ENGINEERING

DATA
ANALYSIS
SECTION:CEA_CE_2R

ENGR. JESS RANGCASAJO

Electronics and Communications Engineer (ECE)
Master in Management major in Management Engineering (MMME)
jess.rangcasajo@ustp.edu.ph
jessrangcasajo@gmail.com CALCULUS 2: INTEGRAL CALCULUS 1
 INTRODUCTION
TO
STATISTICAL CONCEPTS

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Define statistics.
Know the importance and limitations of statistics.
Understand WHY WE NEED TO STUDY STATISTICS
Expound the process of statistics.

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WHAT IS STATISTICS
Statistics is a set of scientific principles and
techniques that are useful in reaching conclusions
about populations and processes when the
available information is both limited and variable;
that is, statistics is the science of learning from
data.
It is a field of study concerned with summarizing data, interpreting
data, and making decisions based on data.

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 WHAT IS STATISTICS
is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing,
and analyzing information to draw
conclusions or answer questions. In addition,
statistics is about providing a measure of
confidence in any conclusions.

What information is referred to in the definition?

The information referred to the definition is the DATA.

According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, data are “factual

information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation”.

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STRUCTURE OF STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
Presenting, organizing, and
STATISTICS summarizing data

INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
Drawing conclusions about a
population based on data
observed in a sample CALCULUS 2: INTEGRAL CALCULUS 6
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS are methods used to
summarize the key characteristics of known
population data (Triola, 1998).
It is concerned with the presentation of information in a
convenient, usable and understandable form (Runyon & Haber,
1986)

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INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS is a method which involve
the use of sample data to make generalizations or
inferences about a population (Triola, 1998).
It is concerned with generalizing this information specifically, with
making inferences about population which are based upon samples
taken from population (Runyon & Haber, 1986)

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CALCULUS 2: INTEGRAL CALCULUS 9
Why Study Statistics?
One reason is that you need to know how to evaluate published numerical facts.

A second reason for studying statistics is that your profession or employment

may require you to interpret the results of sampling (surveys or experimentation)
or to employ statistical methods of analysis to make inferences in your work.

The use of statistics in the social, biological, and physical sciences is essential because
all these sciences make use of observations of natural phenomena, through sample
surveys or experimentation, to develop and test new theories.

Statistical methods are employed in business when sample data are used
to forecast sales and profit.
They are used in engineering and manufacturing to monitor product
quality.
The sampling of accounts is a useful tool to assist accountants in
conducting audits.
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Why Study Statistics?

Thus, statistics plays an important role in almost all areas of science, business,
and industry; persons employed in these areas need to know the basic concepts,
strengths, and limitations of statistics.

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IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICS
Statistics is important because it enables people to make
decisions based on empirical evidence.

Statistics provides us with tools needed to convert massive

data into pertinent information that can be used in decision
making.
Statistics can provide us information that we can use to
make sensible decisions.

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LIMITATIONS OF STATISTICS
• Statistics is not suitable to the study of qualitative
phenomenon.

• Statistics does not study individuals.

• Statistical laws are not exact.

• Statistics table may be misused.

• Statistics is only, one of the methods of studying a problem.

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PROCESS OF STATISTICS

1. Identify the research objective.

A researcher must determine the question(s) he or she wants
answered. The question(s) must clearly identify the population that is
to be studied. Identify the research objective.

2. Collect the information needed to answer the questions.

Conducting research on an entire population is often difficult and
expensive, so we typically look at a sample. This step is vital to the
statistical process, because if the data are not collected correctly, the
conclusions drawn are meaningless. Do not overlook the importance
of appropriate data collection.

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 PROCESS OF STATISTICS
2. Collect the information needed to answer the questions.
POPULATION VS. SAMPLE
A population is the set of all measurements of interest to the sample collector.

A sample is any subset of measurements selected from the population.

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 PROCESS OF STATISTICS
2. Collect the information needed to answer the questions.
POPULATION VS. SAMPLE

EXAMPLE:

The Philippine Mental Health Associations contacts 1,028 teenagers who are 13 to 17
years of age and live in Antipolo City and asked whether or not they had been
prescribed medications for any mental disorders, such as depression or anxiety.

Population: Teenagers 13 to 17 years of age who live in Antipolo City

Sample: 1,028 teenagers 13 to 17 years of age who live in Antipolo City

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PROCESS OF STATISTICS

3. Organize and summarize the information.

Descriptive statistics allow the researcher to obtain an overview of
the data and can help determine the type of statistical methods the
researcher should use.

4. Draw conclusion from the information.

In this step the information collected from the sample is generalized
to the population. Inferential statistics uses methods that takes results
obtained from a sample, extends them to the population, and
measures the reliability of the result.

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 STATISTICS TERMINOLOGY
DATA SET: All the data that are collected in a particular study
ELEMENTS: The entity on which the data are collected
VARIABLE: The characteristic from each element that we are studying
OBSERVATION : Each individual measurement
SECONDARY DATA: Data that already exist in some form
PRIMARY DATA: Data that you collect for your use
INTERNAL SECONDARY DATA: Data that exists within an organization
EXTERNAL SECONDARY DATA: Data that exists outside an organization
DATA WAREHOUSING: The process of capturing, storing, and maintaining data
DATA MINING: System to extract information and uncover patterns; Predictive ability: shows a
current status

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QUANTITATIVE DATA VS. QUALITATIVE DATA

Some data sets consists of number (such as heights, scores in the test,
etc.) and others are non-numerical (such as gender). The terms
quantitative and qualitative data are often used to distinguish between
these two types.

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QUANTITATIVE DATA VS. QUALITATIVE DATA
Quantitative data
- measures of values or counts and are expressed as numbers.
- data about numeric variables (e.g. how many; how much; or how
often).

Qualitative data
- measures of 'types' and may be represented by a name, symbol,
or a number code.
- data about categorical variables (e.g. what type).
Note: Data collected about a numeric variable will always be quantitative and data
collected about a categorical variable will always be qualitative.
Therefore, you can identify the type of data, prior to collection, based on
whether the variable is numeric or categorical.
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 DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
Data can be described by distinguishing between the discrete and
continuous types.
A variable is a quantity whose value changes.
➢ A discrete variable is a variable whose value is obtained by counting.
Examples: number of students present; students’ grade level

➢ A continuous variable is a variable whose value is obtained by

measuring.
Examples: height of students in class; weight of students in class

NOTE:
When data represent counts, they are discrete.
When they represents measurements, they are continuous.
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 DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS VARIABLES

DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

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Questions?
Thank you!

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