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Metals
Ferrous Material
Steel
Carbon Steel
1. Other terms: plain steel, mild steel, low-carbon steel
• 2. Available in almost all product forms: e.g. sheet,
• strip, bar, plate, tube, pipe etc.
• 3. Designation: e.g. 1040 steel - 0.40 wt% C
• 4. Up to 2 wt% C
• 5. Limitation for other alloying elements:
• Si up to 0.6 %,
• Cu up to 0.6 %
• Mn up to 1.65 %
Mild Steel
• A small amount of carbon makes mild steel to change it properties. Different amountof carbon produces
different types of steels. There are small spaces between the iron lattice. Carbon atoms get attached to this
spaces and makes it stronger and harder. The harder the steel the lesser the ductility.
• The modulus of elasticity calculated for the industry grade mild steel is 210,000 Mpa. It has a average density
of about 7860 kg/m3.
• Mild steel is a great conductor of electricity. So it can be used easily in the welding process.
• Because of its malleability, mild steel can be used for constructing pipelines and other construction
materials. Even domestic cookwares are made of mild steel. It is ductile and not brittle but hard.
• Mild steel can be easily magnetized because of its ferromagnetic properties. So electrical devices can be
made of mild steel.
• Mild steel is very much suitable as structural steel. Different automobile manufacturers also use mild steel
for making the body and parts of the vehicle.
• Mild steel can be easily machined in the lathe, shaper, drillling or milling machine. Its hardness can be
increased by the application of carbon.
• Mild steel is very much prone to rust because it has high amount of carbon. When rust free products are
needed people prefer stainless steel over mild steel.
Low Carbon Steel
• Very low content of alloying elements and small amounts of Mn.
• Most abundant grade of steel is low carbon steel – greatest quantity
produced; least expensive.
• Not responsive to heat treatment; cold working needed to improve
the strength.
• Good Weldability and machinability
• High Strength, Low Alloy (HSLA) steels - alloying elements (like Cu, V,
Ni and Mo) up to 10 wt %; have higher strengths and may be heat
treated.
Medium Carbon Steel
• Carbon content in the range of 0.3 – 0.6%.
• Can be heat treated - austenitizing, quenching and then tempering.
• Most often used in tempered condition – tempered martensite
• Medium carbon steels have low hardenability
• Addition of Cr, Ni, Mo improves the heat treating capacity
• Heat treated alloys are stronger but have lower ductility
• Typical applications – Railway wheels and tracks, gears, crankshafts.
High Carbon Steel
• High carbon steels – Carbon content 0.6 – 1.4%
• High C content provides high hardness and strength.
• Hardest and least ductile.
• Used in hardened and tempered condition
• Strong carbide formers like Cr, V, W are added as alloying elements to
from carbides of these metals.
• Used as tool and die steels owing to the high hardness and wear
resistance property
 Advatages and Disadvatages of Carbon Steel
• Low Carbon Steel is most cost effective, also malleable and ductile
• Medium Carbon Steel has a balance ductility and strength with good
wear resistance
• High Carbon Steel has high strength and can be tempered
• Durable – Carbon steel is extremely strong and shock resistant. This
makes it a popular choice for construction, piping and to support
modern roads. This type of steel is also not prone to rotting as many
other metals are.
• Disadvantages :
• Low Carbon Steel has a very low tensile strength
• Brittle
• Tools made with high carbon steels can become magnetized over
time, attracting unwanted iron dust and particles
• Very hard to weld
Stainless Steel
• Stainless steels - A group of steels that contain at least 11% Cr.
Exhibits extraordinary corrosion resistance due to formation of a very
thin layer of Cr2O3 on the surface
Standards for Steel
• AISI: the American Iron and Steel Institute
• SAE: the Sociaty of Automotive and Engineering
• ASTM: the American Society for Testing and
• Materials
• UNS: the Uniform Numbering System
• Stainless Steels (Corrosion-Resistant Steels) – contain at least 10.5%
Chromium
• AISI assigns a 3 digit number
• 200 and 300 … Austenitic Stainless Steel
• 400 … Ferritic or Martensitic Stainless Steel
• 500 … Martensitic Stainless Steel
 AISI - SAE Classification System
AISI XXXX
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
• classifies alloys by chemistry
• 4 digit number
– 1st number is the major alloying element
– 2nd number designates the subgroup
alloying element OR the relative percent of
primary alloying element.
– last two numbers approximate amount of
carbon (expresses in 0.01%)
• 1080 steel would be plain
carbon steel with 0.80% carbon
• 4340 steel would be Mo-Cr-Ni
alloy with 0.40% carbon
Effect of Alloying Element
Advantages of Stainless Steel
• High and low temperature resistance
• Ease of fabrication
• High Strength
• Aesthetic appeal
• Hygiene and ease of cleaning
• Long life cycle
• Recyclable
• Low magnetic permeability
• resistance to corrosion in highly corrosive environments
• resistance to oxidation and creep resistance at high temperatures
• Intergranular Corrosion when welding
• High cost
• Cannot be used in acidic environment
PTFE (Polytetrafluoroetylene)
• Known as Teflon
• Ivory-white and opaque plastic fluoropolymer
• PTFE’s melting point is around 327°C
• Highly crystalline
• Chemically inert plastic
Advantages
• Excellent chemical resistance
• Wide range of service temperature
• Excellent dielectric properties
• Non stick, low friction
• No embrittlement or ageing
• Smooth surface finish can be achieved
• Non wetting
• Outstanding corrosion protection
• Electrical insulation
• High thermal stability and flame resistance
• Resistance to weathering
• Food grade compliancy
• Creep. Because PTFE has very little elasticity, it does have a tendency
to slowly deform over time. Belleville washers are sometimes used to
counteract this.
• High-temperature fumes. Above temperatures of
approximately 260°C (500°F), PTFE will begin outgassing materials
which are harmful -if generally nonlethal- to humans. Care must be
used with PTFE in high-temperature environments
FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer)
Types of Fiber
• Glass Fiber
• Carbon Fiber
• Boron Fiber
• Fiber based on Silicon Carbide
• Aramid Fiber
• High Density Polyethylene
• Basalt Fiber
FRP Advantages
• It is lightweight
• It has high strength
• It has high modulus of elasticity
• It has high resistance to fatigue failure
• It has good resistance to corrosion
• Strength of FRP in a direction perpendicular to the fibers is extremely
low (up to 5%) compared with the strength along the length of fibers
• The design of components made from FRP is complex
• The manufacturing and testing of FRP components is highly
specialized