LICENSE PLATE RECOGNITION FOR SECURITY APPLICATIONS
ABSTRACT all crucial in the examination of licenced number plates. The
Vehicle licence plate identification is useful in a variety of
situations. In this work, an efficient and astonishingly easy
approach for recognising the number plate is utilised. For image
processing using py-tesseract, the suggested solution employs
the Open CV package and the Python programming language.
The input picture is converted to grayscale before being filtered
via a bilateral filter to eliminate undesired characters. The Canny
edge detection method is utilised in this research to identify the
edges of licence plates. TESSERACT is an optical character
recognition system (OCR).
INTRODUCTION
The amount of unregistered automobiles has skyrocketed in
India together with the population growth, which has only
served to exacerbate the nation's long-standing traffic issue. Due
to this, there were more accidents and crimes overall [20]. It is
necessary to enact a system that can issue fines promptly as a
result. It requires a significant amount of time and financial
resources for business enterprises to allow only approved
automobiles. Therefore, what we want is a reliable and effective
system that can capture the image of a licence plate and utilise it
to extract data from it. A technique called automatic number
plate recognition is used to extract the characters of licence plate
numbers from an illustration [21]. This approach is extracted
and implemented via image processing.
A licence plate recognition system uses image processing
technology to recognise an automobile based on its licence
plate. The goal is to develop a vehicle identification system that
uses licence plates and is trustworthy, automated, and verified.
The system is used to keep an eye on security at the entrance to
a restricted area, such as a conflict zone, or in the vicinity of
important government buildings, including the Supreme Court,
the Parliament, and educational institutions. Anybody can use
this technology for security purposes. For the general public, an
Android app will be downloaded on your phone. After that, he
merely needs to capture and process the image of the licence
plate to get the information he requires in order to learn more
about a certain automobile. Prior to snapping a snapshot of the
car, the specially constructed apparatus first detects it for
security reasons. The photo is segmented into an image, and the
area of the automobile number plate is extracted. With the help
of the optical character recognition technique, characters may be
recognised (OCR).
A licence plate recognition system makes use of image
processing to recognise a car based on its number plate. The
objective is to create a dependable, automatic, and approved
vehicle surveillance system utilising the licence plate. The
system is used to keep an eye on security at the entry to a very
small region, such a war zone or the vicinity of important
institutions of higher learning and significant government
institutions like the Supreme Court and the Parliament.
Everyone is welcome to utilise this system for security purposes.
Your phone will be equipped with a public-facing android
application. Following that, all we need to do to get the
knowledge we need is capture and process the image of the
licence plate on a particular automobile.
Prior to snapping a picture of the car, the device is meant to first
detect it for security reasons. By dividing the image into
segments, the automobile number plate area may be located. The
Optical Character Recognition Technique is used for character
recognition (OCR). The created information is then compared to
other database entries to provide distinctive information like the
owner's name, registration location, address, and so on. The
framework is created and tested in Python using simulations of
actual picture data. Character recognition software, PC
knowledge, and processes for confirmed plate identification are
core parts of any ANPR system are now being constructed as a
result. The Number Plate Recognition system is composed of a
camera, an edge capturing device, a computer, and specially
created software for image management, analysis, and
identification.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The image data which was prepossessed using various methods
and was examined using a bilateral filter. The truncated image
of the vehicle number plate is automatically saved in the
cropped licence plates photos folder, where the image text has
been transformed to a string. Tesseract is used to read the text
across the image, and the result is displayed in the Python output
terminal in [1]. For academics and students studying computer
vision, Python and open CV are excellent places to start. The
ANPR system's camera captures a picture of the licence plate of
the car, and the vehicle's number is then recognised to give the
owner data and information. An image capturing system may be
created with a camera mounted on the entry. When a car pulls
up, the camera takes a picture of the front of the vehicle and
locates the licence plate before doing further recognition. The
door will open if the licence plate is recognised; else, an alarm
will be played. To obtain the vehicle licence number, the image
collection system reads the car's licence plate using the NPR
system in order to get the vehicle owner's information and data
in [2]. The number plate is located using automatic licence plate
recognition (ALPR). It is used for multiple plates is its high
plate detection accuracy and detects numerous car licence plates
in a single camera frame. Licenses with complex backgrounds
are tracked accurately and successfully in [3]. Pre-processing,
number plate categorization (with conception v3), object
recognition (utilising SSD), text categorization, and detection
and recognition are all stages of the system (using tesseract
OCR engine) in [4]. A vehicle number plate dataset is used to
create Vehicle Number Plate Detection. The camera takes real-
time traffic photographs from various places, distances and
angles where the number plates were recognised in [5]. There
are two ways for detecting licence plates one uses Sobel edge
detection and another uses morphological gradient detection.
Sobel edge detection is appropriate for vehicle images where the
camera shooting direction is parallel to the licence plate area,
and the licence plate detection based on morphological gradient
detection is appropriate for detecting vehicle images where the
licence plate position is tilted in [6]. An open-source library for
automatic licence plate recognition that may be used with both
static photos and video streams in [7]. The standard constant
shooting area, should only be utilised in the car park licence
plate recognition system, which has limits. Image detection to
locate the target can be utilised not only in parking lot
recognition systems, but also in monitoring systems, unlawful
photographing of traffic lights, and so on. As a result, it will
become increasingly popular in the future [8]. The effectiveness
of a licence plate recognition system in detecting the plate
number has been demonstrated. The output of the system is
simply to display the identified plate number [9]. the likelihood
that licence plate recognition will be able to collect all vehicle-
related data. To improve the quality of fusion-based automobile
photographs, first remove the licence plate and separate the
characters from it. Then use an artificial neural network to find
the characters on the plate. [10].
 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM
A)Algorithm Design

Among the common license plate detection methods based on

we chosen the Canny edge detection-based license plate
detection technique out of the popular color image-based
approaches for detecting license plates. The steps in the method
are as follows:

 Pre-processing
 Contours
 Optical Character Recognition

PRE-PROCESSING
Fig.1 Basic LPR block diagram i)Bilateral filter
ii)Canny edge detection
METHODOLOGY BILATERAL FILTER
Work flow: A type of de-noising technique known as bilateral filtering can
keep sharp edges while removing certain colours from the
edges. This filter is simple to comprehend since it uses the
weighted mean of nearby pixels. Furthermore, there is a space
between pixel values, allowing it to be appropriately adapted.
Not to mention, this filter is non-iterative, which makes it quite
straightforward.
The box, Gaussian, and bilateral filters are some of the most
well-known filters used in image processing. We are aware that
all of these filters are used for deblurring and smoothing.
Furthermore, certain elements that were there in the original
image but were hidden by these filters will enhance the final
image. We will get the conclusion that the bilateral filter is the
best after analysing the four filters and taking the ideal sigma
value into consideration.

Bilateral filtering is quite helpful in this situation since we need

to blur and smooth our image while still retaining the edge [11].
Numerous technical and scientific fields can make use of this
filter. In this method, grayscale values are combined with
colours, and close values are chosen over far or remote ones.
The primary goal of the aforementioned technique is to
eliminate phantom colours that may have emerged in the
margins of the original image.

Fig.3 Noisy image

Fig.2 LPR work flow


Fig.4 De- noised image
CANNY EDGE DETECTION
Principle of canny edge detection algorithm
Based on edge characteristics, this approach is a detection
algorithm. The text processing procedure will continue with the
text attribute value being unchanged, but the text itself won't be
processed—only the text image's data size will be reduced.
There are now several edge detection-based techniques in use.
Canny algorithm is employed in this research. Text recognition
benefits from this algorithm's ability to effectively handle the
edge detection challenge. There are many different edge
detection techniques, thus a clever algorithm will choose which
edge detection is best for the situation. in the following sense.
(1) Strive for the best detection: Edge detection will attempt to
extract as many text edge properties as it can while also aiming
for the lowest detection miss probability.
(2) Edge location rule: According to this rule, there cannot be a
considerable discrepancy between the edge position of the
search and the edge position of the actual text; rather, the point
of the edge search must be reasonably close to the edge point of
the real text.
(3) A comparison between the search location and the edge
location: The algorithm lines up the search point and the text
point.
In order to improve edge recognition, the Canny edge detection
method was created. For this purpose, consideration was given
to three crucial elements. Identifying all of the principal edges in
the reference image was the first and most crucial requirement.
Reduced edge error was the main objective. The edge points that
were found had to be as close to the correct edge as is physically
possible, which was the second condition. Not having several
reactions to one edge was the last criteria. The third stage was
implemented because the first two circumstances were not
severe enough to entirely rule out the possibility of more than
one reaction to an edge.
The Canny method is one of the most well-known because it can
maintain a low error rate, preserve important information by
removing spam, retain fewer alterations from the primary
picture, and remove multiplex answers to the near edge. The
Canny edge detection method functions as follows [13] based on
this criterion. There are five distinct steps in the Canny
algorithm.
Noise detection: Smoothing may be used to reduce noise, but
the results are more susceptible to image noise since the
mathematics used in edge detection is inherently derivative-
based. The image may be made noise-free by using a Gaussian
blur to smooth it out. To do this, a Gaussian kernel and the
image concentration technique (3x3, 5x5, 7x7, etc.) are used.
What defines the size of the core is the expected blur's trace. The
blur is essentially less for the smallest kernel is less noticeable.
The input image must first be turned into a grayscale in this
stage by altering the contrast and brightness such that the image
is blurred to remove noise. As a result, the first step is to filter
the primary picture to remove noise in order to make the
location and detecting edge effective. It is frequently applied as
a Gaussian filter for noise reduction [14]. The standard Gaussian
filter equation in 2-D is defined as follows:
G ( x . y )=
1
2 π σ2
exp
2σ (
−x 2+ y 2
)
where y is the vertical axis distance from the origin, x is the
horizontal axis distance from the origin, and is the Gaussian
distribution's standard deviation.
Calculate image gradient : The Canny edge detection operator
is used in the gradient computation stage to calculate the picture
gradient and identify the edge and direction intensities. The edge
pixels with sharp variations in grey area values are found by
computing the picture gradient. The gradient is a unit vector
since it is represented by points that point in the general
direction of intensity variation. At this point, the gradient's
vertical and horizontal components are computed first, followed
by the gradient's magnitude and direction [15].
The following formulas are used to determine the gradient's
magnitude G and angle :
Gradient Magnitude=G=√G x + GY
2 2
Gradient Angle=θ=are tan
( )
Gy
Gx
The horizontal and vertical gradients are represented by G x and
G y , respectively.
Four filters are used in the Canny edge detection technique to
determine the diagonal, vertical, and horizontal edges in the
blurred picture. Additionally, one of the four angles illustrating
the vertical, horizontal, and the two diagonals is used to
represent the edge direction angle (00, 450, 900, 1350 degrees).
The first derivative is estimated in the horizontal direction Gx
and vertical direction Gy as a consequence [16]. The Canny
algorithm then finds the edges where the intensity of the grey
level fluctuates the greatest.
Non-maxima suppression (NMS) : This approach is based on
one of the two approaches commonly used to identify edges, the
first of which is to see edges as zero-crossings of the Laplacian
of picture intensity [17, 18]. The second is to use a technique
known as NMS, which involves suppressing the local non-
maxima of the magnitude of the gradient of image intensity in
the gradient's direction. The final image should have sharp
edges, ideally. So, in order to smooth the edges, we must
complete NMS. NMS can also successfully locate the edge and
prevent the occurrence of false edges.[18].
NMS is also based on the gradient magnitudes that the detector
converts the thick edges of the image, to nearly thin and sharp
edges which can be more utilized for identification purposes. It
is mainly performed in NMS for thinning the edge. In this
process, the image is scanned along the edge direction and
rejects any pixel value that is not considered to be an edge
which will result in a thin line in the output image.
Double thresholding : The threshold value is divided into two
parts: T1 is a high threshold and T2 is a low threshold. Edge
area is the outcome if the pixels with values of a grayscale level
greater than T1 are strong edge pixels. If the pixels with values
of a grayscale level less than T2 are weak edge pixels, the
outcome is the non-edge area. The outcome depends on the
pixels nearby. If the pixels have grayscale values between T1
and T2 [24]. The stage's objective was to categorise the pixels
into three groups: strong, weak, and irrelevant. We applied this
step as follows in this paper:
− Small enough to be ignored as irrelevant edge detection are
weak pixels, which have an intensity value but not enough to be
taken into account.
have the same intensity or hue can be blocked out by contours,
which are simply read as a curve connecting points continually.
In a line of text, the contour of each word is identified using a
straightforward procedure that involves tracing the line.[12].
It is most useful for analysing the form of the supplied image,
determining the size and dimensions of the object that must be
found in the provided image, and identifying particular objects.
This is done in order to classify the forms of objects, segment
photos, crop things from the processed image, and many other
related tasks.

−High intensity pixels are powerful ones because they

contribute to the outer border.

− Other pixels serve as irrelevant contributors to the edge. We

can also see the following with the double thresholds:

To find irrelated pixels, the low threshold is used (intensity less

than the low threshold).

Pixels with an intensity value but not enough to be taken into

account are weak pixels; nonetheless, because they are so little,
edge detection on them is meaningless.

− The strong pixels are recognised using the high threshold

(intensity higher than the high threshold).

Fig.6 finding all contours

Track edge by hysteresis : If an edge does not link to a very
clear edge, it will be removed from the resulting image. The
final picture will contain any weak edges that are linked to
strong edges. The final edge picture has the strong edges, which
are portrayed as specific edges. If a pixel's gradient magnitude
exceeds the upper threshold, it is classified as a strong edge
pixel. A pixel is categorized as a weak edge pixel if its gradient
magnitude value falls between the lower and higher thresholds.
Strong edges are those that can be added as edges right away in
the finished edge image. As opposed to this, if weak edges are
connected to strong edges, they can be marked.

Fig.7 finding the contours from all the edges

DRAW CONTOURS

Fig.5 edge detection using Canny edge detection
Providing you have the boundary points for the form, you may
use it to create any shape's contours. Its first parameter is the
source picture, the second argument is the contours, which
should be supplied as a Python list, and the third argument is the
index of contours (helpful for drawing each contour). Pass -1)
and the remaining arguments—color, thickness, etc.—will draw
all contours.

CONTOURS
i) Find Contours
ii) Draw Contours

FIND CONTOURS
In order to recognise when two-dimensional pictures or objects
are being searched for, OpenCV (EmguCv) created the Find
contour algorithm. The OpenCV library, which stands for Open
Computer Vision, was introduced by Intel in 1999. Objects that

Fig.8 drawing the selected contours
OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION
(OCR)
Fig.9 OCR process flow
OCR, also known as optical character recognition or optical
character reader, is an electronic or mechanical method of
transforming images of typed, handwritten, or printed text into
computer message from scanned documents, images of
paperwork, visual photos (such as the text on signs and
hoardings in a landscape image), or subtitle text transposed on
an image (for example from a television broadcast).
The Techniques in OCR involve:
1. Pre-processing: To increase the likelihood of a successful
recognition, OCR software frequently "pre-processes" pictures.
techniques consist of:
o De-skew – Text lines may need to be slanted a few
degrees in either direction to make them totally
horizontal or vertical if the document's alignment
was incorrect after scanning.
o De-speckle means to smooth out edges and eliminate
positive and negative marks.
o Binarization: converting a picture from colour or
grayscale to black and white (called a "binary image"
because there are two colours). Binarization is done
to make it simple to distinguish the text (or any other
necessary visual component) from the background.
Since binary images are used by the majority of
commercial recognition algorithms because doing so
is clearly simpler, binarization is a necessary task.
Furthermore, the effectiveness of the binarization
stage has a big impact on the character recognition
stage's quality, thus it's crucial to pick the
binarization technique carefully for each type of
input picture. This is because the type of input
picture determines the effectiveness of the
binarization process used to create the binary result.
(Scanning a document, creating a scene text picture,
using an old, damaged document, etc.)
o Line elimination - Removes non-glyph lines and
boxes.
o Layout analysis or "zoning" – Layout analysis, often
known as "zoning," recognises columns, paragraphs,
captions, etc. as separate blocks. Important in
particular for tables and multi-column layouts.
o Word and character detection - Establishes a
framework for word and character forms, separating
words as appropriate.
o Script recognition – In multilingual documents, the
script may change at the level of the words and
hence, identification of the script is necessary, before
the right OCR can be invoked to handle the specific
script.
o Character isolation or "segmentation" – For per-
character OCR, multiple characters that are
connected due to image artifacts must be separated;
single characters that are broken into multiple pieces
due to artifacts must be connected.
o Normalise aspect ratio and scale.
2. Character recognition: A ranked list of potential characters
may be generated by one of two fundamental core OCR
algorithm types. Matrix matching, also known as "pattern
matching," "pattern recognition," or "image correlation,"
involves comparing a picture to a recorded graphic pixel-by-
pixel. This depends on the stored glyph having the same scale
and font as the input glyph, as well as being appropriately
separated from the rest of the picture. This method does not
perform well when using unfamiliar typefaces and is most
effective when used with typewritten material. The early
physical photocell-based OCR employed this method quite
directly. Decomposing glyphs into "features" like lines, closed
loops, line direction, and line intersections is the process of
feature extraction. The representation's dimensions are reduced
by the extraction characteristics, which also makes the
recognition procedure computationally effective. These
characteristics are contrasted with an abstract, character-like
vector representation, which might be reduced to one or more
glyph prototypes. This form of OCR, which is frequently used in
"intelligent" handwriting recognition and in fact most current
OCR software, is adaptable to general approaches of feature
identification in computer vision. To compare picture attributes
with recorded glyph features and select the closest match,
nearest neighbour classifiers, such the k-nearest neighbours
technique, are utilised.
Character recognition programmes like Tesseract and
Cuneiform employ a two-pass method. Known as "adaptive
recognition," the second pass makes greater use of the letter
shapes identified with high confidence on the first run to
identify the remaining letters. This is helpful for typefaces that
are uncommon or for deformed fonts in low-quality scans (e.g.
blurred or faded).The United States Library of Congress's
specialised XML schema, the standard ALTO format, may be
used to store the OCR output. See Comparison of optical
character recognition software for a list of available
programmes.
3. Post-processing: If the output is limited by a lexicon, or a
list of terms that are permitted to appear in a document, OCR
accuracy can be improved. For instance, this may be the whole
English language or a more technical vocabulary for a particular
industry. If the text uses proper nouns or other terms that are not
part of the vocabulary, using this strategy might be challenging.
Tesseract influences the character segmentation process using its
vocabulary to increase accuracy. Although increasingly
advanced OCR systems can maintain the original page layout
and generate products like annotated PDFs that have both the
original image of the page and a searchable textual
representation, the output stream may still be a plain text stream
or file of characters. By noticing that specific words are
frequently found together, "near-neighbour analysis" can
employ co-occurrence frequencies to fix mistakes. For instance,
the term "Washington, D.C." is far more frequently used in
English than "Washington DOC."
A word's likelihood to be a verb or a noun, for instance, may be
determined with more accuracy by understanding the grammar
of the language being scanned. In order to further enhance the
output of an OCR API, the Levenshtein Distance method has
also been utilised in post-processing for OCR.

Fig.10 Text format image of detected license plate.

RESULTS ANALYSIS

Fig.11 and Fig.12 demonstrates the retrieved text. The text was
placed to match the image of the number plate on the licence
plate. A tesseract was used to read the cropped image's output.
We acquired 88 results for precise licence plate numbers after
running our algorithm on more than 100 images. In addition to
these, we tested our algorithm on a wide range of random
datasets and found that it performed well on most of them. A
few errors also happen, which shows that we need to work on
our project more accurately. We need a capable OCR engine
that can read text more accurately and more efficient filters to
reduce background noise in order to do this.

Fig.12 assessment of license plate recognition in detail

Fig.11 assessment of license plate recognition in detail
 saved in a folder called cropped licence plates photos, where the
image text has been transformed to a string. The result was
displayed in the Python output terminal after the text was read
over the image using tesseract. We tested this procedure on a
variety of photographs and discovered that for the majority of
the images, it performed as intended. On pictures of licence
plates with white backgrounds, our code operated as intended.
Images with a lot of background noise did not respond to our
OUTPUT ACCURACY TABLE technique.

TABLE 1

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