Class 12th Chapter No - 06 The Modern Trends in Indian Art

Chapter- 06
The Modern Trends In Indian Art
A. Paintings
Rama Vanquishing the pride of the Ocean
1
Artist :- Raja Ravi Verma
Period:-Mid 19th century.
Medium:- Oil on Canvas
Courtesy:- Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi
Collection:- Chitrashala, Mysore
Subject Matter
This painting is based on an episode of Valmiki’s Ramayana. After preparing his forces for
invading Lanka to recover Sita, Rama was held up by the sea, and his army was separated
from Lanka. Attempts to build a bridge were failed by the angry ocean. Rama threatened
Varuna which represented that he would destroy him if he didn’t allow the bridge to be built,
only then his forces to be cross the ocean to reach Lanka.
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2
Description
This painting shows Rama’s anger at the God of the Sea for not cooperating in his attempt to
built a bridge to Lanka. The unbeatable Rama picks up his bow in anger at the sea god and is
ready to place an arrow at the string. At this, Varuna along with his companion rushes to
pacify Rama and the Rama is standing sternly, his face showed profile with eyes popping out.
A bolt of lightning in the dark cloudy sky enhances the effect of the upcoming rage of Rama.
This moment of action is frozen in this painting with
contrasting balance and dynamism at the same time. There is turbulence in the waves where
the energized figures of the sea rise from the water. The waves hitting the rocks at the shore
where Ram stands for thick foam. The postures of the figures and their garments depict the
stormy atmosphere. The contrast between the textures of solid rocks where Rama is standing
and the sea is rightly portrait.
Magician

3
Artist :-Gaganendranath Tagore
Period:- Early 20th century A.D.
Medium:- Watercolour on Paper
Courtesy:-The National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi
Subject matter
This painting is a blend of life-size, figures of a queen, a magician, mysterious figures and
cubist geometrical plane.
Description
In the composition, the artist has divided space into different levels like a cubist seeing
through a prism. The beared magician is shown in a full white robe in a profile. The figures
for the given since to be placed behind a screen made of wood and glass located in the
centre of the painting. Her facial features are Japanese, she is wearing a crown and a long
Japanese Kimono like a dress. A long beared man or magician is seen in a profile standing on
a red floor near the staircase. He is wearing a long white robe. A thin mysterious figure is
standing quietly near the steps in the corridor. He has a flowing beard and is wearing a long
black robe like Rabindranath Tagore.
This pictorial composition has European style and a
setting which looks highly dramatic especially the multiple arches at the top. This fantastic
study of the painting brings out the haunting quality of the interior through the remarkable
equipment of special depth as well as the play of light and dark. The work represents the
artist cosmocoliton attitude towards the international art trends where he combined two
distinct traditions in his own unique style.

4
Mother and Child
Artist:-Jamini Roy
Medium:- Watercolour on Paper
Technique:- Tempera
Period:- Modern (Circa 1930 A.D.)
Collection:- National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi
Subject matter
This painting depicts a mother holding her child. The subject matter matches totally with the
title of the painting.

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Description
This is a vertical painting by Jamini Roy. A mother is holding her son in her left hand on the
left side on her waist. The face is cup-shaped, eyes are elongated, a stylised influence of the
Pala School of Eastern India. The child also has similar eyes with thick eyebrows. Mother’s
head is tilted towards the son. The child is totally naked while the mother is wearing a saree.
On one side we can see a plant-like structure. Both mother and child are decorated with
ornaments. There is a small bun on the top of child’s head similar to Roy’s images of Baby
Krishna. The folk motives in the background captured the simplicity of local and rural life.
This mother is unwindful of everything other than her role as a mother. Such a portrait has a
rural simplicity where sentiments come easy. The flat plains have removed all unnecessary
ornamentation from his work. The bold lines defining curves come alive with her feminine
beauty.
Three Girls

6
Artist:-Amrita Shergil
Period:- 1936-1940 A.D.
Medium:-Oil on Canvas
Subject matter
This painting is a group portrait that depicts the emotions and feelings of three girls of
marriageable age. Amrita Shergil is also known as “India’s Frida Kahlo. Painted the virgin
beauty and modesty of Indian girl woman elegantly.
Description
In, this painting three girls are arranged off the canvas in a triangular formation with their
faces in 3/4th profile and had covered with drapery. The figures are occupying the whole
space no place for any background sitting. The faces have sad expressions, eyes and their
hands are placed in their left.
The pale complexion girl on the right has draped a drapery
wholly painted in different shades of red. The girl on the left has a slightly dark complexion
and wearing light green drapery against a yellow background. The head and shoulder of the
third girl are painted in tones of light peach.
The figures are sitting in a studio-like a pose but their serious
expression shows their sense of being together and also cut off at the same time. It is a
portray of young lives under the burden of their uncertain future after they give away in
marriage. These women have a spirit to rise above destiny that they were unable to change.

7
Mother Teresa
Artist:- M.F. Hussain

Period:- Circa 1979 A.D.
Subject matter
This is one of the paintings of Mother Teresa series by the artist in his own words. She was
the Modern Madona, who embraced the poor, and the destitute as her own, for me she is a
timeless figure, I will never get tired of painting her.
Description
Mother Teresa is a series painting on canvas initiated by Muqbool Fidaa Hussain in 1979 A.D.
In this painting oil and acrylic colours have been used.
In this famous painting, the world-famous affectionate Mother
Teresa and various work forms related to human sensation have been shown being done by
her institution. The painters have extended by the blue-bordered white saree in such a way
that the colourless faces might become dominant without describing sentiments like
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religion, castes etc.
On the one side of the costume, she is giving shelter to an affectionate girl who represents an
orphan homeless children have been shown the sick person lying on her knees.
The right side hand seems to signal off them of keeping hope,
solace and endurance. In the shadow of the shape of blue-bordered yellow saree, he has
shown green coloured leaves infused in them, the naturing of an infant and the essence of all
happiness of life in the affectionate lap. In this way, by dividing the picture into three phases
the painter has expressed his feelings.
Gossip
Artist:- Narayan Sridhar Bendre (N.S. Bende)

Period:- 1955-1965 A.D. (Circa)
Courtesy:- National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi
Collection:- Chanakya Gallery, New Delhi

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Subject matter
This painting portrays a daily task from the routine of village women. Three village girls
gather by a pond to collect water and indulge in village gossip, their routine interaction.
Description
This painting was painted with Oil colour on canvas by the artist during 1955-1965 A.D. In
this, three tribal girls have been shown gossiping near a pond. Their pictures are put on the
ground. These tall statured graceful girls have mannerly draped with drapery. One of the girls
is wearing a black costume and the rest two girls are wearing a yellow and orange coloured
costume. The fit of these 'Swarthy Complexion girls are looking different and the hairs of
their heads have been shown tied,(backwards).
The background of surrounding has unsystematically been coloured with
yellow, red and dusty brown colours. Notwithstanding the three main shapes and their
emotion is evident. In rural surrounding water-well, &pond are the two places where one can
mostly have a meeting with a once dear one and have jesting, gossiping with each other.
In his painting, we can see spontaneity and politeness.
Untitled

10
Artist:- Gulam Rasool Santosh.
Period:- 1989 A.D.( Circa)
Courtesy:- Indian Contemporary Art Gallery (New Delhi)
Medium:- Acrylic and Oil on Canvas
Collection:- Indian Contemporary Art, Vadhera Art Gallery, New Delhi
Subject matter
The painting of artist are main examples of Neo- Tantrism, an artistic movement originated
by the artist, K.C.S Panikad in the year 1960s.The series of paintings in this subject deal with
contrasting aspects between Male and female. It involves Yantras, Mandalas, Chakras and the
cosmic man.
Description
This painting has made with excellent co-ordination of geometrical structure made with
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polite, white, black, yellow and blue colour. Below in painting, he has shown hallowed
(jyotirlinga, the Emblem of God Shiva).In white elliptical form and below that has shown the
shape of the clayed-oil lamp as the essence of Om, the light of which, as an image, is an
effective presentation wide yellow, black, white and grey colour. Above jyotirlinga, these are
the structures raising upwards in form of glow, round, triangular and hexagonal. In the forms
of prism and pyramid two dimensional but producing the 3D effect, which happens to be
darker from outward to inward. The best co-ordination of light shadow produces 3-D hunch.
In its centre, the painter has shown a black circle which by concentrating the attention or
mind of the practitioner, is helpful in forwarding him towards the helpful in forwarding him
towards expressing of God, such as the painter's thinking the background is shown with grey
colour. In all sides small and big borders or margins are made. Each and every colour used in
the painting has been described five elements such as- sky, air, fire, water and Earth.
Words and Symbols

12
Artist:- K.C.S. Paniker
Period:- 1963 A.D.(Modern Contemporary)
Subject matter
This painting is from the "Words and Symbols" series of the artist which has evolved from
Calligraphy and symbols ( folk, astronomical, algebraic to project a state of metaphysical
abstraction.)
Description
"Words and symbols " is the name of the series of the painting in which many words
geometrical shapes and other traditional horoscopes symbols have been used to create

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various designs. Paniker was the painter who made the people familiar with metaphysical
and spiritual knowledge through his paintings. He uses the magical effect of Calligraphic
lines on the two-dimensional surface. His attention was to draw the linear rhythmic designs
from by using Malayalam script which has been carefully crafted to make geometric signs
and symbols. Paniker had started this "Words and symbols " series of painting after having
been convinced about two things. The first being the primordial and almost magical quality
of calligraphy on the surface and the second was that the cultivated quality of the linear
rhythms which bind the calligraphic Mark's with a design. Artist's paintings are unique in the
sense that the indicators of digital images which form grand dynamic designs of great
volume, in which all distinguish between mark-making, sign forming, image conceiving and
representing the divisions between abstractions and empathy are irrelevant.
The Vulture
Artist:- Kamlesh Dutt Pandey.

Subject matter
This painting is based on the social evil of dowry and bride burning happens in our society
from the times immemorial.

14
Description
Artist Pandey's Vulture painting is the proof of Devil of Dowry present in the Contemporary
modern society of India. The active Vulture, ready to snatch the flash off the body without
thinking whether the animal would live or dead, has a great similarity with the Indian women
who are treated as a creature and have no say in respect of Male. Our male dominating
society has made them such a helpless creature that they cannot think even about their life.
The dowry system is a slur on our society We have to abolish this discriminating system to
create a new world for women where they may feel full freedom of life and achieve equality
with the male population.
Birth of poetry

15
Artist:- K.K.Hebber
Medium:- 1950- 1970 A.D.
Period:- Oil on Canvas
Subject matter
Birth of poetry is an impasto technique painting which is composed horizontally to show the
cruel face of human beings.
Description
In this painting, a thin light colour trunk divides the canvas into two parts. On the left side, a
hunter who wanted to kill birds. The total left side of Canvas is in blue colour with light and
dark tone, but a part of the site is in the green colour of the same shade, giving full effect to
the painting. On the right side of the trunk, the image of the balcony is created in dark black
like area. He is coming back after taking a bath from the river.
And orange colour patch has covered some part of Canvas which brings
the tree out and the bird is sitting on the branch of the tree, watching the nest which is
painted downwards or lower level. This symbolic painting is based on the story of Valmiki's
first composed Sanskrit Shloka on Brahaman's boon. Taking inspiration from this divine gift
he composed the story of Lord Rama. Thus poetry was born, so this is called 'Birth of poetry'.

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B. Graphic Print
Whirlpool
Artist:- Krishna Reddy

Period:- 1955-70 (Printed in 1962)
Medium:- Etching (intaglio)
Courtesy:- National gallery of modern art, New Delhi

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Subject matter
Whirlpool has an extra subject matter with complex textures, derived from natural organic
forms. The complex colours tones are the result of thoughtful outlook towards the endless
mystery of nature creating a unique landscape of colour.
Description
Delineated by artist, this famous graphic print was made on paper by Intaglio technique
during 1962 A.D.
Intaglio is such a process in which the designs on any hard surface and
shapes are engraved accordingly. Whirlpool is a creative picture in which running water has
been shown whirling circularly around the halo, up and downshifting. In this Whirlpool, the
speed of the water is so fast and that even the massive things seem to be permeating down
that hollow. The artist through the medium of thin curved green, blue and yellow lines has
shown this effect very effectively.

18
The Children
Artist:- Somnath Hore

Period:- Circa 1955- 70 A.D.( Contemporary Modern)
Technique:- Etching and Aquatint
Collection:- National Gallery of modern art, New Delhi

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Subject matter
This print is a visualization of the artist’s emotional response to the pain suffering of the poor
and deprived- the wounded humanity. It is about the physical suffering of the victimised and
the wounded, with no hope of rescue in this world or the other.
Description
With the help of attached lines of white and black colour, this specific graphic was carved out
by Somnath Hore on a hard surface of the copper plate. The picture has manifested the
struggle and agony of the poor family against the starvation, malnutrition and exploitation.
In this etched picture, three-weak children with mother have been shown. One child is
standing behind is holding his hand behind her. Bulged out stomach, reclined eyes ribs of
malnourished children are clearly seen. All these are expressing their destitute condition.
Their mother, who is also in destitute and malnourished, is trying to hold her hands on her
children's shoulder to solace them. A girl is looking towards them probably mercifully. In the
picture, the plane surface has been shown by a white line and the etched part by black lines.

20
Devi
Artist:- Jyoti Bhatt

Period:- 1965-75 A.D.
Medium:- Etching (Intaglio)
Courtesy:- National Gallery of modern art, New Delhi
Subject matter
This etching print shows Devi as a power of worship and the hidden power of Kundalini
( a form of feminine power or physical energy that we all poses).The Yoga Upanishads
describe that Kundalini is loin coiled at the base of our spine, represented as either a
goddess or a sleeping serpent waiting to be awakened.

21
Description
The composition is a combination of two rectangles (round at corners)made with a ceiling
and spiriting serpentine form of Kundalini. The upper rectangle has boldface in its centre and
the lower one has two circles with a human figure each, separated by a tale. The figures are
curled within the dimensions of the circles. There are small birds and other small motifs of
folk art as well in these circles. On the forehead of the face on the upper rectangle, a brilliant
vermillion bindi catches the eye. The wide-open eyes are typically like that of Durga idol.
Tones of Sap given are used on each side of Devi's head in the space of decorated pendants.
There are interesting writings on both paintings, one has the artist name on it and others
have "Pseudo Tantrik Kundalini" written on its deep linear etching gives an interesting
texture to the serpentine form. The flowers drawn on the cheeks and the earring are the part
of artist stylisation of the Goddess’s face. As far as the Tantra philosophy, Kundalini has a
counterpart that recites in the brain where a power of Shiva recites. The powers of Shiva &
Shakti unite by the rise of Kundalini which then leads to spiritual awakening.
Of-Walls

22
Artist:- Anupam Sud
Medium:- Paper
Technique:- Lithograph
Period:- Circa 1980 A.D.(Contemporary Modern)
Subject matter
This artwork is a journey of the artist down her memory lane of childhood. The subject is
Uncounciousally lost in the mystery of time, with nothing in particular but a gliding image
that has found a place in her creation. This work is often interrupted as a representation of
poverty and loneliness. However, for the artist, it is more of a personal moment.
Description
This graphic print has been made by the artist in 1980 A.D. with the amalgamation of the
lithograph technique and the photographic image. In this picture, a window has been shown
in traditional white costume sitting in pathetic countenances. In front of her, only the legs
and feet part of her lying dead husband have been shown. On the bricked wall behind her,
pictures of live activities are made with white colour reminding that there was a time when
we also were a part of those activities. Her face has been shown black colour without any
expression means she has no existence now in this living world. So, socially she is also dead
like her husband. Through this creation, the artist has manifested the truth which is the
simulation of the life of a lady.

23
Man, Woman and Tree

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Artist:- K. Lakshman Goud
Medium:- Paper
Technique:- Etching and Aquatint on Wove Paper
Period:- Circa (1980- 90 A.D.) (Contemporary)
Subject matter
It is a depiction of village life based on the artist’s childhood memories of rural and tribal
liveliness. A native of an Andhra Pradesh village, the artist has presented a rusting version of
a man, woman and a tree.
Description
The painters delineated his graphic print on paper by etching and aquatint technique during
1980- 90 A.D. This is one of his excellent graphic print. In this print, he with the combination
of different colours has made trees their twings leaves under a tree as well as decorated
women have been showing wearing beautiful costumes. Her hair is in the shape of plate style
backwards her hands are forward on of them is put on the other. Nearby, a group of trees, a
youngling is sitting. They both are looking at each other wistful sight. This is the expression
of natural attraction between a man and woman around the place, where they are sitting,
small flowering plants and leaves of those plants have been painted very closely. The same
emotional experience is been seen taking between the woman and youngling but taking into
consideration their decorum they can not do so but the emotion arising in their heart has
been cleared through their gestures, postures, and their eyes.
The Consultant agrees that it shall provide its expertise to the Client for all things pertaining
to [Scope of consulting services] (the Consulting Services).

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C. Sculptures
Triumph of Labour
Artist:- D.P. Roy Chowdhury.

Medium:-Bronze and Cement
Subject matter
The monument is symbolic of the human spirit that brings over hardships with united

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labour. It is a brilliant study of four human figures with rippling muscles.
Their personal movement of physical effort captured for the world to see and appreciate
their daily sweat and labour for livelihood. The sculpture of the focal point of May Day
celebration as the one collaboration here.
Description
This idol was made from Bronze and Cement on the beach of Chennai by artist Devi Prasad
Roy Chowdhury in 1953 A.D. It is one of the crocodiles which has been set up at the main gate
of National Delhi, In this idol, the sculpture has shown the labour in the form of victory. The
four labour is engaged in doing work in a group. They have been shown in different poses
trying to move a huge rock with the help of wooden stuff. Consequently, the pressure falling
on muscles of the labours has been shown very beautifully with this entire physical anatomy.
This is a very special moment which is the basic moral of the idol ‘T\he Triumph of Labour’ or
‘The Victory of Labour.
Santhal Family

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Artist :- Ramkinkar Vaij
Medium :- Cement and Concrete
Courtesy :- Kala Bhawan, Sahnti Niketan, West Bengal
Subject matter
Santhal family is a free standing outdoor sculpture. It is a depiction of tribal peasant family- a
man, a woman, children and a dog.
Description
Artist-made this sculpture with Cement and Concrete in 1938 A.D. Now it is established in the
pavilion of Shantiniketan, West Bengal. In this family, four persons have been shown. One
man is lifting Bahangi on his shoulders, made for the purpose of carrying loads. To establish
balance, he has put his baby lovingly. He has put on his wife’s head who is moving with them.
No stylistic especially has been shown in the sculpture but sculptor
Ramkinkar Vaij has made it in the easiest form with easily available material used as a
medium. Having taken motivation from this family, he has displayed his surrounding and
usual activities through this idol.

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Cries Unheard
Artist:- Amarnath Sehgal

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Medium:-Bronze
Period:- Circa 1958 A.D. (modern)
Subject matter
Contemporary socio-economic ills that plague India. Themes of much of artist work
primarily revolved around the importance of individual freedom and human dignity and his
response to the horrors of political violence.
Description
Artist-made this bronze statue in 1958 A.D.by which he has shown poverty and its effects by
three figures:- father, mother and the child of the same family. Long figures have hollow
denatured cheeks, deformed faces and their hands raised towards the sky as if they were
showing their poverty and bad condition.
Now, it is only you and your support on
which our existence is! Up to when it would last! Deformed faces of the statues express
uncommon form of society.

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Ganesha
Artist:-P.V. Janaki Ram

31
Medium:- Oxidised Copper, tin and wires
Period:- Circa 1970 to 1980 A.D. (Contemporary Modern )
Technique:- Etching and Aquatint
Subject matter
A modern/ extract sculpture of Hindu God, Ganesha.
Description
Through the medium of oxidised copper, tin and wire. Artist gives a beautiful shape of
six-handed dancing Ganesha during 1970- 80 A.D. Lord Ganesha has been shown playing the
Veena by two hands whereas in remaining four hands, like other deities conch, mace and
lotus have been shown. In this idol, the aspirations of the sculptor have been manifested
with the elegance of size, continuity structural vividness of surface, excellent embellishment
with the help of wires. In this way, the painters keep trying to present the folk art of South
India. This idol is different from other traditional idols. It shows the emotions of mobility. The
excellence of modernity, it reflected in the artwork.
Chatur Mukhi

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Artist:- Aekkayada Giri Rao
Medium:- Stone
Period:- (Contemporary Modern )
Subject matter
The sculpture is about different facts of women, its four faces described the different aspects
of womanhood.

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Description
The artist created this excellence of art by carving 13 feet high by stone. On all four blades of
the statue of the sculpture had shown four different unavoidable facts of women life, the
nature of which is symbolic. In the first front part of the statue is made a face that tells the
story from birth to adolescent of women whereas the second face shows her virgin form. The
third face of this statue shows the relation between women and men and in the fourth face
shows the feminine aspects.
Vanshri

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Artist:-Mrinalini Mukharjee
Medium:- Natural Fibre
Period:- Circa 1994 A.D. (Modern )
Technique:- Twisted, Knotted and Weaved
Collection:- Nature Morte, New Delhi
Subject matter
The sculpture of knotted rope ‘Vanshri’ is a suggestion of a figure of a filere goddess that
takes an organic human form.

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Description
This is a unique artefact sculpture prepared by artist a prominent artist of the modern
contemporary world, through weaving and making knotted of the multicoloured ropes
which have been prepared with natural fibres. Vanshee is known as the Goddess of
Production. This is a hanging form is stored in Nature Morte, New Delhi. In this sculpture, the
artist used twisting, waving, and knotting techniques.
:- ALL THE BEST:-

36

Class 12th Chapter No - 06 The Modern Trends in Indian Art

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Chapter- 06

The Modern Trends In Indian Art

Rama Vanquishing the pride of the Ocean

Сonsult your own legal counsel about exact wording

Сonsult your own legal counsel about exact wording

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Artist:- M.F. Hussain

Artist:- Narayan Sridhar Bendre (N.S. Bende)

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Words and Symbols

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Artist:- Kamlesh Dutt Pandey.

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Artist:- Krishna Reddy

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Artist:- Somnath Hore

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Artist:- Jyoti Bhatt

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Artist:- D.P. Roy Chowdhury.

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Artist:- Amarnath Sehgal

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Artist:-P.V. Janaki Ram

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:- ALL THE BEST:-

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