SURFACES AND VOLUMES OF SOLIDS

CYLINDER d

Convex Surface = πdh

Total Surface = πdh + (πd2 ÷ 2)
Volume = (π ÷ 4) x d2h h
Volume Cylinder, right or oblique = area of section are right angles to sides x length of side.

PRISM

Lateral Surface = h x Base Perimeter

Total Surface = Lateral Surface + (2 x Base Area)
Volume = h x Base Area
h

PYRAMID

Lateral Surface = (s ÷ 2) x Base Perimeter

Total Surface = Lateral Surface + Base Area s h
Volume = (h ÷ 3) x Base Area
Center of Gravity = h ÷ 4, above base

FRUSTUM OF PYRAMID

Lateral Surface = s (Top + Base Perimeters) ÷ 2

If a = top area and A = base area. h
Total Surface = Lateral Surface + (a + A) s
Volume = h (a + A + square root of aA) ÷ 3
Center of Gravity above base = h ÷ 4{[3a + A + 2 x square root of aA)] ÷ (a + A + square root of aA)}

CONE

Convex Surface = (π ÷ 2) ds = (πd ÷ 4) x square root of (d2 + 4h2) s

h
Total Surface = Convex Surface + (πd2 ÷ 4)
Volume = (π ÷ 12) d2h = (π ÷ 24) x [d2 (square root of 4s2 – d2)]
Center of Gravity above base = h ÷ 4
d

d'
FRUSTUM OF CONE

Convex Surface = (πs ÷ 2) (d + d2) = [π ÷ 4 (d + d’)] x square root of 4h2 + (d –d’)2 s

h
Total Surface = [(πs ÷ 2) (d + d’) + [(π ÷ 4) (d2 ÷ d’2)]
Volume = (πh ÷ 12) (d2 + dd’ + d’2)
Center of Gravity above base = h(d2 + 2dd’ + 3d’2) ÷ 4(d2 – dd’ ÷ d’2)
d
 m
n
WEDGE

Surface = Sum of surfaces of bounding planes h

Volume = (wh ÷ 6) x (1 + m + n)
w w

SPHERE d
Surface = πd2 = 4πr2 r
Volume = πd3 ÷ 6 = (4 ÷ 3) x πr3
Side of an equal cube = diameter of sphere x 0.806
Length of an equal cylinder = diameter of sphere x 0.6667
Center of Gravity of half sphere = 3/8r above spherical center

SPHERICAL SECTOR c

Total Surface = (πr ÷ 2) x (4h + c) h

Volume = 2/3 πr2h = 2/3 πr2 [r – square root of r2 – (c2 ÷ 4)]
Center of Gravity above center of sphere = 3/4[r – (h ÷ 2)]
r

SPHERICAL SEGMENT c
Spherical Surface = 2πrh = π(c2 + 4h2) + 4 h
Total Surface = Spherical Surface + (πc2 + 4)
Volume = πh2(3r – h) + 3 = πh(3c2 + 4h2) + 24
Center of Gravity above base of segment = h(4r – h) ÷ 4(3r – h) r

SPHERICAL ZONE c'

Convex Surface = 2πrh
Total Surface = 2πrh + [π ÷ 4 (c2 ÷ c’2)]
h
r
Volume = πh ÷ 24 (3c2 ÷ 3c’2 ÷ 4h2)
c

ELLIPSOID (I. Revolution about transverse axis) D

Surface = 2πr [r + R (sin1e ÷ e)] r
Sin1e = Angle in radians, whose sine = e
d
Volume = (4 ÷ 3) π x (Rr2)

ELLIPSOID (II. Revolution about conjugate axis) D

Surface = π [2R2 + (2.230r2 ÷ e) log: (1 + e / 1 – e)] r
Volume = (4 ÷ 3) πR2r d
Where e = (square root of R2 – r2) ÷ R
Use common or base 10. log.
R
PARABOLOID

Convex Surface = πr ÷ 6h2 [(r2 ÷ 4h2) 3/2 – r3]

Total Surface = Convex Surface ÷ πr2 h
Volume = πr2h ÷ 2
Center of Gravity = h ÷ 3 above base
r

CIRCULAR RING (TORUS) D

D and R = Mean Diameter and Mean Radius, respectively, of Ring d
d and r = Mean Diameter and Mean Radius, respectively, of Section
Surface = π2 Dd = 4π2Rr
Volume = 2π2Rr2 = (π2 ÷ 4) x Dd2

PRISMOID

End faces are in parallel planes.

Volume = (l ÷ 6) (A + A’ + 4M), where
l = perpendicular distance between ends
A.A’ = areas of ends
M = area of mid section, parallel to ends

UNGULAS FROM RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER

(As formed by cutting plane oblique to base)

I. Base, abc, less than semicircle; a
d h
Convex Surface = h[2re – (d x length arc abc)] ÷ (r – d)
Volume = h[2/3 e3 – (d x area base abc)] ÷ (r – d) e r
b
II. Base, abc = semicircle;
Convex Surface = 2rh
Volume = 2/3 r2h c

III. Base, abc, greater than semicircle (figure);

Convex Surface = h[2re + (d x length arc abc)] ÷ (r + d)
Volume = h[2/3 e3 + (d x area base abc)] ÷ (r + d)

IV. Base, abc = circle, oblique plane touching circumference.

Convex Surface = πrh
Volume = 1/2 πrh2h H

V. Base, abc = circle, oblique plane entirely above (figure) h

r
Convex Surface = 2πr x 1/2 (h, minimum + H, Maximum)
Volume = πr2 x 1/2 (h, minimum + H, maximum)

ANY SOLID OF REVOLUTION a b

Let abcd represent the generating section about axis A-A of solid abef.
Let g at distance h from A-A be the center of gravity of abcd. g
Let a0 be the angular amount of generating revolution.
c d h
Then:
Total Surface of solid abef = (2πha ÷ 360) x perimeter abcd A A
Volume of solid abef = (2πha ÷ 360) x area abcd
For complete revolution (2πha ÷ 360) x 2πh

e f