Kingdom Animalia (Deuterostomata) I. Phylum Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers) II.

Phylum Hemichordata echinoderm+chordate- incertaesedis (acorn worm) III. Phylum Chordata 1. Subphylum Urochordata a. Class Ascidiacea (tunicates, sea squirts, Molgula and Pandocia) complete metamorphosis b. Class Larvacea (Appendicularia)- planktonic, retain tail and notochord throughout life c. Class Thaliacea- no larval stage, notochord and tail, no metamorphosis 2. Subphylum Cephalochordata (amphioxus or lancelet, ammocoetes larvae- larvae of lampreys, cyclostomes)- burrow and feeds on phytoplanktons 3. Subphylum Craniata or Vertebrata Superclass Agnatha (jawless fishes) Ostracoderms earliest Agnathans (heavily armored), oldest craniate a. Class Myxini (hagfishes) without vertebrate, lacks rasping denticles, shallow buccal funnel, bottom-feeding, 6 pairs- gill pouches b. Class Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)- craniates with vertebrae, less flattened denticle, large buccal funnel with horny denticles, 7 pairs- gill pouches

Superclass Gnathostoma (jawed vertebrates) Placoderms- earliest Gnathostomes, sister group of chonrichthyians + teleostomes (bony dermal plates) a. Class Placordermi (armored Paleozoic fishes, Arthrodires, antiarchs) b. Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) b.1. Subclass Elasmobranchii naked gill slits, placoid dermal scales, oviparious, heterocercal tail, no swim bladder, jaws not attached to cranium b.1.1. Order Squaliformes (dogsharks) b.1.2. Order Rajiformes (skates and rays) skates-oviparious, absent tail fin, pectoral fin enlarged rays-viviparious, barbed stingers b.2. Subclass Holocephali- gill slits covered by operculum, lack scales(Chimaera or ratfish) Acanthodians earliest osteichthyes, extinct spiny fishes (spiny Paleozoic fishes) Osteichthyans descendants of tetrapods, bony

c. Class Actinoperygii - ray-finned fishes, rays supporting the fins (Ganoid, diphycercal caudal fin)- modern c.1. Subclass Chondrostei c.1.1. Order Paleonisciformes earliest Actinoperygians (extinct) (Paleoniscus) c.1.2. Order Polypteriformes (Polypterus-antoque fishes, Calamoichthys, bichirs lungfishes) c.1.3. Order Acipensiformes (sturgeons, paddlefishes) c.2. Subclass Neopterygii (modern fishes), tendency toward homocercal) c.3. Division Teleostei- modern ray-finned fishes, cycloid and ctenoid scales (sardines, goldfish,milkfish- Order Perciformes) d. Class Sarcopterygii (Choanichthyes) Lobe finned fishes, have fleshy lobes, cycloid, diphycercal caudal fin d.1. Actinistians- Coelacanths (Latimeria) Group Coelacanthimorpha d.2. Rhipidistians (Dipnoi lungfishes) evolved into tetrapods, labyrinthodont teeth, Eusthenopron (has dorsal fin ray), Panderichthys (no dorsal fin) e. Class Amphibia e.1. Subclass Labyrinthodontia- earliest tetrapods e.1.1. Order Ichthyostegalia (Ichthyostega) e.1.2. Order Temnospondyli (Archegosaurs)- similarities with frogs and salamanders e.1.3. Order Anthracosauria (Seymouria)- transition group from amphibians to reptiles e.2. Subclass Lissamphibia- modern amphibians e.2.1. Order Apoda (Caecilians) limbless amphibian (Microsaurs) e.2.2. Order Urodela (Caudata)- tailed amphibians (Salamander and newts) e.2.3. Order Anura - tailess amphibians (frogs and toads) f. Class Reptilia(Sauropsida) Anapsids f.1. Subclass Anapsida no temporal fossae f.1.1. Order Chelonia (Testudinata) (turtles) ancient reptiles, w/ 2 lateral temporal fossae Diapsids f.2. Subclass Lepidosauria f.2.1. Order Rhychocephalia (Sphenodonta) (Sphenodon)- primitive lizards f.2.2. Order Squamata (lizards, snakes, amphibaenians-worm lizards, gecko) f.3. Subclass Euryapsida loss of one temporal fossa, marine reptiles f.3.1. Order Sauropterygia (Plesiosaurs) f.3.2. Order Ichthyosauria (aquatic fishlike reptiles)- fish lizards

f.4. Subclass Archosauria f.4.1. Order Pterosauria winged reptiles (Pterodactyls)- flying lizards f.4.2. Order Saurischia- dinosaurs with reptile-like pelvis, carnivores f.4.3. Order Ornithischia- dinosaurs with bird-like pelvis, herbivores f.4.4. Order Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators) Synapsids f.5. Subclass Synapsida- independently evolved one temporal fossa f.5.1. Order Pelycosauria (early synapsids)- mammalian-like reptile f.5.2. Order Therapsida (precursors to mammals) g. Class Aves- feathered vertebrates Bipedal Saurischian dinosaurs give rise to birds g.1. Subclass Archaeornithes- earliest known birds(Archeopteryx and Protoavis) g.2. Subclass Neornithes- all other birds g.2.1. Superorder Odonthognathae toothed cretaceous marine birds (Hesperornis and Ichthyornis) g.2.2. Superorder Paleognathae- ratites wingless, active runner, have muscular hind limb (Ostrich, emus, rheas, cassowaries) g.2.3. Superorder Neognathae carinates f. Class Mammalia f.1. Subclass Prototheria - oviparous f.1.2. Order Monotremata (platypus and echidna) f.2. Subclass Theria- gives birth to the young A. Infraclass Metatheria- yolk sac placentals A.1. Order Marsupiala (opossum, kangaroo) B. Infraclass Eutheria - true, chorioallontoic placenta B.1. Order Insectivora (shrews, moles and hedgehog) B.2. Order Xenartha (armadillos, sloths, Southe American anteaters)-modern insect eating B.3. OrderTubulidentata (aardvark, an african anteater) B.4. OrderPholidota (pangolins-scaly anteater) B.5. OrderChiroptera (bats)- flying mammals B.6. Order Primates-opposable thumb B.6.1. Suborder Prosimii (lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, tree shrews) B.6.2. Suborder Anthropoidea InfraorderPlatyrrhini- nostrils open to the side (new world monkeys and marmosets) InfraorderCatarrhini nostrils open downward (old world monkeys, apes, gorillas, humans) B.7. Order Lagomorpha (pika, rabbits, hares)- hare lip, 2 pairs of incisors on the upper jaw

B.8. OrderRodentia (squirrels, marmots, rats, beavers, porcupines)- single pair of long curved incisors, largest mammalian order B.9. OrderCarnivora- terrestrial carnivores, retractable claws (canines, hyenas, bears) B.10. OrderPinnipedia- aquatic carnivores (seals-deep sea divers, sea lions, walruses) Ungulates B.11. OrderPerissodactyla mesaxonic foot (odd toed) (horses, tapirs, rhinos,donkey) B.12. OrderArtiodactyla- paraxonic foot (even- toed) (pigs, giraffe, cows, goats, mousedeer) Subungulates B.13. OrderHyracoidea (hyraxes)- 4 digits on fore feet, 3 on hind feet B.14. Order Proboscidea (elephants and mastodons)- 5 toes ending in hoof-like nails B.15. OrderSirenia (manatees and dugongs- sea cows)- forelimbs are paddle, hindlimbs lost, flukelike tail B.16. OrderCetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises) permanently marine mammals, tail of 2 horizontally oriented fleshy lobes, forelimbs-paddle-like, with phalanges embedded at distal end, blow hole, blubber (subcutaneous fat), exholocation (good eyesight) Whale have baleen