculum

• The skill of the teacher to facilitate learning

based on the written curriculum with the aid
of instructional materials and facilities will be
necessary.
• The taught curriculum will depend largely on
the teaching styles of the learners.
Types of Curriculum
4. Supported curriculum that helps implement or
deliver the curriculum resources such as textbooks
and computers;
• Describe as support materials that teachers need to
make learning and teaching meaningful.
• These include print materials like books, charts,
poster, worksheets, or non-prints materials like
PowerPoint presentation, movies, slides, models,
mock-ups and other electronic illustrations.
Types of Curriculum

• Helps implement or deliver the curriculum

resources such as textbooks and computers;
• Also include facilities where learning occurs
outside or inside the four walled buildings
(playground, science laboratory, audio visual
rooms, zoo, museum, market and the plaza.
Types of Curriculum
5. Assessed curriculum that is tested and
evaluated;
• Taught and supported curricula have to be
evaluated to find out if the teacher has
succeeding or not in facilitating the learning.
• In the process of teaching and at the end of
every lesson or teaching episode , an
assessment is made. (formative and
summative)
Types of Curriculum

• It include both formative and summative

evaluation of learners conducted by teachers,
schools, or external organization. It involves all
test (teacher-made, district performance,
production and demonstration.
Types of Curriculum
6. Learned curriculum, what the students actually
learn;
• All the changes occurred in the learners due to
their school experience.
• We always believe that if students changed
behavior, he/she has learned. For example, from
non reader to a reader or from not knowing to
knowing or being disobedient to obedient.
• The positive outcome is an indicator of learning.
Types of Curriculum
7. Hidden curriculum/Implicit, unintended
curriculum
• unwritten, unofficial, and unintentionally
learn during their education
• Teachers should be sensitive and aware of
this hidden curriculum.
• Teachers must have good foresight to include
these in the written curriculum, in order to
bring to the surface what are hidden.
Curriculum Stakeholders
1.Learners are at the core of the curriculum.
Learners have more dynamic participation from
the planning, designing, implementing and
evaluating.
Whatever curriculum we plan, learners are not
just mere recipients of the curriculum. They are
actually involved in the implementation. After all,
learners together with the teachers put action to
the curriculum.
Curriculum Stakeholders
In planning the lesson, activities and strategies
that we will use, we still consider the learners.
Lets say you are handling the pilot and lowest
section……………..we plan based on the level of
students.
w/o the learners curriculum is useless.
So they can make or break curriculum by their
active or non-involvement.
Curriculum Stakeholders
2. Teachers are curricularists.
Teachers are stakeholders who plan, design, teach,
implement and evaluate the curriculum.
Teachers’ influence upon learners cannot be
measured. Better teachers foster better learning .As
curriculum developers, teachers are part of textbook
committees, teacher-selection, school evaluation
committee
or textbook and module writers themselves.
Curriculum Stakeholders
3. School leaders are curriculum managers.
Principal and school heads too, have important roles
in curriculum implementation process in schools.
They should understand fully the need for change and
the implementation process. They should be ready to
assist teachers and students in the implementation.
Communication line should be open to all concerned
should the school leaders lead in curriculum
teamwork.
Curriculum Stakeholders
4. Parents
Parents are significant school partners. Besides
the students, teachers and school administrators,
play an important role in curriculum
implementation. Parents may not directly be
involved in the curriculum implementation, but
they are formidable partners for the success of any
curriculum development endeavor.
Curriculum Stakeholders

School encourages parents to engage in

cooperation like Brigada Eskwela. Through this,
parents will know the situation in the school.
They can be tapped in various activites like
scouting, etc.
Curriculum Stakeholders

5. Community as the Curriculum Resources and a

Learning Environment
“It takes the whole village to educate the child” goes
the statement of former First Lady Hillary Clinton.
The school is the extended school ground, a learning
environment.
Curriculum Stakeholders

• All the barangay leaders, the elders, other citizens

and resident of the community have a stake in the
curriculum. It is the bigger school community that
becomes the venue of learning.
It is a mutual reflection. The community is a
reflection of the school influence and the school is a
reflection of the community support.
Curriculum Stakeholders
The agency that certifies and issues teacher
licenses to qualify one to teach and affirms and
confirms the appointment of teachers in the
public school.
• Local Government Units (LGU) include the
municipal government officials and barangay
officials.
• Non-Government Agencies
• Gawad Kalinga (GK)
Curriculum Stakeholders
• Synergia –an organization/ foundation that
supports basic education to elevate education
through Reading, Science, Mathematics and
English.
• Metrobank Foundation-supports continuing
teacher development programs
Non-government agencies are organizations and
foundations that have the main function to
support education.
Relationship on Types of Curriculum
Other Types of Curriculum
Societal curriculum (or social curricula)
• Social curricula allow students to interact with
others as well as empathize with them
• .Dr. Carlos E. Cortés, a Professor of History at the
University of California has defined the term social
curriculum.
• From the definition, it is evident societal curriculum
includes all lessons that students learn from any
member of society. It helps students to develop
social skills.
Other Types of Curriculum

Subject-Centered Curriculum
It focuses on improving the knowledge of learners on
a specific subject or discipline.
It is followed in a formal traditional educational setup.
It gives information about what a student has to
learn and how it should be taught or learned.
Other Types of Curriculum

Subject-Centered Curriculum
It is a part of the formal education system.
In this type, teachers have to follow standard
procedures to teach students.
This type of curriculum is not curated based on the
requirements of students or by considering the
learning capabilities of students
Other Types of Curriculum
Student-Centered Curriculum
Learning styles and competencies of students are taken
into account for applying different pedagogical
methodologies.
It acknowledges that each student is different and
unique and does not follow a one-size-fits-for- all
approach. It caters to the needs of students and hence
students become the ultimate focus.
Teachers act as facilitators in the learning processes to
guide students in the proper direction.
Other Types of Curriculum

Activity Centered Curriculum

In this, learning is revolved around activities.
This kind of curriculum can have a long-lasting impact
on students as it involves active involvement from
students in the learning process.
It is a shift from rote learning methodologies and hence
the learning becomes more engaging and exciting.
Other Types of Curriculum
Teacher-Centered Curriculum
It is more about teachers and less about the students'
participation.
Teachers play an authoritative role where they put forth
learning methodologies that the student ought to follow.
in this curricula, s teachers have an upper hand, they
have the opportunity to exhibit their talents and
capabilities to deliver knowledge in the most effective
way.
Other Types of Curriculum

Integrated Curriculum
It is formulated by integrating two or more disciplines.
This curriculum helps in the development of life skills
among the students.
They learn to deal with problems that are out of their
discipline and also help in their holistic development.
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