Toxicology

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 Introduction

• Chemical Engineers must know

• The way toxicants enter biological organisms
• The way toxicants are eliminated from
biological organisms
• The effect of toxicants on biological organisms
• Methods to prevent or reduce the entry of
toxicants into biological organisms
 Introduction
• Paracelsus, 1500s: “All substances are
poisons…The right dose differentiates a
poison and a remedy”

• The fundamental principle of toxicology:

“ There are no harmless substances, only
harmless ways of using substancea”
 Introduction
• Toxicants include
– Chemical agent
– Physical agent: dusts, fibers, noise, radiation
• Toxicity: effects on biological organisms
• Toxic hazard: the likelihood of damage to
biological organisms
Can be reduced
Cannot be changed
 How toxicants enter biological
organism
Toxicants  Organism  Bloodstream  Target
organ
Corrosive chemicals directly damage organism
Toxicants entering routes
• Ingestion: through the mouth into the stomach
• Inhalation: through the mouth, nose into the
lungs
• Injection: through cuts into the skin
• Dermal absorption: through skin membrane
How toxicants enter biological
organism

Industrial concern
How toxicants enter biological
organism
How toxicants enter biological
organism
How toxicants enter biological
organism
How toxicants enter biological
organism
 How toxicants are eliminated from
biological organism
Toxicants eliminated routes
• Excretion: through kidneys, liver, lungs, skin…
• Detoxification: forming less harmful substances
by biotransformation
• Storage: in the fatty tissue
Effects of toxicants on biological
organism
 Toxicology study
• The toxicant: chemical and physical state
• The target or test organism
• The effect or response to be monitored
• The dose range: mg/kg body weight
• The period of test: long (chronic) or short (acute)
term
 Dose versus response
• Factors: age, sex, weight, diet, general health…
• The same dose can give
– Weak or low response
– High response
• Normal or Gaussian distribution
 Dose versus response

• f(x): the probability of individuals

• x: the response
• : the standard deviation
• : the mean
Dose versus response
 Dose versus response
The cumulative mean response versus dose
 Dose versus response
The cumulative mean response versus dose
Dose versus response
 Using probit in toxicology study
Probit: Probability Unit
 Using probit in toxicology study
Probit equation Y = k1 + k2lnV

te: effective time duration (s)

Ie: effective radiation intensity (W/m2)
t: time duration of pool burning
I: radiation intensity from pool burning (W/m2)
 Using probit in toxicology study
Probit equation Y = k1 + k2lnV

Po: over pressure (N/m2)

J: impulse (NS/m2)
 Using probit in toxicology study
Probit equation Y = k1 + k2lnV

C: concentration (ppm)
T: time interval (min)
Relative toxicity
Relative toxicity
Threshold limit values - TLV
Threshold limit values - TLV
Threshold limit values - TLV
Threshold limit values - TLV
Threshold limit values - TLV
Threshold limit values - TLV