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Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
Lesson4.4
ToolsandMethodsinCounseling
Contents
Introduction 1
LearningObjective 2
Explore 2
Discover 3
ToolsinCounseling 4
NonstandardizedTechniques 5
StandardizedTechniques 7
MethodsandApproachesinCounseling 8
PsychodynamicApproach(ClassicTheories) 8
ExperientialTheories 13
Cognitive-BehavioralTheories 15
EclecticCounseling 17
Wrap-Up 19
TryThis! 20
ChallengeYourself 21
ReflectonThis 23
Bibliography 23
Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
Lesson4.4
ToolsandMethodsinCounseling
Introduction
Counseling takes more than just listening to a client every
session.
It
is
different
from
the
healing relationships that we might have with friends, family, and other loved ones. It
involvesthesystematicuseofapproachesandtechniquestoensuretheclient’sprogress.
4.4.T
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Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
There are many approaches and techniques in counseling. The choice of which approach
and technique
to
use
depends
on
the
client’s
concerns
as
well
as
the
counselor’s
skills
and
worldview. In this lesson, you will learn about the different tools and approaches that
counselorsusetohelptheirclients.
LearningObjective DepEdLearningCompetency
Att hee
ndo
ft hislesson,y
ous houldb
ea
blet o
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbe
illustratet hed
ifferentp
rocessesa
ndm
ethods
abletoillustratethetoolsandmethodsof
2-Id-14).
involvedinc ounseling ( HUMSS_DIASS1
counseling.
Explore
HowDoPersonalityTestsWork? 10minutes
Instructions
Search online for articles or videos that tackle the Myers-Briggs Personality Types.
Understand
its
content
and
message,
then
answer
the
guide
questions
that
follow.
You
may
checkoneexampleprovidedbelow.
MyersBriggsPersonalityTypesExplained-WhichOneAreYou?
Psych2Go,“MyersBriggsPersonalityTypesExplained-WhichOne
AreYou?,”YouTube(July5,2019),
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXcWZnQPUXw,lastaccessed
onJune6,2021.
4.4.T
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Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
GuideQuestions
1. Whataresomeofthepersonalitytypesmentionedinthevideoorarticleyouhave
chosen?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Dopersonalitytypesdefinewhoyouare?Explainyouranswer.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Ifyouwereacounselor,wouldyourecommendusingapersonalitytest?Explainyour
answer.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Discover
Counseling aims to help the client become
W
ordstoRemember
independent and responsible for oneself. It is a
● ego–thepartofthe
service that is not confined to the school or the
mindthatmediates
family. It is found in all aspects of life as long as
betweenthe
someone needs help and another one is willing to
consciousandthe
provide it. In this lesson, you will learn about the
unconscious;itis
differenttoolsandmethodsusedincounseling.
responsibleforreality
testingand
establishingasense
4.4.T
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Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
ofpersonalidentity
● persona–theouter
orassumedaspectof
character
● psychological
function–theability
toachieveone’sgoals
throughoneselfand
theexternal
environment
● cognition–refersto
thementalprocesses
involvedin
comprehensionand
gainingknowledge
How do counseling tools and methods help in
addressingtheproblemsofaclient?
ToolsinCounseling
A counselor uses a variety of assessment
tools
and
techniques
to
help
his
or
her
clients.
These tools can be used either during the assessment phase or the process of
intervention. They can be either non-standardized or standardized. Both types of
techniques
are
used
in
collecting
primary
data.
All
tools
are
useful.
The
only
consideration
which the counselor should keep in mind is
that
the
tools
used
should
yield
reliable
and
objective information. Moreover, the use of a certain tool depends on the kind of
informationthecounseloraimstogather.
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Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
Certain
tools
or
techniques
are
also
helpful
during
the
intervention
phase.
Such
tools
may
include structured activities that can help clients gain insight into themselves or solve a
problem. These activities can be done either within sessions or outside sessions in the
form
of
homework.
For
example,
a counselor
might
ask
a client
to
accomplish
a worksheet
totrackhisorhermoodfluctuations.
NonstandardizedT
echniques
1. Questionnaire
A
questionnaire
is
a set
of
questions
given
to
an
individual
or
a group
of
individuals
to gather facts or information about conditions and
practices
that
the
respondents
presumably know. Questions can either be open-ended or closed-ended. A
closed-ended
question
necessitates
an
answer
in
the
form
of
‘yes’
or
‘no’
or
a limited
number
of
given
categories,
while
an
open-ended
question
requires
expertise
in
the
interpretationofresponses.
2. Observation
This is
used
by
professional
counselors
to
study
behavior.
Its
effectiveness
depends
on the skill of the practitioner. Counselors are expected to observe well-defined
behavior without biases
and
prejudices.
The
usefulness
of
the
observation
depends
onthemannerandpurposeforwhichtheyareconducted.
3. Sociometry
This
tool
is
used
in
studying
the
nature
of
the
social
relationship
of
individuals
within
a
group.
It
can
also
identify
personality
problems.
The
technique
is
a valuable
source
ofinformationinassessingthesocialbehaviorofanindividual.
4. Autobiography
It
refers
to
how
an
individual
describes
himself
or
herself
using
his
or
her
own
words.
It gives valuable information about his or her interests, abilities, personal history,
hopes, ambitions, likes, and dislikes, among others. In counseling, structured
autobiographical items are given to the individual, and he or she is asked to write
them
out.
The
autobiographical
material
acquired
is
verified
by
various
other
means.
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Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
Since
feelings,
values,
and
attitudes
are
immeasurable
by
other
tools,
autobiography
appearstobetheonetechniqueforappraisingthesecharacteristics.
5. Ratingscale
These are used to determine the presence or absence of a behavior or trait in a
scale. Through a rating scale, the characteristics are rated according to a given
numberofpoints.
6. Anecdotalrecord
An anecdotal record has short descriptive
accounts
about
some
events
regarding
a
person. Every account is a report of an important episode in his or her life. It is a
simple statement of an incident deemed by the observer to be significant to an
individual.
7. Casestudy
It is a comprehensive collection of information gathered using different tools and
techniques. It is the best method for studying the whole person. In a case study,
information about the individual is organized and combined into a whole; that
the
subject is viewed as someone dynamic who is trying to adjust to his or her
environment.
8. Cumulativerecord
It is a record of information concerned with the appraisal of
an
individual
student.
The information, collected periodically through various means, is assembled in a
summarytoformacumulativerecord.
9. Interview
It
refers
to
a conversation
with
a purpose.
It
is
friendly
and
informal;
it
strives
to
build
a relationship between the interviewer and the interviewee. This tool is used for
introductory
meetings,
fact-finding,
evaluations,
information
gathering,
and
providing
a
therapeutic
environment
for
the
client.
The
interviewee
should
be
permitted
to
talk
inapermissiveatmospherewithconfidenceandfreedom.
4.4.T
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Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
Fig.1.A
comfortablecasualinterviewsession
StandardizedT
echniques
These tools are used to measure intelligence, aptitudes, interests, and personality traits.
Each test is prepared by a qualified professional or group of professionals; hence, every
item is meaningful and has a corresponding value. These tools are developed through
careful and rigid processes to make sure that they provide reliable information. They
consumelesstimetoadminister,arereusable,andcanbescoredeasily.
1. Aptitudetest
An aptitude test can measure a trait that characterizes an individual’s ability to
perform a specific task or obtain the learning needed in a given area. It supposes
that an individual has a natural ability that can be further developed to its full
potential through education or training. However, aptitude cannot be expanded
beyondacertainpoint.
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Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
2. Achievementtests
These are used to measure the level and rate of learning compared with those of
others. It also gauges strengths and weaknesses in a subject area. These tests are
extensively
used
because
of
their
straightforwardness
and
the
relative
ease
of
usage
in identifyingcorrectcontextmeasures.
3. Interestinventory
An
interest
is
an
attitude
towards
certain
objects,
activities,
or
experiences.
It
reveals
what we deem attractive or repulsive. Interest inventory is conducted to assist
the
individual in identifying and clarifying his or her interests in consideration of the
demands of varied courses
and
careers.
It
also
helps
in
choosing
a job
and
shaping
experiencesalignedwithhisorherinterests.
4. Personalitytest
Personality is inclusive of everything about one’s physical, socio-emotional, and
personal characteristics. Therefore, personality is the sum total of an individual’s
behavior
in
social
situations.
A personality
test
is
conducted
to
assist
the
individual
in
resolvingemotionalconflicts.
MethodsandApproachesinCounseling
The process of counseling is guided by approaches, theory, and research
— all
of
which
inform the method of practice. Approaches can be thought of as philosophical lenses
through which a particular life problem or concern is understood and addressed. Thus,
different
approaches
in
counseling
provide
differing
explanations
as
to
why
a client
has
a
certain problem. For example, a client has been feeling a lot of guilt. One approach
attributes the client’s problem to
early
childhood
experiences,
such
as
the
internalization
of
a rigid
punishment.
Another
might
see
it
as
the
inability
to
accept
one’s
self
because
of
conditionsofworth.
PsychodynamicA
pproach( ClassicT
heories)
The
psychodynamic
approach
is
characterized
by
its
emphasis
on
unconscious
forces
and
early childhood experiences with parents in explaining behavior. Its first proponent was
SigmundFreud,anAustrianphysician.
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Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
A. Freud’sPsychoanalyticTheory
Fig.2.SigmundFreud
It
aims
to
restructure
the
personality
by
resolving
intrapsychic
conflict,
or
those
concerning
multiple internal psychological processes of an
individual.
A psychoanalytic
counselor
may
usethefollowingmethodsortechniques:
Table1.Psychoanalyticmethodsortechniques
Method/Technique Description
Freeassociation Thisisusedtoencouragethepatienttoverbalize
whateverentershisorhermindtoliberatesuppressed
emotions.
Dreamanalysis
Thisisusedtoexaminebehavioralprocessesand
interpretthemusingdreams.
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Method/Technique Description
Confrontationand
Thisisusedtogivefeedbacktomakeclients awareof
clarification whatishappeningtothem.
Interpretation Thisisusedtogiveclientsabetterunderstandingoftheir
innerconflict,whichcanmanifestthroughresistance,
transference,andotherprocesses.
B. Adler’sIndividualPsychology
The goal of Adlerian counseling is to understand clients and assess
why
they
do
things
in
certain
ways.
Counselors
apply
particular
techniques
to
aid
clients
in
reorienting
themselves
towardspositivefunctioning.
Adlerian
counseling
emphasizes
four
objectives:
(a)
establishment
and
maintenance
of
an
egalitarian relationship,
(b)
analysis
of
the
client’s
lifestyle,
(c)
interpretation
of
the
client’s
lifestyle
in
a way
that
promotes
insight,
and
(d)
reorientation
and
reeducation
of
the
client
to
achieve
behavior
change.
Adlerian
techniques
can
be
explained
through
the
four
phases
ofAdlerianpsychotherapy.
Table2.ThefourphasesofAdlerianpsychotherapy
Phases Description
Firstphase:Establishingtherelationship
Useoflisteningskills Effective listening skills are essential in promoting
mutualtrustandrespect.
Winning respect and
Winning the respect of clients and offering hope can
offeringhope intensify
their
motivation
towards
becoming
involved
in
counseling.
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Phases Description
Encouragement Encouragement gives the feeling of support,
which
can
helpclientstobelieveinthemselves.
Secondphase:Performinganalysisandassessment
Lifestyleanalysis Identify the
client’s
strengths
that
may
be
used
to
solve
hisorherproblems.
Dream analysis to
be
used
It is a method that sees dreams as an attempt to deal
toconductlifestyleanalysis withhardshipsinlife.
Thirdphase:Promotinginsight
Insightprocess
It is a method that helps clients understand how
self-defeating
patterns
work
and
their
dynamics.
It
uses
insight to prepare the client for the reorientation
process,whereinself-defeatingpatternsarerectified.
Fourthphase:Reorientation
Spittingtheclient’ssoup It is a method that involves determining the pay-off of
the game and interpreting it to the client; this can be
usedforclientsthatengageinmanipulativegames.
Thepush-buttontechnique It is a method considered as a rational emotive, which
includes focusing on pleasant and unpleasant
experiences and the feelings they generate. It signifies
the
level
of
control
a client
can
exercise
when
they
push
thebuttonandputastoptoself-defeatingprocesses.
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Phases Description
Fourthphase:Reorientation
Catchingoneself It is a method wherein clients are helped to avoid
defeating patterns by making them more conscious of
themselves, or in other words, by
catching
themselves.
A good example of this is the use of humor, wherein
clients are encouraged to laugh at their self-defeating
tendencies.
Actingas-if This method helps a client experience success. It
advances a “can do” spirit, and it involves acting as if
clientscanachievewhatevertheysettheirmindto.
Tasksettingand
It is a method that focuses on instilling the value of
commitment effort to bring about change. It uses homework
assignments.
C.Jung’sAnalyticPsychology
Jung’s
approach
emphasizes
the
role
of
unconscious
processes
in psychological functioning. The approach applies the
analysis
and
interpretation
of
dreams
and
other
procedures
to
uncover the unconscious processes, to boost the functioning
of personality, and
to
improve
mental
health
and
wellness.
Its
goal is to achieve the client’s integration by helping
the
client
become
more
aware
of
how
his
or
her
unconscious
shapes
his
orherbehavior.
Fig.3C
arlJung
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Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
Carl
Jung
believed
that
the
method
of
treatment
must
be
flexible
and
has
to
be
put
in
place
by
the
character
and
persona
of
the
clients.
It
therefore
applies
a more
practical
approach.
Jungian counseling applies to dreams, but
analyzing
a single
dream
may
be
limited.
It
also
analyzes
the
interrelationship
of
several
dreams
recorded
over
a period
of
time.
Counselors
aid the client in appreciating the meaning of his or her dreams and use them to further
comprehendhisorherpersonality.
ExperientialT
heories
The
experiential
theories
refer
to
the
affective
aspect, which
is
concerned
about
creating
an impact on a client’s emotions to effect change. Famous experiential theorists
include
CarlRogers(person-centeredtherapy)andF
ritzPerls(Gestalttherapy).
A. Rogers’sPerson-CenteredCounseling
The person-centered theory has been described as an “if–then” approach because it
presupposes
that
if
certain
conditions
exist
in
the
counseling
relationship,
then
the
client
willmovetowardself-actualization.
Table
3.
The
core
conditions
in
Rogers's
person-centered
counseling (1957
cited
in
Corey
2017,257)
Conditions Description
Counselorcongruence
Counselors must
be
congruent
or
in
harmony
with
what
they
experience
and
what
they
communicate.
In
other
words,
their
words must truthfully reflect their
thoughts
and
professional
opinions.
Empathic
The
counselor
must
make
an
effort
to
comprehend
the
client
understanding fromtheclient’sperspectiveorframeofreference.
Unconditionalpositive
The counselor needs
to
accept
and
respect
the
client.
It
does
regard not
require
the
counselor
to
like
the
client
or
to
be
particularly
nice to him or her. It refers to setting aside one’s personal
biases and opinions and simply accepting the client for who
heorsheis,regardlessofhisorherwordsandactions.
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Evidence that the client is ready to move toward self-actualization includes openness to
experience, self-trust, possession of internal sources of evaluation, and willingness to
grow.
The
person-centered
psychology
lessens
the
use
of
techniques.
Rogers
believes
that
counseling
relationships
can
form
core
conditions
that
are
important
for
self-actualization.
Nevertheless,theapproachuseslisteningtocommunicateappreciation.
B. Perls’sGestaltTherapy
The Gestalt counseling approach emphasizes the here and now. Its objective is to
acknowledge the environment, the responsibility for choices, and self-acceptance. This
approachissuitableforindividualswholackawarenessandarefeelingoutoftouch.
Table4.T
hetechniquesinPerls'sGestalttherapy
Technique
Description
Assumingresponsibility The method obligates the client to rephrase a
statement and take responsibility. The counselor asks
the client to end all the statements with “a
nd I take
responsibilityforit.”
Usingpersonalpronouns The method motivates the clients to take personal
responsibility by saying “I or me” instead of stating
generalterms,suchasw
eoru
s.
NowIamaware
The method is a way to assist the clients in
getting
in
touch
with
themselves.
The
counselor
can
ask
them
to
closetheireyesandsay,“N
owIamaware…”
Theemptychairtechnique The method can help clients in working on conflicting
parts
of
their
personality.
It
is
conducted
by
putting
an
empty
chair
in
front
of
the
client.
The
empty
chair
is
the
chair of the client’s personality
that
avoids
doing
what
the client wants to do. The counselor will give
instructions to the client to start a conversation with
his
or
her
other
personality
seated
at
the
chair
in
front
4.4.T
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Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
of them, stating
why
he
or
she
wants
to
give
feedback
and
what
the
feedback
is
all
about.
After
that,
the
client
will
be
asked
to
sit
on
the
vacant
chair
and
explain
why
he or she does not want to give feedback. Then, the
client will move back and forth until the issue is
resolved.
Cognitive-BehavioralT
heories
The cognitive-behavioral theories refer to the task of cognition in psychological
functioning. Cognitions are thoughts, beliefs, and internal images about events in the
clients’ lives. Cognitive counseling theories emphasize
mental
processes
and
their
effects
on mental health. The famous cognitive theorists include Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck,
and
EricBerne.
A.Ellis’sRationalEmotiveBehaviorTherapy(REBT)
REBT highlights the role of
cognition
on
emotions
given
the
assumption
that
people
can
be best appreciated through an internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk. It considers that
emotional disorder has a connection with cognitive processes that are not rational. The
main
objective
of
REBT
is
to
mend
the
self-defeating
cognition
of
the
client
and
assist
him
or her in gaining a more
sensible
viewpoint
in
life.
This
type
of
therapy
is
instructive
and
provoking.
Table5.T
hethreetechniquesofREBT
Techniques Description
Cognitive It involves reforming unreasonable and irrational
ideas. It helps the client conquer self-defeating
cognitions. It includes reframing perspectives from
unconstructivetomorepositivestances.
Emotive It revolves around the client’s affective or emotional
domain. This aids in helping clients acknowledge
themselvesandtheirfeelings.
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Behavioral It revolves around the full array of behavioral
methods such as assertiveness training, relaxation
therapy, self-management, self-monitoring, and
assignments.
B. Beck’sCognitiveBehavioralTherapy(CBT)
CBT covers the significance of cognitive thinking, specifically dysfunctional thoughts. This
counseling approach is suitable for people who suffer from depression and anxiety. The
counselor
helps
the
client
develop
a practical
understanding
of
events
to
face
and
overcome
depression
and
anxiety.
Beck
does
not
try
to
disprove
beliefs
but
lets
his
clients
investigate
theirfunctionality.Itusesexplicitprofileandtreatmentplansforvariousmentaldisorders.
Table6.ThetechniquesusedinCBT
Technique Description
Decatastrophizing This method considers what ifs and
involves
priming
clients
for
resultsthatmaygreatlyaffectthem.
Redefining This method helps clients make problems more concrete and
tangible, especially when they feel that situations are beyond
their personal control. It involves stating or redefining the
problemthroughtheirownwordsandbehavior.
Decentering This method helps clients adjust their perception of how other
people
look
at
them.
It
involves
observing
and
appreciating
other
people’s responses. This is very helpful for clients who believe
that everyone’s attention is always focused on them, and that
theyarealwaysseeninanegativelight.
Behavioraltechniques This
refers
to
a variety
of
methods
targeted
to
modify
automatic
thoughts or assumptions. It helps the client handle specific
maladaptivebeliefsandencouragesnewlearning.
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C. Berne’sTransactionalAnalysis(TA)
The transactional analysis (TA)
approach
examines
transactions
and
relationships
between
people.
It
involves
the
evaluation
of
the
“three
ego
states
of
parent,
adult,
and
child
of
each
person.” This is determined if the transaction has balance and harmony. The goal of this
approach is to assist a person in developing a capacity for intimacy and becoming
self-aware,spontaneous,andautonomous.
Table7.T
hetechniquesusedinTA
Technique Description
Structuralanalysis It is a method that helps clients become aware of
their three ego states—the parent, adult, and child
models.
Transactionalanalysis It is a method that helps clients learn to
communicateincomplementarytransactions.
Scriptanalysis It is a method that deals with the type of life the
client has imagined or developed for himself or
herselfandhowitcanberewritten.
Gameanalysis
It is a method that helps the client understand
particular transactions among people that lead to
negative
emotions.
These
are
the
“games”
that
people
play, and they hinder the
cultivation
of
interpersonal
relationships.
EclecticC
ounseling
Eclectic therapy is a form of a therapeutic approach. It combines therapeutic principles
and
philosophies
to
create
and
shape
a suitable
treatment
program
for
an
individual
based
on his or her specific needs. Instead of insisting upon strict compliance to one specific
approach or school of
thought,
eclectic
therapists
use
elements
from
different
therapeutic
techniques to
establish
a program
that
is
customized
for
the
patient
or
client.
After
all,
the
maingoalistohelpthepatientasquicklyandaseffectivelyaspossible.
4.4.T
oolsa
ndM
ethodsi nC
ounseling 17
Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
Eclectic
counseling
synthesizes
directive
and
nondirective
counseling.
It
balances
these
two
extremes, and the counselor becomes neither too active nor too passive. The counselor
follows the middle path between these two. He or she can swap between directive and
nondirective methods even in the same interview without disorganizing the nondirective
permissive relationship with the client.
He
or
she
chooses
the
techniques
according
to
the
needs of the client. In
addition,
the
counselor
must
be
proficient
in
the
use
of
all
available
methods. The outcomes
depend
on
his
or
her
mastery
of
skills
required
by
a method.
The
crucial
factor
is
not
the
choice
of
method
used
but
the
skill
level
of
the
counselor
using
it.
He
or
she
carefully
assesses
the
client’s
needs
and
then selects
useful
techniques.
Techniques
maybeadjusteddependingonthesituationandtheindividual.
HierarchyofEclecticPractices
● The first
level
of
eclecticism
is
syncretism.
It
refers
to
a sloppy
and
unsystematic
process
of
combining
unrelated
clinical
concepts.
It
is
recommended
when
graduate
students are
enjoined
to
make
their
own
theories
of
counseling
without
first
having
experiencedhowtestedmodelswork.
● The second level of eclecticism is traditional. It combines compatible features
fromdiversesourcesinanorderlymanner.Theoriesareexaminedingreaterdepth.
● The
third
level
of
eclecticism
is
theoretical
integration.
In
this
level,
the
counselor
needstobeproficientinatleasttwotheoriesbeforetryingtomakecombinations.
● The final level of eclecticism is called technical eclecticism. In this approach,
proceduresfromdifferenttheoriesarechosenandusedintreatment.
CheckYourProgress
Whyisconductinginterviewsimportantincounseling?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4.4.T
oolsa
ndM
ethodsi nC
ounseling 18
Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
Wrap-Up
___________________________________________________________________________________________
● A counselor’s approach is a manifestation of his or her training, worldview, and
philosophy.
● The most common methods or approaches that are practiced by a counselor are
the psychodynamic approach (classic theories), experiential theories,
cognitive-behavioraltheories,andeclecticcounseling.
● The tools generally used by counselors for collecting basic data about a person are
either standardized or nonstandardized. Both categories of techniques are used in
gettingprimarydata.
Standardized Nonstandardized
1. Aptitudetest 1. Questionnaire
2. Achievementtest 2. Observation
3. Interestinventory 3. Sociometry
4. Personalitytest 4. Autobiography
5. Ratingscale
6. Anecdotalrecord
7. Casestudy
8. Cumulativerecord
9. Interview
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4.4.T
oolsa
ndM
ethodsi nC
ounseling 19
Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
TryThis!
Identification.Writetheletterofthecorrectanswerontheblankprovided.
A.Encouragement E.Decentering I.Interest
B.LifestyleAnalysis F.StructuralAnalysis J.Aptitude
C.CatchingOneself G.Sociometry K.Autobiography
D.EmptyChairTechnique H.Interview L.Redefining
_________________ 1. It instructs clients to observe and appreciate other people’s
responses.
_________________ 2. Itisamethodthathelpsclientstobeconsciousoftheirthreeegos.
_________________ 3. This method assists clients in working through
the
conflicting
parts
oftheirpersonality.
_________________ 4. Itisusedtoavoidself-defeatingpatterns.
_________________ 5. It gives the feeling of support to the
clients
to
help
them
believe
in
themselves.
_________________ 6. It is a trait that describes an individual’s ability to perform in a
specificarea.
_________________ 7. Itisanattitudetowardscertainobjects,activities,orexperiences.
_________________ 8. Itisaconversationwithapurpose.
_________________ 9. It studies the nature of social relationships of individuals within a
group.
_________________ 10. Itisadescriptionoftheselfusingone’sownwords.
4.4.T
oolsa
ndM
ethodsi nC
ounseling 20
Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
ChallengeYourself
Imagine yourself as a counselor. Write an essay about the importance of using tools and
methodsthatareappropriateforyourclient.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4.4.T
oolsa
ndM
ethodsi nC
ounseling 21
Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
SuggestedRubricforGrading
The rubric below is a suggested one. Your teacher may modify the rubric based on your
needs.Consultyourteacherforthefinalrubric.
PerformanceL
evels
1 2 3 Suggested
Criteria Score
Beginning Proficient Advanced Weight
Proficiency Proficiency
Theessayisnot Theessayis
Theessayisvery
Content
comprehensive.No
somewhatsufficient.
comprehensive.It
explanationsthat
Afewexplanations
includesthorough
×3
supporttheargument
thatsupportthe
explanationsofthe
areprovided. argumentare
argument.
provided.
Theessaylacks
Theessayis
Theessayiswell
Structure
organizationand
somewhatorganized,
organizedand
structure.
yetthereareparts
clearlywritten.There
×2
thatareunrelatedto
isevidenceof
thetopicandarehard
planningbefore
tocomprehend. writing.
Theessayhasalotof
Theessayhasfew
Theessayisvirtually
Grammarand
mechanicaland
mechanicaland
freeofmechanical
Mechanics ×1
grammaticalerrors.
grammaticalerrors.
andgrammatical
errors.
TotalPossibleScore 18
4.4.T
oolsa
ndM
ethodsi nC
ounseling 22
Unit4:CounselingServices:Clientele,Settings,Tools,andProcesses
ReflectonThis
Createashortessayonhowstudentscanbenefitfromcounseling.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Bibliography
Gladding,SamuelT.C
ounseling:AComprehensiveProfession.NewJersey:Merrill,2000.
Indira Gandhi National Open University. “Unit 5: Techniques of Guidance.”
Retrieved
from
http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/46271/1/Unit-5.pdf.
Kabir,SyedMuhammadSajjad.E
ssentialsofCounseling.A
bosarProkashabaSangstha,
2017.
Nyustul, Michael. Introduction to Counseling : An Art and Science Perspective. MA: Allyn
and
Bacon,2003.
4.4.T
oolsa
ndM
ethodsi nC
ounseling 23
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