A few things to remember:

1. Communication:
- thru our GC, no PM please
will respond weekdays only. 8am – 5pm only
- email: cristina.remotigue@ustp.edu.ph
- text? Will provide later, no working cp as of now.
I will contact your class representative for announcements and other concerns. Except for your class rep,
I will not be saving your cp#. In situations that you must contact me, always identify yourself.

2. Classes:
- thru Google Meet, a link will be provided. Schedule will always be during your class schedule.
- your attendance will be recorded, will start class in 10min. Will document our class. Once in a
while I will ask the class to open their video for a few minutes during our session.
- always stay muted unless you wanted to talk or is asked to recite.
- dependent on the topic, we may take a short break during our class.

3. Submission of Activities:
- thru USTeP.
- if submitted before the deadline, may get extra points.
- Late submissions, will get corresponding point deductions
- One month delay will only get a grade of 3.0 no matter how good your activity is.
A few things to remember:

4. Grading System:

Class Participation / Class activities = 10%

Quizzes / Prelim / Prefinal = 40%
Performance innovative Task = 20%
Midterm Exam / Final Exam = 30%

5. References:
No particular textbook required. You can always check online on any references.

6. Group:
- All activities must be done by group, unless otherwise instructed.
- Submit thru our GC your group members. Group yourselves into 4.
GEOLOGY - introduction
Geology
a. Study of the earth & processes that shape it
Geology
a. Study of the earth & processes that shape it
Geology
How the different fields of sciences helped in understanding
the Earth.

Explains things like….

✓ why gold isn’t just found anywhere

✓ how mountains are formed
✓ why dinosaurs perished at once
✓ why there are flood prone areas
✓ why we get to experience extreme weather conditions
✓ why gold isn’t just found anywhere
✓ Why not the entire Philippines had volcanoes
Geology
Uses the scientific method to explain natural aspect of
the earth

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
• Assumption
• Goal
• Collect Data
• Hypothesis vs Theory

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Geology
Apart from the usual scientific method used,

Look into Geology’s 2 Key concepts

1. UNIFORMITARIANISM

2. CATASTROPHISM
Key concepts
UNIFORMITARIANISM (popularized by James Hutton named later by Charles Lyell)

“the present is the key to the past”

assumption: nature of the processes are the same, the same principles operating in
the past are also the same principles operating at present

the rates are not the same.

CATASTROPHISM (led by Georges Cuvier)

“series of immense, worldwide upheavals”

unlike in Uniformitarianism where there is continuity of processes, catastrophism
suggests that the earth was static in between catastrophes.
Deposition of Sediments
- normal river system - floods

UNIFORMITARIANISM CATASTROPHISM
 Mountain Building
Volcanism
Tectonism

UNIFORMITARIANISM
CATASTROPHISM
Geology as a discipline
1. Draws on other sciences to better understand the earth
• Physics - geophysics, seismology
• Chemistry - mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry
• Biology - paleontology, paleoecology
• Astronomy - planetary geology
• Math --- is part of other sciences

Historical geology, geomorphology, oceanography,

Structural geology, volcanology, Eng’g Geology
Geology as a discipline
2. Issue of TIME - how geology separates from other Sciences,
it’s concept of TIME
- Processes may either be
a. Very slow to extremely low
b. Very fast

Time in Geology either be: 1) ABSOLUTE AGE ; 2) RELATIVE AGE

Magnitude of TIME : involves millions or billions of years

• need to appreciate GEOLOGIC TIME because almost all

processes are very gradual

• Thus, GEOLOGICALLY not much has happened in Human Lifetime.

Geology as a discipline
3. The matter of SCALE

- Some natural systems are just too large to be duplicated in

the lab.
- Fluvial systems / Ocean currents / Volcanic processes

- How to duplicate a product that was formed so slowly

for several millions of years

- Exactly the same end product can be produced by

different processes
 Practical Aspects to the study
of Geology

1. Certain geologic processes and events can be hazardous

- Better understanding will help minimize their risks

Ex: Fluvial processes -- floods ; erosions; depositions

Mountain Building – earthquake ; volcanic eruptions ; masswasting

Practical Aspects to the study of Geology
2. Dependence on the materials / resources provided by the
Earth (knowing how, where and when these resources can be formed)
 Practical Aspects to the study of
Geology
3. Protecting our environment

Always remember:
There will always be conflicts between:

Maintaining the demands

VS
Conservation & protection of the environment
Why is Geology included in your Course?
June 1964 Niigata,
Japan earthquake
caused liquefaction
over large parts of the
city.
2006 Guinsaugon, Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte, Philippines
We must always ask these Questions
- Whether we are extracting minerals, cultivating, building infrastructure, etc…

a. Will the disadvantage outweighs the advantage?

b. What will be the environmental impact?

c. How will the environmental balance be affected?

d. What will be the possible hazards (later on) like earthquakes will these
projects be exposed to?

e. Whenever there are production accidents or constructions accidents

or other related accidents – are we prepared for the consequences?