PROTACIO, JOSH CHRISTIAN O.

Taxonomy
I.

Class Agnatha (jawless fishes)

i.

ii.

Ostracoderms
oldest known vertebrates (Late
Cambrian)
covered with bony dermal armor
lacked jaws and paired fins
largely lived in fresh or brackish water
heterocercal tail like Paleozoic fishes

III.

Cyclostomes
no paired fins
no skeletal elements homologous with
vertebrate jaws
no bones, dermal armor or scales, no
bony teeth
exhibit adaptations for parasitism
(presences of buccal funnel and rasping
IV.
tongue)
a. Order Petromyzontiformes (lampreys)
Man larval traits are retained in adults
Parasitic
Seven pairs of gill pouches
Petromyzon marinus marinus an
anadromous species of lamprey.
anadromous live in sea, lay eggs in fresh water

Petromyzon marinus dorsatus

anadromous land-locked species of
lamprey living in the Great Lakes
between Canada and US.

b. Order Myxiniformes (hagfishes a.k.a

slime eels)
Marine
Bottom feeding scavengers
Parasitize slow-moving fishes
NOT anadromous
Myxine glutinosa the Atlantic hagfish,
has six pairs of gill pouches
Bdellostoma stouti has 10 to 15 pairs
of gill pouches, live off coast of
California
II. Class Acanthodii (extinct spiny sharks)
Head and body protected by dermal
armor of bony plates and scales

Skeleton made of bone and cartilage

Had large operculum
Had paired fins supplemented by as
many as 5 accessory pairs, which
were supported by hollow spines

Class Placodermi (extinct armored fishes)

Armored fishes
Appeared later than ostracoderms and
acanthodians
Had paired fins
Predators
i. Arthrodires (Coccosteus) had heavy
bony dermal shield covered the head and
trunk
ii. Antiarchs (Bothrioplepis) small
placoderms with atypical pectoral fins,
dorsal eyes, and flattened ventral surface
(suggesting they were bottom feeders)
Class Chondricthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Have no bones except in teeth and
scales
Mouth on ventral surface
Have unique scales called placoid
Pelvic fins of males form claspers
Eggs are macrolecithal
a. Subclass Elasmobranchii
i. Order Cladoselachii (Peleozoic
sharks)
ii. Order Pleuracanthodii (Peleozoic
sharks)
iii. Order Squaliformes (modern and
extinct sharks)
iv. Order Rajiformes (skates, rays, and
sawfishes)
b. Subclass Holocephali (chimaeras)
i. Lacks scales on most surfaces
ii. Have fleshy operculum
iii. Spiracle closed
iv. Upper jaw fused with cartilaginous
braincase
v. Instead of teeth, hard platy bony
plates on jaws

PROTACIO, JOSH CHRISTIAN O.

i.
ii.

Salamander-like amphibians
Extinct but had several orders

V. Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

VI.

c. Subclass Lisamphibia
a. Subclass Actinoptreygii (ray-finned)
i. Order Anura (frogs, toads, etc.)
ii. Order Urodela (tailed amphibians)
Slender fin rays support otherwise
iii. Order Apoda (legless burrow-dwelling
membranous fins
species)
Lack internal nares
(@Paleozoic) bony dermal armor and scales
were covered with enameloid called ganoin, VII. Class Reptilia (reptiles)
a. Subclass Anapsida (cotylosaurs and
Caudal fins are heterocercal
turtles)
i. Superorder Chondrostei
i. Order Testudinata or Chelonia turtles
a. Sturgeon, spoonbills, etc.
ii. Superorder Holostei
b. Subclass Lepidosauria
a. Garfishes, bowfin
i. Order Rhynchocephalia lizard-like
iii. Superorder Teleostei
reptiles but with different scales
a. 95% of all living fishes
ii. Order Squamata
1. Suborder Lacertilia lizards
b. Subclass Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned)
2. Suborder Serpentes snakes
i. Order Crossoptrygii
3. Suborder Amphisbaenia
Latimeria only living left
amphisbaenians (snake-like burrowing)
Most common fishes of Devonian
a. Suborder Rhipdistia
c. Subclass Archosauria dominant land
Freshwater
vertebrates of Mesozoic
Ancestor of amphibians
i. Order Thecodontia stem archosaurs
b. Suborder Coelacanthini
ii. Order Pterosauria flying reptiles
Lack internal nares
iii. Order Saurischia dinosaurs with
reptilian pelvis
ii. Order Dipnoi
iv.
Order Ornithischia dinosaurs with bird True lung fishes
like pelvis
African and Brazilian species
v.
Order Crocodilia alligators, crocodiles,
aestivate during dry hot seasons
etc. only one surviving
Class Amphibia (amphibians)

a. Subclass Labryinthodontia
i. Swamp-dwelling
ii. Named because of the dentin of their
teeth was infolded so it looks like a
labyrinth at cross section
iii. As large as crocodiles or small as newts,
and widely dispersed
iv. Had minute bony scales in their dermis,
unlike many modern-tailed amphibians
v. Skull similar to Rhipdistia
i. Order Icthyostegalia (oldest, Devonian)
ii. Order Temnospondyli (Permian)
iii. Order Anthracosauria (Paleozoic, direct
line to reptiles)
b. Subclass Lepospondyli

d. Subclass Euryapsida marine and some

terrestrial
i. Order Ichthyosauria marine, fish-like
with no visible neck
ii. Order Plesiosauria marine, tiny head,
long neck, paddle-like limbs
e. Subclass Synapsida reptiles from which
mammals evolved from
i. Order Pelysauria earliest, reptilian
features
ii. Order Therapsia mammal-like

PROTACIO, JOSH CHRISTIAN O.

Class Aves (birds)

Endothermic vertebrates with feathers
Endothermy ability to maintain a relatively
stable body temperature
Retained reptilian scales on beak, legs, and
feet
Feathers are structured keratinized
epidermal appendages, make flight possible
Long bones are slender
Most bones lost central marrow
Teeth replaced with light-weight beak
Wrist, palm, digit bones lessened and
reduced
Large sternal keel or carina
i. Subclass Archaeornithes
a. Archaeopteryx had long reptilian tail,
thecodont teeth on both jaws, feathers on
wings and tail, skull more reptilian, no beak
b. Protoavis - might be closer to modern bird
ii. Subclass Neornithes
a. Order Odontognathae (Neornithes with
teeth)
i. Hesperornis a marine bird
b. Order Neognathae (birds without teeth)
i. Ratites small wings, powerful legs
ii. Carinates large carina, most can fly,
some like penguins use powerful
muscles to swim instead of fly

iii.

Order Primates
1. Suborder Lemuroidea lemurs, lorises
2. Suborder Tarsioidea - tarsiers
3. Suborder Platyrrhini primates whose
nostrils open at the sides
4. Suborder Catarhini primates whose
nostrils open downwards
a. Superfamily Cercopithicoidea
b. Superfamily Hominoidea

iv.

Order Carnivora
1. Suborder Fissipedia terrestrial
carnivores
a. Family Felidae - Cats
b. Family Viverridae - Civets
c. Family Hyaenidae - Hyenas
d. Family Canidae - Doglike carnivores
e. Family Ursidae - Bears & giant pandas
f. Family Procyonidae - Raccoons
g. Family Mustelidae Otters, weasels
2. Suborder Pinnipedia marine
carnivores
a. Phocidae - True seals
b. Otariidae - Walruses

VIII.

IX.

v.

Order Cetacea aquatic marine

mammals (whales, dolphins, etc.)

vi.

Order Edentata insectivorous mammals

that are more specialized than those in
Insectivora (tree sloths, South American
anteaters, armadillos)

Class Mammalia (mammals)

a. Subclass Prototheria lay eggs, have
cloaca
i. Order Monotremata platypus, echidna

vii.

Order Tubulidentata special anteaters

called aardvarks. Separate because teeth
are peg-like cylinders and have shallow
roots.

b. Subclass Metatheria viviparous

mammals that use yolk sac for a placenta
i. Order Marsupialia kangaroos,
wallabies. Young are born in almost larval
state and are incubated and nursed after
birth in a maternal abdominal pouch
(marsupium)

viii.

Order Pholidota toothless scaly

anteaters or pangolins. Scales made of
keratin and only has one genus Manis.

ix.

Order Rodentia have single pair of

long, curved incisor teeth on each jaw that
are used for gnawing. Teeth grow
throughout life.
1. Suborder Sciuromorpha - squirrels,
chipmunks, woodchucks, beavers,
gophers, etc.
2. Suborder Myomorpha mice-like
rodents like rats, voles, hamsters, and
lemmings, etc.

c. Subclass Eutheria have chorioallantoic

placenta
i. Order Insectivora moles, tree shrews,
flying lemurs, hedgehog
ii. Order Chiroptera bats

PROTACIO, JOSH CHRISTIAN O.

3. Suborder Caviomorpha porcupines,
cavys, nutria, chinchillas, etc.
x.

Order Lagomorpha have two pairs of

incisors on their upper jaw (unlike
Rodentia).
1. Family Ochotonidae pikas
2. Family Leporidae rabbits

xi.

Order Perissodactyla ungulate with

usually one or three but occasionally four
toes, weight distributed to one toe. Have
mesaxonic foot (weight dist. to one toe).
1. Family Equidae horses and horse-like
mammals
2. Family Tapiridae tapirs
3. Family Rhinocerotidae - rhinoceros

xii.

Order Artiodactyla ungulate where

body weight is distributed to two toes but
can have four or so even numbered toes.
Have paraxonic foot. Includes pigs,
hippopotamuses, peccaries, cattle,
camels, llamas, deer, antelope, and

girrafes. Most have stomachs divided into

three or four; those who do are ruminants.
xiii.

Order Proboscidea subungulates that

have proboscis, scanty hair, and thick
wrinkled skin. Includes elephants,
mastodons, and their relatives. Most of
weight is supported by elastic pad on the
back of each of the toes. Ungulates do
not have this pad.

xiv.

Order Hyracoidea subungulates

containing to genera of hyraxes. Have
short ears, hunchbody at rest, harelip,
incisors continually growing. Plantigrade
but digits end in hooves (except for one).
Have 4 fingers and 3 toes.

xv.

Order Sirenia sea cows, manatees and

dugongs, thought to be descendants of
primitive ungulates. Scanty hair, paddlelike forelimbs, lack hind limbs, tails like
whales.