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Introduction
Layer-Stripping Tomography
process and therefore do not change dynamically to layers contributes to the global inversion scheme, resulting
preserve the travel time of velocity boundaries represented in a significant improvement in overall model stability.
in the cell model. Using reflection tomography to globally Furthermore, the integrated horizon information in the
update a model which contains velocity contrasts can hybrid model allows each model layer to be uniquely
introduce significant errors into the inverted model in the parameterized and constrained to reduce the null space and
vicinity of the layer boundaries. Typically the positions of to achieve the best possible inversion result. Layers no
the layer boundaries in the model become uncoupled from longer need to be frozen during the inversion process, since
the corresponding reflector positions in the updated seismic the method will allow any layer to be updated during model
image. building without compromising the result. In addition,
since the entire initial model is updated during each pass of
In order to accommodate these limitations, layer stripping multi-layer tomography, improvements to the imaging at
approaches are used to enable accurate repositioning of deeper reservoir levels can be monitored at all stages of
velocity and anisotropy boundaries (Evans et al., 2005; model development.
Jones et al., 2007). The model is divided into a set of layers
defined by the major velocity boundaries, which are The minimization of residual move out error predicted by
updated iteratively in a top-down manner. For the inversion the non-linear tomography and the spatial repositioning of
of a particular layer, the velocity and anisotropy from the both the picks and horizon interfaces can be visualized
target layer are allowed to “flood” through the boundary interactively. Figure 1 shows the initial and final models
position. Residual move out from PSDM image gathers is from a multi-layer inversion, with both re-migrated
used only for the layer to be updated. Following the horizons and residual move out facets displayed. It can be
tomographic update of the layer velocities, the data are re- seen that the horizons remain registered to the boundaries
migrated and the correct position of the base of layer in the updated velocity model and residual move out error
boundary re-interpreted prior to final calibration to the is minimized. The reimaged picks and horizons can be used
wells. For a typical North Sea project, as many as six to determine the optimum parameters for the inversion
iterations of layer stripping may be required to correctly without the need to generate a large number of PSDM tests.
handle all the major velocity and anisotropy contrasts
exhibited by the geology. Improvements in model accuracy and stability should
naturally translate into improved seismic images with less
As well as being time consuming, layer stripping is also reflector distortion. Discarding the traditional layer
prone to serious velocity errors. Since the method only stripping workflow and returning to a global approach for
treats one layer at a time in a top-down manner, it precludes complex layered geology should also yield significant
any intercommunication between connected model layers efficiencies in model building and interpretation effort.
during the inversion process. In addition, it is common
practice to “freeze” a layer once it has been updated. While
this avoids corrupting the depth position of carefully
interpreted layer boundaries, it also results in residual
velocity errors being propagated into deeper model layers.
Multi-Layer Tomography
Conclusions
Figure 4: PSDM imaging beneath a thrust fault and sub-BCU a) Layer stripping tomography shows distortion Mid Cretaceous and poor
reflector continuity sub-BCU. b) Multi-layer tomography shows reduced reflector distortion and improved continuity.
Figure 5: PSDM imaging in a complex faulted region a) Layer stripping tomography struggles to image the faulting and sub-fault reflectors.
b) Multi-layer tomography provides an improved image of both faults and reflector continuity down to the Jurassic
References:
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