CHEMISTRY Unit 1: Practice Examination 1

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1
The elements represented by the symbols 25Al and 25Mg differ in the number of
A. Protons only
B. Protons and neutrons only
C. Protons and electrons only
D. Protons, neutrons and electrons

Question 2
Which of the following compounds contains the highest percentage of nitrogen by mass?
A. N2O5 B. NO2 C. CO(NH2)2 D. N2H4

Question 3
Solid sodium hydride reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas as shown in this equation:
H-(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H2(g) + OH-(aq)
This reaction could be classified as
A. Oxidation–reduction only
B. Acid–base only
C. Both acid–base and oxidation–reduction
D. Neither acid–base nor oxidation–reduction

Question 4
A compound of hydrogen and carbon contains 83.3% carbon by mass. Its molecular formula is the
same as its empirical formula. When 1.40 grams of the compound is vaporized, what volume (in
mL) will be occupied at STP?
A. 140 B. 218 C. 435 D. 833

Question 5
At a particular temperature and pressure, 0.2g of gaseous C4H10 occupies 0.140 L. When 0.9g of
gas Z is subjected to the same temperature and pressure, it occupies 2.61 L. The molar mass of gas
Z, in g/mol, is closest to
A. 12 B. 14 C. 16 D. 18

Question 6
In which one of the following acid-base reactions is the base in excess?
A. 25 mL of 0.10M NaOH and 19 mL of 0.07M H2SO4
B. 21 mL of 0.05M Na2CO3 and 22 mL of 0.10M HNO3
C. 20 mL of 0.10M NaOH and 22 mL of 0.09M HCl
D. 18 mL of 0.08M Na2CO3 and 21 mL of 0.05M H3PO4
Question 7
In aqueous acid conditions, MnO4- reacts with SO2 gas to produce Mn2+ ions and SO42- ions. When
61.25 L of SO2 gas at SLC is reacted fully, the mass of water (in grams) consumed in the reaction is
A. 18 B. 27 C. 36 D. 108

Question 8
The technique of gas chromatography (GC)
A. is limited to molecules with relative molecular masses greater than 300.
B. uses a carrier gas as the mobile phase.
C. is used for compounds which do not vaporise easily.
D. uses a shorter column than HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography).

Question 9
A volumetric analysis experiment is carried out as follows. A sample of hydrochloric acid is placed
in a volumetric flask using a funnel. Its mass is then accurately determined. The flask is then filled
to the mark and an aliquot pipetted into a conical flask. The acid is titrated against a standard
solution of a base. Which one of the following pieces of equipment, when wet with water, will not
affect the accuracy of the results ?
A. A conical flask. B. A burette. C. A pipette. D. A funnel

Question 10
Which element has a high electronegativity and forms ions with the same electron configuration as
the Sc3+ ion?
A. Oxygen B. Chlorine C. Argon D. Potassium

Question 11
Four unbranched hydrocarbons P, Q, R and S of the general formula CnH2n+2 (where n is an integer)
are separated by gas chromatography. The data from the chromatograph are shown in the table
below:
Retention time Relative area under
Hydrocarbon
(minutes) peak
P 12 95
Q 9 37
R 19 25
S 5 128

These statements refer to this analysis:

I. If all other conditions remain unchanged, changing the temperature of the analysis will not
alter the retention times
II. Hydrocarbon S has the largest molar mass and the highest concentration
III. Oxygen gas could be used as the carrier gas in this analysis
Which of the above statements are correct?
A. I and II only C. II and III only
B. I and III only D. None of statements I, II or III

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Question 12
Which one of the following electron configurations is that of a chemical species most likely to lose
electrons in a chemical reaction ?
2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 2
A. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . C. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p .
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1
B. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p . D. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 5s .

Question 13
Which one of the following properties of elements could not have been used by Mendeleev at the
time when he developed his Periodic Table ?
A. Chemical reactivity. C. Atomic numbers.
B. Atomic masses. D. Physical state.

Question 14
Which one of the following elements is the most electronegative ?
A. Lithium. B. Chlorine. C. Caesium. D. Neon.

Question 15
Compare the group one elements sodium and caesium. Sodium would be expected to have
A. higher electronegativity but lower first ionisation energy than caesium.
B. higher electronegativity and higher first ionisation energy than caesium.
C. lower electronegativity but higher first ionisation energy than caesium.
D. lower electronegativity and lower first ionisation energy than caesium.

Question 16
The Theory of Quantum Mechanics states that electrons in atoms occupy orbitals in energy levels
called subshells. Which of the following statements is incorrect ?
A. The energy level closest to the nucleus has one subshell.
B. Electrons in atoms occupy the subshells of lowest energy first.
C. Inert gases have only full subshells.
D. Each orbital contains a maximum of eight electrons.

Question 17
Which of the following is an example of qualitative analysis ?
A. using volumetric analysis to determine the concentration of alcohol in wine.
B. using gravimetric analysis to determine the percentage of nitrogen in fertiliser.
C. using chromatography to identify the drug present in a blood sample.
D. using atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine whether fish contains a level of mercury
which is safe to eat.

Question 18
Calculate the mass of lead iodide precipitate formed when 100.0 mL of 1.50 M potassium iodide
solution reacts with 75.0mL of 0.50 M lead nitrate solution.
A. 69 g. B. 17 g. C. 1.4 x 102 g. D. 35 g.

Question 19
The correct formula for the organic compound propyl ethanoate is
A. C3H7CO.OC3H7.
B. C3H7CO.OCH3.
C. CH3CO.OC3H7.
D. CH3CO.OCH3.

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Question 20
Propyl ethanoate is an ester. Which one of the following reaction types is used to obtain esters from
organic acids and alcohols?
A. Condensation.
B. Substitution.
C. Addition.
D. Hydrolysis.

Question 21
Crude oil consists of
A. a mixture of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
B. a mixture of alkanes and alkenes.
C. alkanes only.
D. alkenes only.

Question 22
The hydrocarbons which make up crude oil are separated using a fractionating tower.
Choose the incorrect answer from the following.
A. The hydrocarbon gas mixture is heated as it moves up the fractionating tower.
B. The smallest hydrocarbon molecules rise to the top of the tower.
C. Hydrocarbons are progressively removed as they condense to liquids.
D. The fractions removed are mixtures of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points.

Question 23
When a hydrocarbon reacts with an excess of oxygen the products of combustion are
A. carbon monoxide and water.
B. carbon dioxide and water.
C. carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water.
D. carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and water.

Question 24
Sucrose is a disaccharide. The two monosaccharides are joined by
A an ester link
B a glycosidic link
C a peptide link
D a disulfide link

Question 25
At pH 10, alanine exists as
A H2N─CH2─COO-
B H2N─CH(CH3)─COO-
+
C H3N─CH2─COOH
+
D H3N─CH(CH3)─COOH

Question 26
Unsaturated fats
A have low pHs
B are likely to be solids at room temperature
C have high conductivity
D decolourise bromine water

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Question 27
The formula for a polyunsaturated fatty acid could be
A C19H37COOH
B C19H39COOH
C C20H36O2
D C20H38O2

Question 28
In gel electrophoresis the smaller fragments
A migrate towards the positive pole and move more slowly than the larger fragments
B migrate towards the positive pole and move more quickly than the larger fragments
C migrate towards the negative pole and move more slowly than the larger fragments
D migrate towards the negative pole and move more quickly than the larger fragments

Section B: Short Answer Questions

Question 1
Refined copper may contain the metal cadmium as an impurity.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) may be used to find the concentration of cadmium.
A sample of copper was prepared for AAS as shown:
 1.345g of copper is dissolved in acid and the volume made up to 100.0 mL (solution X)
 10.0 mL of solution X is diluted with water to 100.0 mL (solution Y)
 Solution Y is analysed using AAS

(a) Name the piece of volumetric equipment used to take the 10.0 mL sample (1 mark)
(b) Explain why the copper ions in the solution will not interfere with the analysis of cadmium
in AAS. (1 mark)

Solutions of known concentration of cadmium ions were prepared and their absorbances were
determined using AAS:

Concentration of Cd2+(aq) Absorbance

0.20  μg/mL 0.17
0.40  μg/mL 0.33
0.60  μg/mL 0.50
0.80  μg/mL 0.65
(1μg  =  10-6g)

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(c) Use the data for the cadmium ion standards to plot a calibration curve on the grid below.
(2 marks)

(d) The absorbance of solution Y was 0.43. Use the graph to determine the concentration (in
μg/mL)  of  cadmium  ions  in  solution  Y. (1 mark)

(e) Find the mass of cadmium in the 1.345g copper sample. (2 marks)

(f) The maximum percentage impurity allowed for electrical wires to be made from the
copper is 0.04% cadmium by mass. Is the copper sample within this limit? (2 marks)

(g) Copper has two isotopes of relative isotopic masses of 62.95 and 64.95.
(i) Explain why the relative isotopic masses have no units. (1 mark)
(ii) Calculate the percentage abundance of the lighter isotope. (2 marks)

Total: 12 marks

Question 2
A student analysed vitamin C tablets to find the percentage of ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) in each tablet.
Three tablets were crushed, dissolved in water to make a vitamin C solution and aliquots were used
in a volumetric analysis using a starch indicator.
These results were recorded:
Mass of three tablets = 3.41g
Total volume of vitamin C solution = 250.0 mL
Aliquot of vitamin C solution used in titration = 20.00 mL
Concentration of standard iodine solution = 0.043M

These titres of iodine solution (in mL) were recorded:

24.65; 21.95; 22.05; 23.55; 22.00.

(a) The equation for the chemical reaction used in the titration is
C6H8O6(aq) + I2(aq) →  C6H6O6(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2I-(aq)
i. Write the oxidation half equation. (1 mark)
ii. Identify the reductant in the redox reaction: ____________ (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the average titre which will be used in the calculation of the concentration of the
ascorbic acid. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the number of mole of I2 in the average titre. (1 mark)

(d) Find the total number of mole of ascorbic acid in the three vitamin C tablets. (2 marks)
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(e) Determine the percentage of ascorbic acid by mass in each tablet. (2 marks)

(f) In a different analysis to find the ascorbic acid concentration in orange juice, a 10.00 mL
sample of the juice was reacted with 10.00 mL of 0.0077M I2(aq). The unreacted iodine was
titrated with 0.0069 M sodium thiosulfate solution using a starch indicator:
I2(aq) + 2S2O32-(aq) →  2I-(aq) + S4O62-(aq)

The average titre of the thiosulfate solution was 17.39 mL.

Calculate the concentration of ascorbic acid, in mg/mL, in the orange juice. (4 marks)

Total: 12 marks

Question 3
Knowledge about the structure of the atom and the development of the modern Periodic Table have
been the result of the work of scientists over the last two centuries.

(a) One  idea  in  the  atomic  theory  of  John  Dalton  in  1804  stated  that  ‘atoms of the same element
are identical in every respect’.  How  does  the  modern  atomic  theory  differ  from  this  
proposition? (1 mark)

(b) In 1911, Ernest Rutherford conducted an experiment (shown below) to test the accuracy of
the accepted atomic model of the time:

In the boxes below, draw labelled diagrams of atomic models showing (i) the model that Rutherford
was testing and (ii) the model which he developed after the experiment.
(2 marks)

Atomic model developed by Rutherford

Atomic model being tested by Rutherford
after his famous experiment

(c) In 1817, Johann Dobereiner developed his theory about groups of three elements known as
‘triads’.  Lithium  reacts  mildly  with  water  whereas  potassium  reacts  violently  with  water.  
State the relative atomic mass of the other element of this triad and describe how it reacts
with water. (2 marks)

d) In his arrangement of elements, John  Newlands  in  1866  observed  that  ‘each eighth element,
starting from a given one, is a kind of repetition of the first, like the eighth note in an octave
of music’.  

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 One criticism of his arrangement was that the metals, cobalt and nickel, were placed in the
same group as the reactive non-metals fluorine, chlorine and bromine.
Why were these metallic elements placed in that grouping?
(1 mark)

(e) In the modern Periodic Table, the metals cobalt and nickel are located in a block where the
elements in the same row have very similar properties.
i. Which block of the Periodic Table contains cobalt and nickel? (1 mark)
ii. Explain why the elements in the same row as cobalt and nickel have similar properties.
(1 mark)

(f) Choosing from the elements only in the second and third period (omitting elements of
Group 18) of the modern Periodic Table, write the symbol of these elements:
i. The most electronegative element _______
ii. The element with the highest first ionization energy _______
iii. The element with the largest atomic radius ______
iv. The element with the smallest ionic radius ______
(4 marks)

Total: 12 marks
Question 4
Elemental sulfur is an important chemical used in agriculture and industry.
(a) In one form, sulfur exists as S8 molecules. Find the mass, in grams, of one S8 molecule.
(2 marks)
(b) Sulfur powder is used in agriculture to prevent certain diseases on grapes.
To find the amount of sulfur remaining on grapes at harvest:
 100.0g of grapes were washed with 50.0 mL of cleaning solution
 The sulfur in the solution was converted to sulfate ions and a 10.00 mL aliquot was taken
 20.00 mL of 0.35M BaCl2(aq) solution was added to the 10.00 mL aliquot to produce BaSO4
precipitate
 The precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed several times, dried and weighed

i. Write a balanced ionic equation for the precipitation reaction and include symbols of state.
(1 mark)
ii. The dried BaSO4 precipitate weighed 0.186g. Calculate the mass of sulfur, in mg, which
remained on the original sample of grapes. (3 marks)
iii. The situations shown in the table could occur during this gravimetric analysis. By ticking
ONE box in each row, show the effect that each situation would have on the calculated
result. (2 marks)

Calculated result No effect on the Calculated result

Situation
would be too low calculated result would be too high
Concentration of
BaCl2(aq) was actually
0.45M
Volume of cleaning
solution was actually
49.5 mL

Total: 8 marks

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Question 5
The table shows the yields of ethene and propene produced from different compounds (feedstock)
used in a particular cracking furnace.

FEEDSTOCK Yield of ethene (%) Yield of propene (%)

ethane 78 3
propane 41 15
butane 37 17
light naphtha 34 17
gas oil 23 15

(a) i. Name the homologous series of the compounds used in the feedstock. (1 mark)

ii. The compounds used in the feedstock were originally components of a complex mixture.
Name the process used to separate these components. (1 mark)

(b) The feedstock remains in the cracking furnace for only one second.
i. Explain why the yield of propene is so low compared to ethene when ethane is cracked.
(1 mark)
ii. Give a reason to explain why the yield of ethene decreases when heavier fractions are cracked.
(1 mark
(c) Several important products are made from ethene and propene. Give the chemical equation for
the formation of each of these products. Symbols of state are not required.
(3 marks)
i. Ethanol from ethane

ii. 1,2 Dibromoethane from ethene

iii. Polypropene from propene

(d) Explain how the reaction in part d ii. may be used to distinguish a sample of ethene gas from
a sample of ethane gas. (1 mark)

(e) When chlorine is reacted with butane in the presence of ultraviolet light, one of the products is
1-chlorobutane.
i. Name this general type of reaction. (1 mark)

ii. Give the systematic names of all isomers of 1-chlorobutane. (1 mark)

Total: 10 marks

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Question 6

(a) The structure below is part of a protein.

(i) Circle a group that contributes to the secondary structure of this protein (1 mark)
(ii) Circle a group that contributes to the tertiary structure of this protein (1 mark)
(iii) How many different amines make up this protein? (1 mark)
(iv) Draw the structure of one of the amines referred to in part (c) (2 mark)

(b) The table below contains information about fatty acids that are commonly found in foods:

(i) Draw the structural formula of the triglyceride (fat) that is made from oleic acid.
(2 mark
(ii) State the structural difference between oleic acid and stearic acid.
(2 mark)
Total: 8marks

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Solutions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D D C C B C A B A (D) B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D D C B B D C B C A
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
C A B B B D C B

Question 1
(a) Pipette
(b) A lamp emitting only wavelengths which can be absorbed by cadmium ions will be
used in this AAS analysis
(c)

(d) 0.52  μg/mL     (Accept 0.51 to 0.53 for 1 mark)

(e) m(Cd)  in  solution  Y  =  100.0  mL  x  0.52  μg/mL  =  52  μg (1)
m(Cd)  in  copper  sample  =  10  x  52μg  =  520  μg (1)
(f) % Cd by mass = 520 x 10-6 x 100/1.345 = 0.039% (1)
The copper sample is within this limit (1)
(g)
i. The isotopes are compared to carbon-12 which is 12 exactly, so these isotopes are a little
more than five times the mass of an atom of carbon-12
ii Abundance of lighter isotope = y
Abundance of other isotope = 100 - y
r.a.m (Cu) = 63.54 = (62.95y + 64.95[100 – y]) /100 (1)
y = 70.50% (1)

Question 2
(a)
i. C6H8O6 →  C6H6O6 + 2H+ + 2e
ii. C6H8O6
(b) Only concordant titres are used: (21.95 + 22.05 + 22.00)/3 = 22.00 mL
(c) n(I2) = c x V = 0.043 x 0.022 = 9.5 x 10-4 mol
(d) n(C6H8O6) in aliquot = n(I2) = 9.5 x 10-4 mol (1)
n(C6H8O6) in tablets = (250/20) x 9.5 x 10-4 = 1.2 x 10-2 mol (1)
(e) m(C6H8O6) in tablets = n x M = 1.2 x 10-2 x 176 = 2.11 g (1)
% ascorbic acid in tablets = (2.11/3.41) x 100 = 61.9 = 62% (1)
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(f) n(thiosulfate) = c x V = 0.0069 x 0.01739 = 1.199 x 10-4 mol
n(I2) unreacted = ½ n(thiosulfate) = 5.99 x 10-5 mol (1)
n(I2) added originally = 0.0077 x 0.010 = 7.70 x 10-5 mol (1)
n(I2) reacted = n(I2) added originally – n(I2) unreacted
= 7.70 x 10-5 – 5.99 x 10-5 = 1.71 x 10-5 mol (1)
n(ascorbic acid) = n(I2) = 1.71 x 10-5 mol
m(ascorbic acid) in 10 mL aliquot = n x M = 1.71 x 10-5 x 176 = 3.01 x 10-3 grams
c(ascorbic acid) = 3.01 mg/10mL = 0.30 mg/mL (1)

Question 3
(a) Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons but may
differ in the number of neutrons in isotopes of the element
(b)
Atomic model developed by Rutherford after
Atomic model being tested by Rutherford his famous experiment

(c) the middle element of the triad has a RAM. of 23.0 (1)
reacts vigorously  with  water  (that  is,  between  ‘mildly’  and  ‘violently’)   (1)
(d) Only the known elements of that time were arranged, so unusual groupings would
occur as no spaces were left for undiscovered elements
(e)
i d-block (or transition series)
ii Elements in the d-block have a full outer subshell (4s or 5s) but are
filling the inner d-subshell (3d or 4d) which produces elements with
similar properties within that grouping
(f)
i. The most electronegative element F
ii The element with the highest first ionization energy F
iii The element with the largest atomic radius Na
iv The element with the smallest ionic radius Li

Question 4
(a) M(S8) = 8 x 32 = 256 g/mol (1)
1 mol contains 6.02 x 1023 molecules of S8
Mass of 1 molecule = 256/(6.02 x 1023) = 4.25 x 10-22 g (1)
(b)
i Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) →  BaSO4(s)
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ii n(BaSO4) = 0.186/233.34 = 7.97 x 10-4 mol (1)
n(SO42-) in 10.00 mL aliquot = 7.97 x 10-4 mol
n(S) in 10.00 mL aliquot = 7.97 x 10-4 mol
n(S) in 50.0 mL of washings = 5 x 7.97 x 10-4 = 3.99 x 10-3 mol (1)
m(S) = n x M = 3.99 x 10-3 x 32 = 0.128 g = 128 mg (1)
iii
Calculated result No effect on the Calculated result
Situation would be too low calculated result would be too high
Concentration of BaCl2(aq)
was actually 0.45M █
Volume of cleaning solution
was actually 49.5 mL █

Question 5
(a) i. alkanes
ii. fractional distillation
(b) i The formation of ethene from ethane requires minimal modification but for
propene another carbon must be added to the ethane molecule as well as
the other breaking and making of bonds
ii It is difficult to control where longer molecules are cracked and so more
molecules of random lengths would be produced resulting in fewer ethene molecules

(c)
i C2H4 + H2O  →  C2H5OH
ii C2H4 + Br2 →  CH2BrCH2Br
iii C3H6 + C3H6 + C3H6 + ------ →  — {CH2—CH(CH3)}n—
(d) Bromine is a reddish-brown colour and when mixed with ethene gas reacts
to produce 1,2 dibromoethane which is colourless. No such reaction occurs with
ethane gas.
(e)
i substitution
ii 2-chlorobutane
1-chloro, 2-methylpropane
2-chloro, 2-methylpropane

Question 6

(i)

(ii) 3 different amino acids

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(iii)

(b) (i)

(ii) Stearic acid is saturated while oleic is mono-unsaturated.

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