TS 4: Indian Culture: Perspective for Tourism

(TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT)

Course Code: TS-4 Programme: BTS

Total Marks: 100 Assignment Code: TS-4/TMA/2022
Note: Attempt any five in about 600 words each. Each question carries 20 marks.
Send your TMA to the Coordinator of your Study Centre.

1. What do you understand by culture? Elaborate its determinants. 20

2. Why conservation and preservation of artistic and cultural heritage is necessary? Give suitable
examples. 20
3. Give a brief account of social impact of Jainism and Buddhism. 20

4. Write an essay on “Music: Genesis and Development”. 20

5. Describe the role of Indian Cinema in promotion of destinations. Give suitable examples.20

6. Discuss features of colonial architecture styles. 20

7. Write short notes on: 10x2=20

a) The Archaeology of Ganga Valley
b) Antiquities
8. Critically analyse attempts made by Indian Government to protect the interests of Indian handloom
sector. 20
9. Write short notes on following tribes: 10x2=20
a) Bhotia
b) Santhal
10. Examine the problems of current tourism policy of Government of India. How to minimise problems
of current tourism policy? 20
1
TS 4: Indian Culture: Perspective for Tourism
Course Code: TS-4 Programme: BTS

Total Marks: 100 Assignment Code: TS-4/TMA/2022

Send your TMA to the Coordinator of your Study Centre.

1. What do you understand by culture? Elaborate its determinants. 20

Ans :- Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate") generally refers to patterns
of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance. Cultures can
be "understood as systems of symbols and meanings that even their creators contest, that lack fixed boundaries,
that are constantly in flux, and that interact and compete with one another."

Culture can be defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are
passed down from generation to generation. Culture has been called "the way of life for an entire society." As
such, it includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, art. norms of behavior, such as law and
morality, and systems of belief.

Culture is one of the most important concepts within sociology because sociologists recognize that it plays a
crucial role in our social lives. It is important for shaping social relationships, maintaining and challenging social
order, determining how we make sense of the world and our place in it, and in shaping our everyday actions and
experiences in society. It is composed of both non-material and material things.

In brief, sociologists define the non-material aspects of culture as the values and beliefs, language,
communication, and practices that are shared in common by a group of people. Expanding on these categories,
culture is made up of our knowledge, common sense, assumptions, and expectations. It is also the rules, norms,
laws, and morals that govern society; the words we use as well as how we speak and write them (what
sociologists call "discourse"); and the symbols we use to express meaning, ideas, and concepts (like traffic signs
and emojis, for example). Culture is also what we do and how we behave and perform (for example, theater and
dance). It informs and is encapsulated in how we walk, sit, carry our bodies, and interact with others; how we
behave depending on the place, time, and "audience;" and how we express identities of race, class, gender, and
sexuality, among others. Culture also includes the collective practices we participate in, such as religious
ceremonies, the celebration of secular holidays, and attending sporting events.

Sociologists see the two sides of culture—the material and non-material—as intimately connected. Material
culture emerges from and is shaped by the non-material aspects of culture. In other words, what we value,
believe, and know (and what we do together in everyday life) influences the things that we make. But it is not a
one-way relationship between material and non-material culture. Material culture can also influence the non-
material aspects of culture. For example, a powerful documentary film (an aspect of material culture) might
change people’s attitudes and beliefs (i.e. non-material culture). This is why cultural products tend to follow
patterns. What has come before in terms of music, film, television, and art, for example, influences the values,
beliefs, and expectations of those who interact with them, which then, in turn, influence the creation of
additional cultural products.
Sometimes culture is used in popular discourse to refer to a celebration or an evening of entertainment, as
when one speaks of a ‘cultural show’. In this sense, culture is identified with aesthetics or the fine arts such as
dance, music or drama. This is also different from the technical meaning of the word culture.

Culture is used in a special sense in anthropology and sociology. It refers to the sum of human beings’ life ways,
their behaviour, beliefs, feelings, thought; it connotes everything that is acquired by them as social beings.

Culture has been defined in number of ways. There is no consensus among sociologists and anthropologists
regarding the definition of culture. One of the most comprehensive definitions of the term culture was provided
by the British anthropologist Edward Tylor. He defined culture as ” that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member
of society”.

Characteristics of Culture:

1. Learned Behaviour:

Not all behaviour is learned, but most of it is learned; combing one’s hair, standing in line, telling jokes,
criticising the President and going to the movie, all constitute behaviours which had to be learned.

Sometimes the terms conscious learning and unconscious learning are used to distinguish the learning. For
example, the ways in which a small child learns to handle a tyrannical father or a rejecting mother often affect
the ways in which that child, ten or fifteen years later, handles his relationships with other people.

2. Culture is Abstract:

Culture exists in the minds or habits of the members of society. Culture is the shared ways of doing and thinking.
There are degrees of visibility of cultural behaviour, ranging from the regularised activities of persons to their
internal reasons for so doing. In other words, we cannot see culture as such we can only see human behaviour.
This behaviour occurs in regular, patterned fashion and it is called culture.

3. Culture is a Pattern of Learned Behaviour:

The definition of culture indicated that the learned behaviour of people is patterned. Each person’s behaviour
often depends upon some particular behaviour of someone else. The point is that, as a general rule, behaviours
are somewhat integrated or organized with related behaviours of other persons.

4. Culture is the Products of Behaviour:

Culture learnings are the products of behaviour. As the person behaves, there occur changes in him. He acquires
the ability to swim, to feel hatred toward someone, or to sympathize with someone. They have grown out of his
previous behaviours.

2. Why conservation and preservation of artistic and cultural heritage is necessary? Give suitable
examples.

Ans :- Cultural Heritage Preservation refers to the process of preserving or safeguarding the elements of the
heritage element so as to protect its value, thereby increasing its physical life.. Heritage conservation refers the
process of preserving the buildings in ways that do not mean a major alteration to the structure, like repairs. It is
aimed at maintaining the building in its proper form, mostly retaining as much of the architectural qualities as
possible. It helps prevent the risk of demolition, replacement, or restoration, which may prove to be quite
expensive.

Although it is more expensive to preserve an old monument than to build a new skyscraper, old monuments are
very crucial when it comes to teaching and showing the legacy of the past to the future generations.
Preservation and restoration play a major role in cultural heritage as they let us learn about the past. It also
helps us respect those who lived years before we were even born.

Heritage Conservation has proven to be extremely beneficial for property owners, businessmen and others.
Experts suggest that preserving the entire heritage has only proven to be effective for buildings. The reuse and
rehabilitation policies have had a huge impact in the contemporary functionality. According to The World
Heritage Convention (Published in Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage), heritage refers to “monuments, sites and group of buildings”. This may vary from archaeological sites
to that of heritage roads, industrial sites and landscapes. Both, architectural and urban heritage preservation has
had a huge impact. More than the rural, urban heritage conservation is given more importance.

The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan built a tomb for his beloved late wife Mumtaz Mahal in 1632- the Taj Mahal.
His wish was to make this structure a unique and iconic monument professing his love for her. This beautiful
structure’s uniqueness has led to it being enlisted as one of the seven wonders in the world. Since 1983, it has
been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Many times, for foreign tourists, Taj Mahal is a synonym for
India. The history of the passionate love story of the king, bright white marble based pompous structures,
beautiful banks of Yamuna river and its glory under full-moon nights symbolises and epitomises love. According
to the government, Taj Mahal witnesses 7 to 8 million footfall every year. More importantly, it has been
welcoming tourists from all social strata, religions and nationalities. Many foreign dignitaries and tourists’ visit to
India is complete only after clicking a picture in front of the iconic Taj Mahal.

In that way, we can look at the Taj as a symbol of heritage which is documented and studied for its history and
architecture. It can also be seen as a symbol of unity in diversity as its reach goes beyond a particular religion.
Considering these aspects, the government of India also takes pride in managing the heritage site and
maintaining it as an international tourist attraction. Maybe we can learn from the success of Taj Mahal and
apply the logic and efforts to other heritage sites in India.

Culture and Heritage shapes human society

The identity of a nation, region, community or a group lies in its past- its historical and cultural heritage which is
unique to that group or society and reflects the rich and diverse creations of humankind. What comes to one’s
mind when you hear the term cultural heritage- arts, crafts, and monuments? Cultural Heritage is the legacy of
physical artefacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from the past generations,
maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. Cultural Heritage includes
tangible culture such as buildings, monuments, landscapes, books, works of art and artefacts. It also includes
intangible cultural traditions or living expressions inherited from our ancestors and passed on to our
descendants, such as oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and
practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts as well as
folklore, language and natural heritage such as landscapes and biodiversity. Whatever the shape, size and form
of a heritage it requires efforts to protect and safeguard it.
But why do we need to preserve, conserve and protect?
Culture and heritage shapes human society. We all grew up on stories- mythologies, fables, historical events
glorifying our past which helped us construct our identities. Human race has always relied on its past to build the
present and construct its future. Generations have lived before us and have shaped the world we reside in. It is
important to protect our heritage as it adds character and distinctiveness to the place, region or community and
hence provides a sense of identity.

Heritage, tangible as well as intangible, has a positive influence on many aspects of the way a community
develops. Preservation, conservation and protection is highly valuable because:

The historic environment is a proven source of benefit to local economies, particularly through tourism.

An attractive heritage benefits in attracting external investment as well as maintaining existing businesses and
not just tourism.

Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings is an important factor in creating sustainable communities.

A greater social inclusiveness can be achieved through heritage protection.

Heritage places are an excellent educational resource for people of all ages.

World Heritage properties also harbor options for society to mitigate and adapt to climate change through
ecosystem benefits, such as water and climate regulation as well as carbon that is stored in world forest sites.

3. Give a brief account of social impact of Jainism and Buddhism. 20

Ans :- Reasons for rise of Jainism and Buddhism

Social cause: Caste system became rigid and it created inequality in the society. The Kshatriyas had resented the
domination of the priestly class, and both Buddha and Mahavira belonged to Kshatriya origin.

Religious unrest:

Religious life in ancient India was originally very simple. But in the Later Vedic period complex rituals and
ceremonies began to dominate the practice of worship. The complex rituals and sacrifices were not acceptable
to the common people.

It became expensive and elaborate. Blind faith and superstitious beliefs confused the people.

Economic cause: The growth of trade led to the improvement in the economic conditions of the Vaisyas. Now,
they wanted to enhance their social status but the orthodox Varna system did not allow this. Similarly, money-
lending was imperative for traders, which was prohibited in Vedas. Thus, merchant class extended the chief
support to these new religions.

Moreover, rise of agriculture raised demand for drought animals which were being sacrificed for religious
ceremonies. The principle of nonviolence, suited settled agrarian community better which was brought by
Jainism and Buddhism.

Brahminic supremacy: Priests considered themselves superior and others as inferiors. They took advantage of
knowing Sanskrit, and interpreted religion according to their convenience. Whereas these new religions were
open for all and preached in local language like Prakrit and Pali, which found appeal to common masses.

Impact on Indian society

Languages and Literature: Jaina contribution to Prakrit and Kannada literature. The language of Pali and other
local languages developed through the teachings of Buddhism.

Arts and Architecture: The stupas at Sanchi, Bharhut and Gaya, Jaina temples at Mount Abu in Rajasthan in the
domain of architecture are wonderful pieces of architecture. Buddhism takes the credit for the chaityas and
viharas in different parts of India.

Philosophy: The concept of ahimsa was chief contribution. Later, it became one of the cherished values of our
nation.

Political progress: Sabhas and samitis find its roots here. It had also promoted the spread of Indian culture to
other parts of Asia.

Simple Religion: Its principles were very simple. It was easily followed by the people. It was not complex like
Vedic religion.

Opposition to Caste System: Due to their opposition the complexity of caste system reduced from the society.

Conclusion:

Jainism and Buddhism arose to suit the needs of a changing society, patronised by an emerging class and left an
indelible mark on India’s culture, architecture, philosophy and way of living.

Some tenets of these religion have been adopted by hinduism in their long course of association and have
become an integrated part of the society.
These religions also found their influence in neighbouring countries and helped India expand its footprint in
these regions, paving way for a cultural connect to this day.

5. Describe the role of Indian Cinema in promotion of destinations. Give suitable examples.20

Ans :- It has been cited that especially during the last couple of decades, more and more vacationers
commenced to go to locations featured through films, TV or another similar manner of visuals which aren't
without delay related to tourism promotion campaigns. Cinematic tourism additionally known as ‘movie-
brought about tourism’, or ‘movie-induced tourism’. Displaying the extensive variety of Indian history and its
splendor thru the cinemas right from the film Alam Ara that centers on an imaginary, ancient royal own family
inside the kingdom of Kumarpur ... To Bazirao Masatni displaying the royal tale of the Peshwa King. Cinema acts
as a Pull and Push component in tourism merchandising. It helps in turning in and replacing our cultural and
ancient heritages to the next generation. Places covered in the course of filming of any cinemas later will
become a tourist vacation spot certainly this happens so because now a days humans are extra fascinated by
cinemas and the celebs in India. A life in a metro” can’t be imagined without “Good Food” and thereafter a
“Highway” drive that runs simultaneously with the “Indian Express”. Many human beings had been taken a
hiking experience to Shimla /Manali after watching Ye Zawani hai Diwani while “Dil Dhadakne Do” has promoted
the deliver Curies to excessive heights. Ranbir Kapoor and Deepika Padukone, filmed Tamasha in Corsica, France
which showcased the huge variety of herbal beauty of Corsica, certain this must grow to be a tourism
destination in future. Role of the media and entertainment industry in India has been large in our daily life. Thus
Indian cinema has performed a notable function in selling Indian subculture, landscape and history among
tourists who're keen to seize Indian Tourism. Indian cinema has been capable to steer Indian Tourism each at
once and in a roundabout way.

In a country where people live and breathe Bollywood, films have for long been a powerful tool for tourism
promotion as the locales used in big hits almost always end up seeing a significant boost in tourist arrivals soon
after the films’ release. Though this has been on for decades, it is only in the last few years that the concept has
been formalised and destinations have starting working with large production houses to ensure they are
featured in the big projects and often offer fiscal incentives to be featured in films.

Film tourism, a concept not unknown in the West has started to gain prominence in the Indian tourism market
as well, aiming to attract both local and outbound tourists. According to a report published by EY and PHD
Chamber of Commerce and Industry in 2019, film tourism has a scope to generate USD3 billion by 2022 in India
as there is potential for up to 1 million film tourists to visit different parts of the country by 2022.

From the unforgettable journey of two friends trying to find their third “idiot” leading them to the beautiful
Pangong lake in Ladakh, in the Amir Khan starrer 3 Idiots (2009) to the Royal forts of Rajasthan featured in iconic
numbers like Jodha Akbar (2008), Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999), Border (1997), and Goliyon ki Rasleela-
Ramleela (2013), the number of tourists visiting these places have almost grown more than double after release
of these movie.
“If tourists know and they can identify the location in the movie then definitely they prefer to visit that place.
Shooting a film at any location surely increases its popularity. There is a major impact, we saw that before 3
idiots released, not many people knew about Ladakh but since then it has become really popular among
tourists,” Dharmendra Kumar Verma, Manager, Kumar Taj Mahal Tour, an Agra based tour and travel company
tells Media India Group.

The Indian Cinematic industry is one of the fastest growing sectors in the country today and has grown from
INR112 billion in 2012 to INR126 billion in 2013, representing a growth rate of 13%. Over the years, the
industry’s revenues have grown significantly and the projected size of the industry is estimated to reach INR220
billion by 2018. The Indian Cinema industry is one of the largest producers of cinematographic films in the world
with an annual certification of 1,966 films during FY13–14 .Furthermore, India’s favorable regulatory
environment and reforms such as 100% Foreign Direct Investment under the automatic route has made the
Indian Cinema market more attractive for international corporates, bringing in significant investments

What does Cinematic Tourism contribute in?

 Bridging gap between industry professional and the Govt. / authorities

 Promote Cinematic Tourism through conference presentations and industry talks
 Destination marketing consultation
 Development and Implementation of film-related tourism products
 Promotion of film location tours
 Conduction of market research with film-induced tourists

Benefits of Cinematic Tourism

· Local people will value their States more when they see its uniqueness on silver screen

· Multiple economic benefits to locals like shopping done by cast and crew, rent earnings from location given for
shooting

· Employment benefits for trained / skilled locals during the shoot

· Single window clearance for all permissions required by the production house

6. Discuss features of colonial architecture styles. 20

Ans:- During the 1700s, European settlers in North America incorporated the architectural styles of their native
countries into their new homes. The styles that arose can be referred to as "Colonial architecture," which
includes Georgian Colonial, Spanish Colonial, German Colonial, French Colonial, Dutch Colonial, Federal and
Cape Cod.

8In this article, we'll refer to Georgian Colonial architecture, which is characterized by a rectangular,
symmetrical and formal style. Georgian homes find their roots in both Italian Renaissance and the
classical architecture of ancient Greece and Rome. These homes are often marked by a centrally located
front door, evenly spaced double-hung windows and simple side-gabled roof.

"This style originally was all about trying to reproduce what the colonists had known back home in England,”
says Pete Shannon, an assistant professor at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio. "Eventually, those who chose
this style were attempting to emulate those wealthy enough to build the original homes."

The first examples of Georgian-style architecture in America appeared in the British colonies. The dominant style
up and down the East Coast throughout the 1700s, with Colonial Williamsburg the most notable,

Square, symmetrical shape. Formality governs the Georgian Colonial. Both the exterior and interior are
traditionally arranged according to strict symmetry and proportion. This all begins with the centrally located
entrance, hallway and staircase around which the interior rooms are positioned.

Five windows across front. "Windows are always rectangular and evenly spaced across the house’s facade,"
notes Shannon. "The windows also are traditionally double-hung and multi-paned, typically with nine or 12
panes per sash."

Dental moldings along the eaves. Dentils, or tooth-like blocks, began to decorate roof lines as the style became
more decorative.

Pedimented dormers sometimes jutted from the roof.

Flattened columns on each side of door. "Pilasters, shallow columns borrowed from Greek architecture, often
adorned the homes' front elevation. Pedimented dormers jutted from the roof," says Shannon.

Shutters. In the South, the shutters tend to be louvered to welcome breezes but thwart the sun. Up North,
paneled shutters close up tight to protect the home from harsh winds, sleet and snow.

Like all other aspects of society, the colonization of India also had a great impact on architecture. Colonization
marked a new chapter in Indian architecture. Though the Dutch, the Portuguese and the French made their
presence felt through their buildings but it was the English who had a lasting impact on architecture of India. In
the beginning of the colonial rule there were attempts at creating authority through classical prototypes. In its
later phase the colonial architecture culminated into what is called the Indo-Saracenic architecture. The Indo-
Saracenic architecture combined the features of Hindu, Islamic and western elements. The colonial architecture
exhibited itself through institutional, civic and utilitarian buildings such as post offices, railway stations, rest
houses and government buildings. Such buildings began to be built in large numbers over the whole empire.
Colonial architecture in India followed developments not only from metropolis but also took inspiration from
existing architecture in India.

From the mid nineteenth century it became a norm for the Anglo-Indian church builders to follow the model set
by the revivers of the many combinations of Gothic art in England. In many buildings imperialism was the sole
guiding force rather than practicality. On many occasions heavier styles than Gothic were employed. This can be
seen in the Mutiny Memorial Church at Kanpur and the last garrison church in New Delhi.

The Italian Gothic was seen to be well adapted to conditions in India. The architecture style recommended by Sir
Gilbert Scott for Bombay University proved crucial in making the colonial architecture look more 'Indian'.
Perhaps this was the beginning of a truly imperial style that reached its apex at New Delhi.

French

The French occupations in different enclaves in Indian subcontinent occurred with the arrival of the ‘French East
India Company’ which was founded as a commercial enterprise in 1664 and saw its successful establishment by
1719. The de facto incorporation of these enclaves into the Union of India later took place in 1950 and 1954.
‘Établissements français dans l'Inde’ or ‘French establishments in India’ located in the Indian peninsula are
Pondichéry and its territory including districts of Pondichéry, Bahour and Villenour, and Karikal with its
dependent districts on the Coramandel coast; the ‘Calicut Lodge’ and Mahé and its territory on the Malabar
coast; Surat factory in Gujarat; Yanaon and its territory including dependent villages and the ‘Masulipatam
Lodge’ on the Orissa coast; and Chandernagore on the bank of river Hoogly including its territory and five lodges
in Patna, Balasore, Dacca, Jugdia and Cassimbazar in Bengal. French India also comprised of lodges in various
other town which post 1816 held little commercial significance while the towns associated with such lodges
came under control of British governance.

Portuguese

The Portuguese landed in India in 1498, predominantly as merchants and eventually gained control over Goa
where they ruled for over four centuries. In 1961 the Portuguese reign in the enclaves of India came to an end
after the Indian Armed Forces brought an end to around 450 years of Portuguese governance in Goa and
resulting in annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu in the Indian Union. The cultural influences of Portuguese
however, are still fresh and continue to exist in different parts of Goa, especially in the historic city of Margao.