IGCSE A2 B.3 What is the number of protons in the nucleus? Paper 2 1. The diagram shows the electronic structure of an atom rey 2. The diagrams show the structures of two forms, X and Y, of a solid element What are suitable uses of X and Y, based on their structures? use of solidX | _use of solid Y A drilling drilling B drilling lubricating c lubricating drilling D lubricating lubricatingIGCSE Grade (10) 3. The diagrams show models of molecules. J.02 (11) e e—e “NN x Y Zz Which molecules could the above models represent? x Y z A helium chlorine water B helium hydrogen chloride methane c hydrogen chlorine water D hydrogen hydrogen chloride methane 4. The diagrams show the nuclei of four different atoms. N.02 (§) a R a, — \ i sh key 10 p 10p (x P 14p = 10h ) 12h ian i4n P= Proton ( } n= neutron XO FNL nd (3) Which two atoms are isotopes of each other? AQandR BQandT CRands DSandT J.03 (6) What is the electronic structure of an atom with a proton number § and a nucleon number 11? A1,8,2 B2,8,1 2,3 D3,2 6. What changes when an ion is made from an atom? J.03 (7) A the number of electrons only B the number of neutrons only C the number of protons only D the number both of protons and of neutronsIGCSE Grade (10) 7. Strontium, Sr, is a metal that forms an ionic chloride SrCl. J.03 (8) Sulfur, S, is a non-metal that forms a covalent chloride SCk. Which compound is likely to have the higher melting point (m.p.) and which is more soluble in water? more soluble higher m.p.| in water Al srci, SrCl, B|/ srcr, Sci, c| Sc, SICl, D| Sci, SCI, 8. J.00 (8) J.04 (8) How many electrons are shared between the atoms in a molecule of methane, CHs, and in a molecule of water, H20? methane | water A 4 2 B 4 4 ¢ 8 2 D 8 4 9. In the diagrams, circles of different sizes represent atoms of different elements. J.04 (7) Which diagram can represent hydrogen chloride gas? JA (8)IGCSE Grade (10) 10. The proton number of helium is 2. J.04 (11) What information does this give about helium? A Its atom has two electrons. B ts atom is twice as heavy as a hydrogen atom, C Itis a Group II element D Its molecule has two atoms, 11. The diagrams show the arrangement of electrons in three different atoms. J.04 (22) Which atoms are metals? A1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only © 2and 3 only D1,2and3 12. Two isotopes of helium are 2He* and 2He* J.05 (4) Which two diagrams show the arrangement of particles in these two isotopes? 3Ho tHe key © etectron ® proton @ nautron nucleusIGCSE Grade (10) 13. The electronic configuration of an ion is 2.8.8. J.05 (6) What could this ion be? 5.09 (6) ae Ca? A v v 8 v x c x v D x x 14. 305 8) Which statement about gaseous hydrogen chloride and solid potassium chloride is correct? ‘A Hydrogen chloride is covalent but potassium chloride is ionic B Hydrogen chloride is ionic but potassium chloride is covalent. © They are both covalent compounds. D They are both ionic compounds. 15. Five elements have proton numbers 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18. J.06 (3) What are the proton numbers of the three elements that form oxides? A 10, 12 and 14 B 10, 14 and 18 © 12, 14 and 16 D 14, 16 and 18 16. The rows P, Q and R in the table show three pairs of structures. J.06 (4) © electron ® neutron ©® proton nucleus # atoms of he Which pair or pairs are isotopes? A.P only B. P and Q only c. Qonly D. Qand R onlyIGCSE 17. bonding? A. Cand Cl B. CandH . ClandH D. HandO Grade (10) 5.06 (6) In the molecules CH«, HCI and H20, which atoms use all of their outer shell electrons in 18. The table shows the nucleon numbers and proton numbers of some atoms. N.06 (5) A.WandX A2 atom | electronic structure w 24 x 27 % 2.8.4 Z 2.8.8 B.4 20. The diagram shows the structure of methane. C.X and Y nucleon number 35 37 40 39 40 proton number 17 47 18 19 19 How many are atoms of non-metallic elements? At B.2 c. D.4 19. The table shows the electronic structures of four atoms. N.06 (6) Which two atoms combine to form an ionic compound? B. W and Y D. X andZ J.07 (7) What is the total number of electrons used for bonding in this molecule? C8 D. 10IGCSE Grade (10) 21. The diagram shows the structure of a substance, J.07 (8) What is represented? A. diamond B. ethane C. graphite D. poly(ethene) 22. The table describes the structures of four particles. N.07 (7) pattie | "umber of | number of number of protons neutrons electrons ° 8 8 oO 8 8 x Na "4 Y 4 Na" 14 12 z What are the correct values of X, Y and Z? x Y Zz A 9 4 10 B 9 4 1 c 10 12 10 D 10 12 ciIGCSE Grade (10) 23. The following statement is about chemical bonds. N.07 (8) of electrons. Covalent substances have ...2... Covalent bonds are formed by the electrical conductivity. Which words complete the statement? 1 2 sharing sharing transfer oom > transfer 24. The electronic structures of atoms P and Q are shown. J.08 (9) key @ = electron P and Q react to form an ionic compound. What is the formula of this compound? PQ2 P2Q Cc. PQs D, PeQeIGCSE Grade (10) 28. The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table. N.08 (6) w x Y Zz Which element is correctly matched with its electronic structure? element electronic structure A w 2,81 B x 24 c MN 2,82 D Zz 28 26. Which of the following compounds exist? N.08 (7) RaAr RbBr A v v B v x c x wf D x es 27. Which particle is an ion? N. 08 (8) number of number of number of protons neutrons electrons A 1 oO 1 B 3 4 3 c 6 6 6 D 11 12 10IGCSE Grade (10) 28. The diagram shows a molecule of hydrogen fluoride. N.08 (9) H In the molecule hydrogen fluoride, HF, A. the hydrogen and fluorine share a pair of electrons. B. the hydrogen and fluorine share a pair of protons. . the hydrogen gives the fluorine an electron. D. the hydrogen gives fluorine a proton. 29. The diagram shows some properties that substances may have J.09 (15) To which labelled part of the diagram does 235U belong? a yo Jompouna |) \ vse 25» compound / \_usedas \ A | aneneray | 2 Mouee" ) \ NG fs. / L824 ~— —r \ radioactive 30. The symbols of two atoms may be written as shown: J.10 (6) vax mY 8 Which statement about these atoms is correct? A. They are different elements because they have different numbers of neutrons. B. They are different elements because they have different numbers of protons. C. They are isotopes of the same element because they have the same nucleon number. D. They are isotopes of the same element because they have the same proton number.IGCSE Grade (10) Paper 4 1. J.02 (4.¢) (c) Bromine reacts with phosphorus to form phosphorus tribromide Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of this covalent compound. The electron distribution of bromine is: 2+8+18+7 Use x to represent an electron from phosphorus. Use 0 to represent an electron from bromine. BI 2 N.02 (3.e) (e) Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in the ionic compound sodium phosphide. Use o to represent an electron from sodium. Use x to represent an electron from phosphorus. 13] 3. J.03 (2,a) {a) Boron is a non-metal with a macromolecular structure. (iii) Name another element and a compound that have macromolecular structures. element compound (2)IGCSE Grade (10) (iv) Sketch the structure of one of the above macromolecular substances, (2 4 J.03 (5. a,d,e) The first three elements in Period 6 of the Periodic Table of the Elements are caesium, barium and lanthanum. (a) How many more protons, electrons and neutrons are there in one atom of lanthanum than in one atom of caesium. Use your copy of the Periodic Table of the Elements to help you. number of protons ... number of electrons Number Of neutrons ...eosonerstetnnetanetenetnnesn 13] (d) Barium chloride is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram that shows the formula of the compound, the charges on the ions and gives the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion. The electron distribution of a barium atom is 2.8.18. 18.8.2 Use x to represent an electron from a barium atom. Use 0 to represent an electron from a chlorine atomIGCSE Grade (10) (e) Describe, by means of a simple diagram, the lattice structure of an ionic compound, such as caesium chloride. (2) 5. J.04 (1. b) (b) Silicon has the same type of macromolecular structure as diamond. (i) Explain why one atom of either element can form four covalent bonds. [2] (ii) Predict two physical properties of silicon 2) (ii) Name a different element that has a similar structure and properties to silicon Ll J.04 (3, b) 6 (b) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of nitrogen.IGCSE Grade (10) 7. N.04 (5. b,c) (b) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one covalent molecule of sulfur chloride Use x to represent an electron from a sulfur atom Use 0 to represent an electron from a chlorine atom, (3) (c) Explain the difference in electrical conductivity between the following (i) solid and liquid strontium chloride (1) (ii) liquid strontium chloride and liquid sulfur chloride (1) 8 4.05 (4. b) (ili) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the covalent compound hydrogen sulfide. Use 0 to represent an electron from a sulfur atom, Use x to represent an electron from a hydrogen atomIGCSE Grade (10) 2 9. N.05 (1) (a) The structure of a typical ionic compound is a regular arrangement of positive and negative ions. (i) What is the name of this regular arrangement of particles? (1) (ii)Give two physical properties of ionic compounds. 2] (b) lons are formed by electron loss or gain. The electron distribution of a magnesium atom is 2 + 8 + 2 and ofanitrogen atomis 2 + 5. (i) Give the formula of the magnesium ion. [1] (ii) Give the formula of the nitride ion [1] (iii) What is the formula of the ionic compound, magnesium nitride? U1 (iv) In this compound there is an ionic bond. Why are the two ions attracted to each other? {1]IGCSE Grade (10) 10. N.05 (5. a) Strontium and zinc are both metals with a valency of 2. Strontium is more reactive than zinc. Its chemistry is similar to that of calcium. (a) (i) Complete the following table that shows the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in each particle. particle protons electrons neutrons *sr Sr ze (i)Explain why ®Sr and ®°Sr are isotopes. (iv) Complete the electron distribution of an atom of strontium 2+ 8+ 18+ + fo} 1. J.06 (4) The first three elements in Group IV are carbon, silicon, germanium. (a) The element germanium has a diamond-type structure. Describe the structure of germanium, A diagram is acceptable, 2) (b) Unlike diamond, graphite is soft and is a good conductor of electricity. (i) Explain why graphite has these properties.IGCSE Grade (10) (ii) Give a use of graphite that depends on one of these properties. Property. Use (1) (c) Carbon dioxide and silicon(IV) oxide have similar formulae but different types of structure (i) Give the formulae of these oxides. [1] (ii) How are their structures different? 2] 12. J.06 (6. b) (b) Some radioactive isotopes are used as nuclear fuels. (i) Give the symbol and the nucleon number of an isotope that is used as a nuclear fuel. (ii) Give another use of radioactive isotopesIGCSE Grade (10) 13, N.06 (2) The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical properties of the six substances A to F. aearca suosance | memgpom'. | omy ponte [etiam | Sedu of temperature UISSUIVeEU IH Wate A 961 2193 good does not dissolve B 113, 444 does not conduct | does not dissolve c 0 100 very poor very poor D 803 1465 does not conduct good E =5t0-10 402 to 105 good good F 85 60 does not conduct | does not dissolve (i) Which three substances are solids at room temperature? (ii) Which one is an ionic compound? (ii) Which one is a gas at room temperature? (1) (iv) Which two substances are liquids at room temperature?IGCSE Grade (10) 14, 06 (5. d) (d) Give a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the covalent compound urea Its structural formula is given below. no " o=ct “H \ UH N H Use 0 to represent an electron from a carbon atom. Use x to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom. Use * to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom 15. J.07 (2) Complete the following table. type of electrical electrical parlides present ‘conductivity | conductivity of eample sirudure of solid quid _ positive andnegative ionic ‘aie poor atoms of two diffsrent macro nakeler elements in agiant poor alent structureIGCSE Grade (10) 16. J.07 (4.¢) (c) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the covalent compound nitrogen trichloride. Use x to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom Use 0 to represent an electron from a chlorine atom. 8] 17. N.07 (2. a,b) The table below gives the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms or ions. Particle | number of number of number of neutrons | symbol or protons electrons formula A 9 10 10 e EO B 11 1 12 c 18 8 22 D 15 18 16 E 13, 10 14 (a) Complete the table. The first line is given as an example (6) (b) Which atom in the table is an isotope of the atom which has the composition 11p, 11e and 14n? Give a reason for your choice.IGCSE Grade (10) 18. N.07 (3.a,b) Magnesium reacts with bromine to form magnesium bromide. (2) Magnesium bromide is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram that shows the formula of the compound, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of outer electrons around the negative ion. The electron distribution of a bromine atom is 2, 8, 18, 7. Use x to represent an electron from a magnesium atom. Use o to represent an electron from a bromine atom, (3) (b) In the lattice of magnesium bromide, the ratio of magnesium ions to bromide ions is1:2 (i) Explain the term lattice. [2] (ii) Explain why the ratio of ions is 1:2. 19. J. 08 (2) (a) Complete the table which gives the names, symbols, relative masses and relative charges of the three subatomic particles. name symbol | relative mass | relative charge electron e proton 1IGCSE Grade (10) (b) Use the information in the table to explain the following (i) Atoms contain charged particles but they are electrically neutral because they have no overall charge. [2] (ii) Atoms can form positive ions. [2] (iii) Atoms of the same element can have different masses. [2] ) Scientists are certain that there are no undiscovered elements missing from the Periodic Table from hydrogen to lawrencium (1) 20. J.08 (5. d) (d) The structural formula of carbonyl chloride is given below. cL = cl Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of this covalent compound Use x for an electron from a chlorine atom. Use 0 for an electron from a carbon atom Use ¢ for an electron from an oxygen atom.IGCSE Grade (10) 21. N.08 (2.a, c) There are three types of giant structure — ionic, metallic and macromolecular. (a) Sodium sulfide is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram that shows the formula of the compound, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion. Use x to represent an electron from a sodium atom. Use 0 to represent an electron from a sulfur atom. (©) Silicon(IV) oxide has a macromolecular structure: (i) Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide (a diagram is not acceptable). 3] (ii) Diamond has a similar structure and consequently similar properties. Give two physical properties common to both diamond and silicon(IV) oxide.