How Companies Use Derivatives To Hedge RiskEmailPrint

If you are considering a stock investment and you read that the company uses derivatives to hedge some risk, should you be concerned or reassured? Warren Buffett's stand is famous: he has attacked all derivatives, saying he and his company "view them as time bombs, both for the parties that deal in them and the economic system" (2003 Berkshire Hathaway Annual Report). On the other hand, the trading volume of derivatives has escalated rapidly, and non-financial companies continue to purchase and trade them in ever-greater numbers.

To help you evaluate a company's use of derivatives for hedging risk, we'll look at the three most common ways to use derivatives for hedging. (To get a better understanding of hedging and how it works, see A Beginner's Guide To Hedging.)

Foreign-Exchange Risks One of the more common corporate uses of derivatives is for hedging foreign-currency risk, or foreign-exchange risk, which is the risk that a change in currency exchange rates will adversely impact business results.

Let's consider an example of foreign-currency risk with ACME Corporation, a hypothetical U.S.-based company that sells widgets in Germany. During the year, ACME Corp sells 100 widgets, each priced at 10 euros. Therefore, our constant assumption is that ACME sells 1,000 euros worth of widgets:

When the dollar-per-euro exchange rate increases from $1.33 to $1.50 to $1.75, it takes more dollars to buy one euro, or one euro translates into more dollars, meaning the dollar is depreciating or weakening. As the dollar depreciates, the same number of widgets sold translates into greater sales in dollar terms. This demonstrates how a weakening dollar is not all bad: it can boost export sales of U.S. companies. (Alternatively, ACME could reduce its prices abroad, which, because of the depreciating dollar, would not hurt dollar sales; this is another approach available to a U.S. exporter when the dollar is depreciating.)

The above example illustrates the "good news" event that can occur when the dollar depreciates, but a "bad news" event happens if the dollar appreciates and export sales end up being less. In the above example, we made a couple of very important simplifying assumptions that affect whether the dollar depreciation is a good or bad event:

(1) We assumed that ACME Corp. manufactures its product in the U.S. and therefore incurs its inventory or production costs in dollars. If instead ACME manufactured its German widgets in Germany, production costs would be incurred in euros. So even if dollar sales increase due to depreciation in the dollar, production costs will go up too! This effect on both sales and costs is called a natural hedge: the economics of the business provide their own hedge mechanism. In such a case, the higher export sales (resulting when the euro is translated into dollars) are likely to be mitigated by higher production costs.

(2) We also assumed that all other things are equal, and often they are not. For example, we ignored any secondary effects of inflation and whether ACME can adjust its prices.

Even after natural hedges and secondary effects, most multinational corporations are exposed to some form of foreign-currency risk.

Now let's illustrate a simple hedge that a company like ACME might use. To minimize the effects of any USD/EUR exchange rates, ACME purchases 800 foreign-exchange futures contracts against the USD/EUR exchange rate. The value of the futures contracts will not, in practice, correspond exactly on a 1:1 basis with a change in the current exchange rate (that is, the futures rate won't change exactly with the spot rate), but we will assume it does anyway. Each futures contract has a value equal to the "gain" above the $1.33 USD/EUR rate. (Only because ACME took this side of the futures position, somebody - the counter-party - will take the opposite position):

In this example, the futures contract is a separate transaction; but it is designed to have an inverse relationship with the currency exchange impact, so it is a decent hedge. Of course, it's not a free lunch: if the dollar were to weaken instead, then the increased export sales are mitigated (partially offset) by losses on the futures contracts.

Hedging Interest-Rate Risk Companies can hedge interest-rate risk in various ways. Consider a company that expects to sell a division in one year and at that time to receive a cash windfall that it wants to "park" in a good riskfree investment. If the company strongly believes that interest rates will drop between now and then, it could purchase (or 'take a long position on') a Treasury futures contract. The company is effectively locking in the future interest rate.

Here is a different example of a perfect interest-rate hedge used by Johnson Controls (NYSE:JCI), as noted in its 2004 annual report: Fair Value Hedges - The Company [JCI] had two interest rate swaps outstanding at September 30, 2004, designated as a hedge of the fair value of a portion of fixed-rate bonds The change in fair value of the swaps exactly offsets the change in fair value of the hedged debt, with no net impact on earnings. (JCI 10K, 11/30/04 Notes to Financial Statements) Source: www.10kwizard.com.

Johnson Controls is using an interest rate swap. Before it entered into the swap, it was paying a variable interest rate on some of its bonds. (For example, a common arrangement would be to pay LIBOR plus something and to reset the rate every six months). We can illustrate these variable rate payments with a down-bar chart:

Now let's look at the impact of the swap, illustrated below. The swap requires JCI to pay a fixed rate of interest while receiving floating-rate payments. The received floating-rate payments (shown in the upper half of the chart below) are used to pay the pre-existing floating-rate debt.

JCI is then left only with the floating-rate debt, and has therefore managed to convert a variable-rate obligation into a fixed-rate obligation with the addition of a derivative. And again, note the annual report implies JCI has a "perfect hedge": The variable-rate coupons that JCI received exactly compensates for the company's variable-rate obligations. (To get a better understanding of what swaps are and how they work, see An Introduction To Swaps.)

Commodity or Product Input Hedge

Companies that depend heavily on raw-material inputs or commodities are sensitive, sometimes significantly, to the price change of the inputs. Airlines, for example, consume lots of jet fuel. Historically, most airlines have given a great deal of consideration to hedging against crude-oil price increases - although at the start of 2004 one major airline mistakenly settled (eliminating) all of its crude-oil hedges: a costly decision ahead of the surge in oil prices.

Monsanto (NYSE:MON) produces agricultural products, herbicides and biotech-related products. It uses futures contracts to hedge against the price increase of soybean and corn inventory:

Changes in Commodity Prices: Monsanto uses futures contracts to protect itself against commodity price increases these contracts hedge the committed or future purchases of, and the carrying value of payables to growers for soybean and corn inventories. A 10 percent decrease in the prices would have a negative effect on the fair value of those futures of $10 million for soybeans and $5 million for corn. We also use natural-gas swaps to manage energy input costs. A 10 percent decrease in price of gas would have a negative effect on the fair value of the swaps of $1 million. (Monsanto 10K, 11/04/04 Notes to Financial Statements) Source: www.10kwizard.com,

Conclusion We have reviewed three of the most popular types of corporate hedging with derivatives. There are many other derivative uses, and new types are being invented. For example, companies can hedge their weather risk to compensate them for extra cost of an unexpectedly hot or cold season. The derivatives we have reviewed are not generally speculative for the company. They help to protect the company from unanticipated events: adverse foreign-exchange or interest-rate movements and unexpected increases in input costs. The investor on the other side of the derivative transaction is the speculator. However, in no case are these derivatives free. Even if, for example, the company is surprised with a good-news event like a favorable interest-rate move, the company (because it had to pay for the derivatives) receives less on a net basis than it would have without the hedge. by David Harper, CFA, FRM In addition to writing for Investopedia, David Harper, CFA, FRM, is the founder of The Bionic Turtle, a site that trains professionals in advanced and career-related finance, including financial certification. David was a founding co-editor of the Investopedia Advisor, where his original portfolios (core, growth and technology value) led to superior outperformance (+35% in the first year) with minimal risk and helped to successfully launch Advisor. He is the principal of Investor Alternatives, a firm that conducts quantitative research, consulting (derivatives

If you are looking for a trading option outside of traditional stocks and bonds, derivatives trading may be a good option. Derivatives pay off over a period of time based on the performance of assets, interest rates, exchange rates, or indices. The payoff can be in cash or assets and vary, of course, by performance and timing. In addition to stocks and bonds, derivatives can also be traded through in the money market, foreign exchange (forex), and credit. Indicators affecting a derivative's performance are varied, and depending on the type of derivative. These can range from the stock market index to the consumer price index to weather conditions and fluctuations in currency exchange rates. The following reasons provide information on why it may be a good idea to begin derivatives trading.

1. Less Risk than other Trades When you trade in derivatives, you are not purchasing the underlying product or buying into the company, although in some cases you are agreeing to purchase assets in the future, also known as futures trading. Instead, your risk is on the performance. There are two main types of derivatives: futures and options, which allow someone the option to buy or sell at a prearranged price. There are three main types of firms that use derivatives. These are investment banks, commercial banks, and end users, such as floor traders, corporations, and hedge and mutual funds.

While you can still lose money in derivatives trading, the risk is much less of an investment. Further, you can get involved in derivatives trading for a much lower initial investment, something that may appeal to those who cannot or do not want to invest as much as is required to purchase stock. Derivatives can also be a good way to add balance to your total portfolio, thereby spreading risk throughout a variety of investments rather than in only a few.

2. They Can be a Good Short Term Investment If you are looking for an investment opportunity that can pay off in a shorter time frame, derivatives may be a good option. While some stocks and bonds are long-term investments over the course of many years, derivatives can be days, weeks, or a few months. Because of the shorter turnaround time, they can be a good way to break into the market as well as a good way to mix short and longterm investments. If you have a portfolio consisting of long-term investments, such as some stocks, and want an option to put your money to work now, derivatives may be an option.

Making derivatives work for you requires careful research and consideration just like any other investment opportunity. However, in a fast-paced world, investors have the option to see results much sooner in options or futures trading that are not available through other means.

3. Variety and Flexibility

The nature of derivatives essentially means that the opportunities for trading this type of investment are limited only by the imagination. The other side of this is that someone interested in entering the derivatives trading market needs to either have a trusted financial representative, or learn as much about the business as possible. Doing both is the best option, as you can then work with a financial representative in a much more involved way and have a better handle on what your money is doing and where. Numerous resources are available on the Internet for learning more about derivatives trading and the many options available. Those interested in derivatives training may want to begin by focusing on a particular area, such as currency trading. Some types of trading options are available around the clock, on a global scale. This is another reason some investors are drawn to derivatives trading. Getting involved in the global economy can be exciting, and it opens international options that may not be available through the traditional stock market (particularly given the regulations placed on foreign companies to comply with U.S. laws such as Sarbanes-Oxley).

In short, derivatives trading can be an excellent way to either break into the trading market or to round out an existing portfolio. It offers a wide range of options, including international opportunities. Finally, with some skill, research, and a bit of luck, it can be a good way to make your money work for you.