Steel

Building const. & Mat.

Submitted By
Submitted To
Manjeet Singh
Ar. J.Mohan Duggal
17020100005
 Key words

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It is one of the most common materials in the world. As far as the carbon content

is concerned, the steel forms an intermediate stage between cast-iron and wrought iron. The cast-iron contains carbon

from 2-4%.In wrought iron ,the carbon content does not exceed 0.15%. In steel, the carbon content varies from

anything below b0.25 per cent to 1.50 per cent maximum. Thios is due to the fact that carbon , if in execess of 1.5 per

cent , does not combine with iron and it is present as free graphie. the presence of free graphite indicates that

material is cast iron. if there is no free graphite in the composition of a material, it is said to be steel and it is producing

nearly 1100 to 1250 millon kN each year in Japan, U.S.A. as well as in britain, germany, France, Key words
MANUFACTURE OF STEEL
The steel is manufactured by the
following process :-
• Bessemer process
• Cementation process
• Crucible steel process
• Duplex process
• Electric process
• L.D. process
• Open-hearth process
 BESSEMER PROCESS

This process was invented by british engineer who

patented more than 100 inventions over his lifetime which
in 1879.
Depending upon the nature of lining material of converter,
this process may be acidc
or basic .
• Acidic process ,the lining material material is acidic in
nature such as clay,quartz,etc.it is adopted when iorn
ores are free from or when they contain very small
amount of sulphur and phosphorus.
• Basic process, the lining material is basic in nature such
as lime,magnesia etc.It is adopted for pig-iron
containing impurities of any type. this process is
commonl adopted.
Construction of Converter

It is wide at bottom and narrow at

top . It is mounted on two
horizontal trunnions so that it can
be tilted or rotated at suitable
angle.the tuyers are provided at
the bottom to allow passage of air
from the air duct to the pig-iron
WORKING OF CONVERTER
• The converter is tilted and it is charged with molten pig-iron from cupol
a furnace or sometimes even directky from the blast furnace.
• it is brought in an upright position and a blast of hot air force through t
he tuyeres.
• The air passes through the molten pig-iron.It oxidizes impurities of pig i
ron and a brilliant reddish-yellow flame is seen at the nose of converter.
• The flame is accompanied by a loud roaring sound and within 10-15 mi
nutes or so, all the impurites ( such as silicon, carbon, Manganese, sulp
hur,Phosphorus) of pig-iron are oxidized.
• When blast is on required temp. the required amount of suitable mater
ial ferro-manganese and spiege-leisen etc.
• The molten metal is poured into large rectangular mould for solidificati
on and the mould is known as ingot.
 Uses of Steel
NAME OF STEEL CARBON CONTENT USES

Mild steel Upto 0.10% Motor body, sheet metal, tin plate

Medium carbon steel upto 0.25% Boiler plates, structural steel etc.
upto 0.45% Rails, tupes etc.
upto 0.60% Hammers, Large stamping and
pressing dies, etc.
High Carbon steel or hard steel upto 0.75% Sledge hammers, springs, stamping
dies etc.
upto 0.90% Miner's drills, Smith's tools, Stone
mason'ss tools etc.
upto 1.00% Chisels,hammers,saws,wood working
tools etc.
upto 1.10% Axes,
cutlery,drills,knives,picks,punches etc.
 Factors affecting physical properties of steel such as Ductile, elasticity, stren
gth etc. are greatly influenced by the following three factors:
• Carbon Content
• Presence of impurites
• Heat treatment process

Factors affecting magnetic properties of steel are given supreme importance

and these properties are obtained by carefully adjusting its chemical composi
tion. Followinf are the proportions of various elements in steel for making it t
o ahieve better magnetic propeties.
• Carbon
• Silicon
• Sulphur
• phosphorus
• Maganese
 DEFECTS IN STEEL

• Cavities or blow-holes
these are formed when gas is confined or imprisoned in molten mass of metal.
Such confined gas produces bubbles or blow-holes on solidification of metal.
• Cold Shortness
the steel,having this defect, cracks whenbeing worked in cold state. this defect is
due to presence of excess amount of phosphorus.
• Red shortness
this steel having this defect, cracks whn=en being worked in hot state. this defect
is due to the presence of excess amount of sulphur.
• Segregation
Some constituents of steel solidify at an early stage and they separate out from
the main mass. This is known as the segregation and it is prominent on the top
surface of the ingots or castings.
 Properties of Mild steel
• it can be magnetised permanently.
• it can be readily forged and welded.
• it cannot be easily hardened tempered.
• it is malleable and ductile.
• it is not easily attached by saline water.
• it is tougher and more elastic than wrought-iron
• it is udes for all types of structural work
• it rusts easily and rapidly
• its melting point is about 1400 degree C.
• its specific gravity is 7.80
• compressive strength is about 80-120 kN per cmsquare
• tensile and shear strength are about 60-80 kN per cmsquare
 Properties of Hard steel
• it can be magnetised permanently.
• it can be readily forged and welded.
• it cannot be easily hardened tempered.
• it is not easily attached by saline water.
• it is tougher and more elastic than mild steel.
• it is used for finest cutlery, edge tools and for parts which are to
be subjected to shocks and vibnrations.
• it rusts easily and rapidly
• its melting point is about 1300 degree C.
• its specific gravity is 7.90
• Shear strength is about 110 kN per cm square
• tensile strength is about 80-110 kN per cm square
• compressive strength is about 140-200 kNper cm square
MARKET FORM OF STEEL
• Angle Sections
• channel sections
• round bars
• square bar
• flat bars
• t-sections
• I-sections
• Plates
• Ribbed bars (HYSD)
• Corrugated sheets
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