CELESTIAL

MOTION AND
MECHANICS
 REPORTERS

Evalle, Rene S. Pasaporte, Vidal, Monica

Dahlia Abrinne
CELESTIAL MOTION
•Celestial objects exhibit two different types of
motion. The first motion is such that the whole
celestial sphere, and all of the celestial objects
attached to it.
 CELESTIAL SPHERE

Is an imaginary
projection of the Developed as part Important tool for
Sun, Moon, of the ancient fixing the location
planets, stars, and Greek concept of and plotting
all astronomical an Earth-centered movements of
bodies upon an (geocentric) celestial objects.
imaginary sphere universe.
surrounding Earth.
CELESTIAL SPHERE
Due to the rotation of the Earth on its
axis, the celestial sphere appears to
rotate daily from east to west.

And stars seem to follow circular

trails around two points in the sky.

These two points mark the intersection

of the projection of the Earth’s rotation
axis on the celestial sphere, and are
called the celestial poles. The celestial
poles are the two points where the
projection of the Earth’s rotation axis
intersects with the celestial sphere.
DIURNAL MOTION
•is the daily motion of stars and other celestial bodies
across the sky. This motion is due to the Earth's
rotation from west to east, which causes celestial
bodies to have an apparent motion from east to west.
 At any latitude on the Earth, there is a corresponding
range of declinations for which stars:

Rise and set at different

Never set times throughout the Never rise
year
They are always
They are always Due to the Earth’s below the horizon. For
above the horizon. motion around the example, to an
These are known as Sun, stars rise a few observer in Australia
circumpolar stars. minutes earlier every the north pole star,
day. Polaris, never rises.
 What are three APPARENT MOTIONS of the
celestial objects?

The Earth is
rotating around
its axis (reflex
motion).
The planet is moving
around the Sun The Earth is moving
(intrinsic motion). around the Sun (reflex
motion).

The apparent
motion of a planet
arises from:
EXAMPLES OF
CELESTIAL
BODIES
CELESTIAL BODIES
•The celestial bodies in space like the planets and satellites
move in paths that obey the laws of motion. These paths
are usually elliptical or parabolic. The planets move in
elliptical orbits around the sun whereas satellites move in
elliptical orbits around the planets.
 CERES
•Celestial body that is by far the
largest and most massive
asteroid in the belt between
Mars and Jupiter. It is
approximately the size of Texas
or 975km x 909 km with a mass
of 9.5×1020.

•It has enough mass for self

gravity which is a major
requirement to be considered a
dwarf planet.
 CERES
•Ceres has a visual
brightness magnitude of +6.9
to +9. When it is at the
brightest point possible.

•Ceres is nearly bright

enough to be seen with the
naked eye. It can be seen
with binoculars whenever it is
above the horizon on a
completely dark night.
 KUIPER BUILT

• Contains many celestial body.

•Lying beyond the orbit of Neptune

and extending to a distance of about
50 astronomical units.

•Containing thousands of small icy

bodies, some of which are on highly
elliptical orbits, periodically visiting
the inner solar system as comets.
 CRUITHNE

•As a celestial body, the asteroid

Cruithne is sort of small and indistinct

•The asteroid is sometimes referred

to as the Earth’s second moon. It is
not a true moon because the Earth’s
gravity does not effect it nor does its
effect the Earth.

•The asteroid Cruithne is in a normal

elliptic orbit around the Sun.
 CRUITHNE

•Its revolution around the Sun,

approximately 364 days at
present, is almost equal to that
of the Earth. Because of this,
Cruithne and Earth appear to
follow each other in their paths
around the Sun.
 ARCHERNAR

•Achernar is best seen from the southern

hemisphere in November; it is
circumpolar below 33°S.

•It is 3,000 times more luminous than our

Sun.

•It is the brightest star in the Eridanus

constellation.

•It
is also the 9th brightest star in the night
sky. Of the 10 brightest stars, other than
our Sun, it is the hottest and bluest.
 APOPHIS
•The asteroid will pass again in 2029.
Scientists predict that it will not hit the
Earth, but it may pass through a
gravitational keyhole that could alter its
orbit enough that it could impact in 2036.

•NASA scientist David Morrison says,

“After 2029, the deflection would have to be
vigorous enough to miss not just a tiny
keyhole but the much larger target of the
Earth itself. And such a deflection is far
beyond present technology for an asteroid
this large.”
 APOPHIS

•It is the stuff that many sci-fi legends

have been based on.

•The asteroid was discovered on its

way towards the Earth and was
predicted to have a 2.7% chance of
impacting the Earth on 2004.
ROTATIONAL MOTION AND CIRCULAR
MOTION
CIRCULAR ROTATIONAL
MOTION MOTION
The object just
moves in a circle. The object rotates
For example, about an axis. For
artificial satellites example, Earth
going around Earth rotating on its own
at a constant axis.
height.
PLANETARY MOTION
•Planets are constantly in motion. They move in 2 basic
ways:

1. Rotation

2. Revolution
 ROTATION

• The spinning of an object around

its axis. It is because of Earths
rotation we have day and night.
•The earth rotates once on its axis
every 24 hours.
 REVOLUTION

• The movement of one object

travelling around another. - Earth
travels in a counter clockwise
direction, relative to north pole,
once a year (every 365.25) around
the sun.
•
 SPACE
•We often refer to our expanding universe with one
simple word: space. But where does space begin and,
more importantly, what is it?)
 The UNIVERSE is everything that exist including all
matter and energy. We often call the universe "space“.
From our Earth-bound perspective, outer space is most
often thought to begin about 62 miles (100 kilometers) above
sea level at what is known as the Kármán line.

Additionally, astronomers are not totally sure if our

universe is the only one that exists. This means that space
could be a whole lot bigger than we even think.
 What is
included in
"space"?
 GALAXIES

•A huge collection of gas and dust

and millions of stars and planets.

•Milky way - spiral galaxy which

we live in.
 SOLAR SYSTEM

•A sun and all of the objects that

travel around it.
 STARS

•A large collection of matter which

emits a huge amount of energy
through nuclear fusion. Stars also form
patterns called Constellation.

•Constellation - group of stars that

seem to form a shape; sometimes
human shapes or animals. 88
constellation make up the map of the
night sky.
 PLANETS

•A large piece of matter that

revolves around a star.
 MOONS

•A piece of matter that revolves

around a planet.
 COMETS

•A chunk of ice/ dust that travels in

a long orbit around the sun.
 SATELLITES

• An object that travels in orbit around another object.

 SATELLITES

NATURAL SATELLITE ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE

 ASTEROIDS

• A small rocky object in space.

 METEOROIDS

•A small rocky or metallic body in

outer space.
 METEORS

•A meteoroid that enters the

earth's atmosphere. Commonly
called a shooting star.

•Meteor shower - occurs when a

large number of meteors appear
together and seem to come from
the same area of the sky.
 METEORITES

•A meteoroid that has reached the

ground.
CELESTIAL MECHANICS
•is a branch of astronomy that deals with the
mathematical theory of the motions of celestial
bodies.
 NICHOLAS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)
• The Copernican Revolution

•Proposed sun-centered model and

work out the mathematical details.

•Used his model to determine layout

of solar system planetary distances.

•Copernican model very elegant, but

not well accepted because no more
accurate than the Ptolemaic model in
predicting planetary positions, it still
used perfect circles.
 TYCHO BRAHE (1546-1601)

•Thought that earth must be at the

center of solar system, but the
other planets go around sun.
•Compiled the most accurate
naked eye measurement ever
made of planetary positions.

• Still could not detect stellar

parallax.
 JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630)

•Kepler first tried to match Tychos

observation with circular orbits, but
there was a discrepancy.

•Defined a model which is circular

orbit.

• Abandoned circles to ellipses.

• Keplers three law of planetary

motion.
KEPLER’S FIRST LAW
•The orbit of each planet around the Sun is
an ellipse with the sun at one focus.
KEPLER’S SECOND LAW
•As the planet moves around it’s obit, it
sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
KEPLER’S THIRD LAW
•The squares of the orbital periods of the planets are
directly proportional to the cubes of the semi-major
axes of their orbits.
 GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1612)

• Three key objections:

1. Earth could not be moving

because objects in air would
be left behind .
2. Non-circular are not perfect as
heaven should be.

3. No one had detected stellar

parallax.
 GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1612)
NATURE OF MOTION

Able to demonstrate that moving object stay in motion unless force happen
to stop it.

HEAVENLY PERFECTION

Using his telescope Galileo saw sunspot on Sun (imperfection) mountain

and valleys on the moon (proving it is not perfect sphere)

PARALLAX

Galileo showed star must be much farther than Tychos thought by using
telescope.
 GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1612)

•Galileo also saw four moons orbiting Jupiter, proving that

not all objects orbit earth.

•Galileo observation of phases of Venus proved that it orbits

the sun and not earth.
THANK YOU!