STEEL

ARCH. ALLEN R. BUENAVENTURA, MSCM

STEEL
Man made metal derived from iron- which is its major constituent
Remaining components are small amounts of other elements
Added to improve the quality of steel
STEEL USES

 Basic products of steel mill such as plate,

section and bars
 From this members are fabricated viz. beams,
girders, columns, struts, ties etc.
What it is the Steel making process?
Steelmaking is the process for producing steel from iron ore and scrap.
 FIRST STAGE
PREPARING THE MINERAL OF IRON
It starts in the mine or quarry, where it´s obtained. In nature is a rock whith
iron, oxide, dirt and other impurities.
 THE FIRST PROCESS:
The impurities are removed in the first part of the process, when de gangue is separated
from the ore.
The second process of preparing the mineral of iron is:

• The mineral is washed to remove dirt.

• It´s crushed into sand.
•The sand is sieved, and then, again separated from
the ore.
SECOND STAGE
The blast furnace
Lime stone, coke and ore are introduced.
 • Coke: is a fuel whith few impurities and high carbon content, usually made from coal.

• Limestone: a sedimentary rock consting predominatly of calcium carbonate.

• Ore: the usable part of the rock of iron.

THE HOT IS INJECTED FROM NOZZLES AT THE
BOTTOM OF THE FURNACE, THIS WAY, THE
REACTION IS ACELERATED AND THE
TEMPERATURE RISES HIGHER.

The temperature is very high, over 1500ºC

The lower part of the blast furnace is called
crucible. Melted minerals precipitate on it.
Pig iron acomulates at the botton and the slag
stays above it.
They are separated, the pig iron is the usable
part.

The pig iron usually cool in molds, after, they

are transported to steel companies.
The pig iron contents too much carbon
and impurities in the
composition.
Needs to reduce it before becoming
steel.
 THIRD STAGE

The carbon and other

impuritiees are reduce inside
the converter.
Scrap is added to the pig iron, so the scrap is recycled.
Oxygen is injected in order to burn the carbón and eliminate the
impurities.
After, slag is remove.
And the liquid Steel is ready to get the final shape.
• Manganese is added to strengthen the steel
• Adding chrome, nickel, phosphorous can
impart special properties in steel
• Adding carbon increases the tensile
strength and hardness but lowers ductility
and toughness
• In building we use structural steel which has
low carbon of upto 0.1% to have ductility
and yield.
COMPARISON BETWEEN CAST IRON, WROUGHT IRON & STEEL

Cast Iron Wrought iron Steel

Composition
c Crude form containing Purest Midway
2-4% carbon Contains up to
0.25% carbon
Melting point 1200 degree Celsius 1500 degree 1300-1400 degree
Celsius Celsius

Hardness Hard, hardened by Cannot be Can be hardened &

heating & sudden hardened or tempered
cooling tempered
Strength Comp. strength compressive Comp strength
6.3-7.1 tonnes/sq cm strength is 2.0 4.75 -25.2 tonnes/
Ultimate tensile tonnes/sq cm and sq cm
strength 1.26 to ultimate tensile Ultimate tensile
1.57tonnes/sq cm. strength 3.15 strength is 5.51 to
tonnes/sq cm 11.02 t /sq m
COMPARISON BETWEEN CAST IRON, WROUGHT IRON & STEEL

Cast Iron Wrought iron Steel

Rusting Does not rust Rusts more than Rusts easily

easily Cast Iron
Malleability&Duct Brittle & cannot Tough, Tough, malleable
ility be welded or malleable, ductile & Ductile
rolled into sheets & moderately
elastic

Reaction to Does not absorb Cannot stand Absorbs shocks

sudden shock shocks heavy shocks

Forging & Brittle and Easily forged or Rapidly forged or

Welding cannot be welded welded
welded or rolled
into sheets
COMPARISON BETWEEN CAST IRON, WROUGHT IRON & STEEL

Cast Iron Wrought iron Steel

Uses For parts that Costlier than Used as

rust easily like mild steel so reinforcemen
water pipes, being replaced t in R.B. &
sewers, drain by the latter R.C.C.
pipes etc. Withstand Used in making
Making such shocks without St. members,
parts of permanent bolts, rivets
machines as injury so used and sheets
are not likely to in chains, (plain and
be subjects to crane hooks corrugated)
shocks or and railway Making
tension couplings cutlery, files
Lamp posts, & machine
columns and tools
railings
STEEL VS. CAST IRON

◼ Up to 1.5 % Carbon combines with iron

◼ More than 1.5 -4.5 % present as free
graphite – known as cast iron
◼ Properties vary with the varying carbon
content
◼ Increasing carbon content produces increase
in shear strength & hardness
◼ Decreases the ductility and toughness
TYPES OF STEEL: (ACCORDING TO VARYING CARBON CONTENT)

◼ Dead Mild Steel (Less than 0.15 % Carbon )

◼ Mild Steel (0.15 – 0.30 % Carbon)
◼ Medium Carbon Steel (0.30 -0.80 % Carbon)
◼ High Carbon Steel (0.80 -1.50 % Carbon)
◼ Cast Steel / Carbon Tool Steel (More than
1.50 % Carbon)
 DEAD MILD STEEL

Dead Mild Steel has carbon content

(generally varying from 0.15 to 0.3
percentage),
and is used for making various components
like sheets, strips, wire or rods.
 MILD STEEL
Ductile & malleable
More tough and more elastic than cast iron and wrought iron
More prone to rusting than wrought iron
Corrodes quickly
Easily forged, welded & riveted
Withstands shocks & impacts well
Not much affected by saline water
Equally strong in tension, compression and in shear
Difficult to harden and temper
Sp. Gravity 7.8
 MILD STEEL: USES

Used as rolled structural sections like I- section; T-section;

channel Section; angle irons.
Plates round and square rods
M.S. Round bars
Used as reinforcement in R.C.C.
M.S. tubes are used in structures
Plain and Corrugated M.S.
Sheets are used in roofing
 MEDIUM CARBON STEEL

Granular structure
More tough & elastic than M.S.
Easier to harden & to temper
More difficult to to forge and to weld
Stronger in compression than in tension or in shear
Withstands shocks and vibrations better
 MEDIUM CARBON STEEL : USES

 For making tools such as dills, files, chisels

 Used for making those parts that ae hard , tough and
durable and capable of withstanding shocks and
vibrations
 HIGH CARBON STEEL

Increased tensile strength leads to less weight of it being used as

compared to M.S.
Structure becomes lighter
Resists corrosion better
Tougher and more elastic
More brittle and less ductile than mild steel
 HIGH CARBON STEEL : USES

In reinforcing prestressed concrete structures

 TYPES OF STEEL:
(ACCORDING TO ELEMENTS USED)

Steels that owe their properties due to carbon are called

Carbon Steels
Steels with properties due to elements other than carbon
are termed as Alloy Steels
 ALLOY STEELS

◼ The elements that impart distinctive characteristics to steel are

added to iron to produce an alloy steel named after the element
added
◼ Prepared to increase strength, hardness, toughness, resistance to
corrosion and thermal and electrical conductivities

Divided into two categories:

◼ Ferrous alloys ( chromium, nickel, vanadium, tungsten,
molybdenum and manganese )
◼ Non Ferrous alloys
 STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS

Hot rolled sections

TOLERANCES IN STRUCTURAL STEEL

It is not possible in rolling process to produce sections to

the exact dimensions specified.
Allowances for:
◼ Slight variation in member length
Inaccurate location of holes
Out of squareness of member ends
Variation in depth of welded girders
Other dimensional variations
 BOLTING

Most common method in

joining structural is bolting:
 WELDING
There are 3 different type of welds
Butt weld
Fillet weld
Lap weld
 STEEL SECTIONS

• Steel is rolled to a required shape during fabrication.

• Commonly available
– I section –I
– Tee section –T
– Channel sections –
– Angle sections – l
- Steel bars , tubes, plates, sheets, strips

Refer structural engg handbook or steel table for sectional details

COMMON STEEL MEMBERS
ASTM International, formerly known as American Society for Testing and
Materials, is an international standard organization that develops and publishes
voluntary consensus technical standard for a wide range of materials, products,
systems, and services.
STEEL ANGLE BAR MARKINGS
THE COMPANY LOGO, SIZE AND GRADE SHALL BE EMBOSSED ON THE INNER FACE OF EACH ANGLE
BAR AS SHOWN IN THE FIGURE BELOW

Markings for steel angle

Grade bars not greater than
Leg length
Company Logo 100mm

1. All steel angle bars shall have markings to identify the

manufacturing company, the grade, the leg length
and the thickness.
The leg length shall be in Arabic numerals.
 THE SYSTEM OF GRADE MARKING SHALL BE AS
SPECIFIED BELOW AND AS SHOWN IN TABLE 11.

1.Table 11- Grade Marking in Symbols

Grade Symbol*

250 /

185 //
235 ///

275 ////

355 /////

*The “/” symbol shall have an angle of approximately 45º along the
length of the angle bar.
 FOR THE THICKNESS, AN OPTION SHALL BE ALLOWED FOR A COLOR
MARKING SYSTEM TO BE PAINTED AT BOTH ENDS OF THE STEEL ANGLE
BARS WITH CORRESPONDING COLORS IN TABLE 12 BELOW

Table 12 – Thickness and corresponding color

markings at the end of steel angle bar
2mm
5mm 8mm
Thickness (mm) Color
2.0 Blue
2.5 Red 2.5mm
9mm
3.0 Yellow 5.5mm

3.5 Green
3mm
4.0 Orange
10mm
4.5 Violet
6mm
5.0 White
3.5mm
5.5 Black
6.0 Brown 11mm
7mm
7.0 Gray 4mm
7.5 Light blue
8.0 Pink 12mm
9.0 Light green 7.5mm
4.5mm
10.0 Light orange
11.0 Gold
12.0 Silver
 WHAT ARE STEEL STRUCTURES

• In steel structures, structural steel is the main load carrying

material to transfer the load within them and to transfer
load to the ground
• Ex: - I-Beam, Tee section, [ - Channel section, Steel plate
etc..,
• Steel concrete composite structures are also used in high-
rise buildings.
PROPERTIES OF A STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAME

In design:
◼ Large spans

◼ With columns of small sections

◼ Great building heights and high loadbearing

capacity
◼ Combined with low dead weight of the
structure
◼ Structural systems in which openings can be
easily provided
◼ To simplify installation of services
PROPERTIES OF A STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAME

In construction:
◼ Prefabrication and erection of components

◼ Shorter construction time

◼ Close dimensional tolerances

◼ Ease in fixing and cladding

◼ Erection independent of weather conditions

◼ Modest demand on space on the site
◼ Dry construction
PROPERTIES OF A STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAME

In use:
◼ Greater flexibility

◼ Limited no. of internal supports

◼ Adaptibility of frame work to change of

use
◼ Increasing effective life of building

◼ Ease in dismantling or demolition

 COMMON STEEL STRUCTURES

1. Roof truss in factories, cinema halls, railways etc.,

2. Crane girders, columns, beams
3. Plate girders, bridges
4. Transmission towers, water tank, chimney etc.,
BEAM – COLUMN CONSTRUCTION
OLD ARCH BRIDGE
FRAMED BUILDING
FRAMED BUILDING
INDUSTRIAL BUILDING
INDUSTRIAL BUILDING
TRUSS BRIDGE
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE