DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

CE-108 ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Course Teacher

Syed Salman Mobeen

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NEDUET
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
IRON – PRODUCTION – PIG IRON
➢ Pig Iron & Steel Chemistry
Ingredients Pig iron
Basic Foundry High purity

Carbon % 3.5 - 4.5 2.8 - 4.2 3.7 - 4.7

Silicon % 1.25 1-4 0.05 - 1.5
Manganese % 1 0.5 - 1.2 0.05

Phosphorus % 0.08 -0.15 0.12 0.03

Sulphur % 0.05 0.04 0.025

Steel
Carbon 0.16-0.18%
Silicon 0.40% max
Manganese 0.70-0.90%
Sulphur 0.040% Max
Phosphorus 0.040% Max
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL
➢ Wrought Iron Chemistry
Element Content (%)
Iron, Fe 99-99.8
Carbon, C 0.05-0.25
Phosphorus, P 0.05-0.2
Silicon, Si 0.02-0.2
Sulfur, S 0.02-0.1
Manganese, Mn 0.01-0.1

➢ Impurities are Least in Wrought Iron But Now Steel has

Taken Over the Position in the Use in Civil Engineering
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL
➢ Effect of Carbon Content on Steel Properties
➢ Carbon is added to steel to make it Stronger but add to much
carbon and it will make it Brittle or Compromise its
Ductility
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL
➢ Cast Iron – Wrought Iron - Steel
➢ Cast Iron is an alloy of iron and carbon which is hard and
relatively brittle, cast iron has a higher proportion of carbon

➢ Cast Iron is harder, more brittle, and less malleable

➢ Cast Iron decorations are widely used in the building

industry for indoor and outdoor
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL
➢ Cast Iron – Wrought Iron - Steel
➢ Wrought Iron is composed of heated iron that usually
comprises carbon (less than 0.1 percent)
➢ Wrought iron is the purest iron comprises at least 99.5% iron
➢ Wrought Iron has a higher tensile strength compared to Cast
Iron
➢ Wrought Iron is highly malleable and ductile material, and
can be reheated a number of times
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STAINLESS STEEL

What is Stainless Steel ? How it is

Produced ?

Requires Addition of Chromium

During Making of Steel in Oxygen
Furnace !
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STAINLESS STEEL
➢ Stainless Steel is Obtained through the Steel Making Process But …

➢ In addition to the Removal of Carbon and Other Impurities …

➢ Chromium is Added in the Metal Arc or Basic Oxygen Furnace

➢ Chromium is Added Between 10 % to 25%.

➢ Therefore Stainless steel is an Iron and Chromium alloy
➢ High chromium content forms an invisible layer on the surface of
the steel to prevent it from staining
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STAINLESS STEEL
➢ Diff b/w Stainless Steel & Carbon …
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STAINLESS STEEL
➢ Stainless Steel is Corrosion Free …

➢ Steel is Slightly Stronger than or

Equal to the Stainless steel as it has
Lower Carbon content … But …
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STAINLESS STEEL
➢ Stainless Steel is non-magnetic ……
➢ Stainless Steel has Lower Thermal conductivity than Mild Steel

➢ Due to Least Corrosion Possibilities Stainless Steel is Used in

making Cooking Utensils, Surgical Tools, Outdoor Usages,

➢ Stainless Steel is more brittle than Mild Steel

➢ Mild Steel is More Ductile than the Stainless Steel because it is easy
to twist or stretch. So it can easily be changed into different shapes
without breaking. That is why it has a common use in construction
industries to produce relatively low-duty pipes
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
IRON & STEEL

How Different Shapes of Steel Sections

Formed?

Requires Molding of the STEEL

Square Bars (While in Red-hot) Using
Separate Processes !
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL STEEL
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL
➢ Steel Obtained from the Steel Furnace
➢ Once the Steel has the specified Carbon content and other
elements that enhance its performance, the molten Steel is
poured into molds. This is the casting process. Here, the steel
is shaped and allowed to solidify in desired shapes through
Continuous Slab Caster in Red Hot Condition Occurs.

➢ Continuous Slab Caster converts

that Steel to:
• Blooms
• Slabs
• Billets
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL
➢ Steel Shape Obtained from the Steel Furnace
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL
➢ Steel Shape Obtained from the Steel Furnace
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL
➢ Steel Shapes Obtained from the Steel Furnace
➢ The Steel thus Obtained from the Bessemer’s Process or the Open
Hearth Furnace or the Electric Arc Furnace is Mostly Big Ingot or
Bar Shape. It can be Molded in the Shapes as per its Use

➢ OR It Can be Rolled in the Form of

Sheets or Square Bars etc.

➢ The Shapes are Obtained in a Separate

Rolling Process, after Taking the Basic
Square Bars from the Steel Furnace
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL
➢ Converting the Basic Shapes of Steel Square
Bars to Other Structural Shapes
➢ Molten steel from furnace is conveyed through ladles to ingots or
goes through continuous slab caster.
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL
➢ Steel Shapes Obtained from the Steel Furnace
➢ Steel Obtained from the Slab Cutter in the Form of Sheets or Square
Bars
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL ROLLING
➢ How Different Steel Sections Obtained from the Steel Ingots or Sheets
or Square Bars ?
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
HOT ROLLING OF STEEL
➢ Different Shapes can be Obtained Using Hot Rolling of Red-Hot
Steel from the Basic Square Bars (Not in Molten Form But in Red
Hot Condition)
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
HOT ROLLING OF STEEL
➢ Different Shapes can be Obtained Using Hot Rolling of Red-Hot
Steel from the Basic Square Bars (Not in Molten Form But in Red
Hot Condition)
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL
➢ Converting the Basic Shapes of Steel Square
Bars to Other Structural Shapes
Furnace Outputs
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
HOT ROLLING OF STEEL
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS

W-Sec Angle
C-Sec Iron T-Sec
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
COLD ROLLING OF STEEL

➢ Cold Rolling of Steel into Different Shapes is Also Possible from

the Basic Steel Plates Obtained from the Basic Steel Furnace

➢ But Cold Rolling is Not a Good

way to achieve the sections

➢ It Causes Plastic Work on the

Steel as well as Some Stresses in
Steel
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Strength

Ductility
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL REINFORCEMENT DUCTILITY
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL REINFORCEMENT DUCTILITY
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL REINFORCEMENT

What are
these?

These Nos. /
Symbols Show Some
Important things?
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL REINFORCEMENT MARKINGS
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON
STRENGTH OF STEEL

Strength
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
▪ EPOXY COATED REINFORCING BARS

• Pros?
• Cons?
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY