Programming

languages

Exercise 1.
Read and memorize the words:

- to communicate

- general purpose

- high level

- comprehensive

- is consided

- problem orientated

- scientific

- to express

- to accept

- commercial

Exercise 2.1
Read and translate the text:

Men use languages in order to communicate with each other. When the man
wishes to communicate with the computer he uses in the same way "languages"
such as BASIC, PASCAL, ADA, FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL, PL/m and
others.
BASIC is considered to be one of the easiest programming languages to learn. It
is now used almost universally.
PASCAL is a general purpose high level programming language. It is named after
the famous French mathematician, Blaise Pascal. In 1642 he designed and built the
first mechanical calculator, the "Pascaline".

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 ADA is a high level programming language. It is a PAS-CAL-based language,
but much more comprehensive than PASCAL. It was named after Augusta Ada
Byron (1816 — 1852), daughter of the English poet, Lord Byron.
FORTRAN is a problem oriented high level programming language for scientific
and mathematical use. FORTRAN was the first high level programming language.
It was developed in 1956 and was designed to easily express mathematical
formulas for computer processing. It is still widely used as a programming
language.
ALGOL — was developed as an international language for the expression of the
algorithms between individuals as well as a programming language. It was
introduced in the early 1960s. ALGOL was originally known as IAL or In-
ternational Algebraic Language.
COBOL is internationally accepted programming language developed for general
commercial use. The advantages of using COBOL are that it is relatively simple to
learn and programs can be quickly written and tested. Programmers can easily
understand programs not written by themselves.

Exercise 2.2
Answer the questions:

- What programming languages do you know?

- Which is considered to be easiest programming languages ?

- What is Fortran good at?

- What languages will you use if you have to manipulate records or format output
reports?

Exercise 2.3
Match the Ukrainian-terms with the English ones.

1. підхід a) variety

2. система числения b) types of errors

3. двійкове число с) approach

4. мови високого рівня d) number system

5. взаємодіяти e) binary number

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6. виконання f) high-level languages

7. друкування команд g) typing of commands

8. десяткова система h) execution

9. різноманіття i) to interact

10. типи помилок j) decimal system

Exercise 2.4
Complete the sentences with a proper word.

producing run
digital instructions

high-level approach

1. A modem (1)_________computer is simply a device that follows instructions.

2. Programming is the process of (2)_________a set of instructions for a computer
to make it perform a specific task.
3. The (3)__________or method that is used to solve the problem is known as an
algorithm.
4. A computer understands only the (4)____________written in a specific
language, called machine language.
5. Programs written in (5)________ languages have a number of advantages.
6. Computers can (6)__________only programs written in the language that they
understand, their individual machine language.

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