Part 1 Introduction to TOEFL Writing

What is TOEFL?
Test of English as a Foreign Language
综合写作-阅读
Easter Island, a small, remote island in the Pacific Ocean, was once home to a flourishing
culture. But about 500 years ago (A.D.1500), its society went into a steep decline. History
teaches us that events like this are often caused by outside influences. So it is not unreasonable
to consider whether there are facts about the decline of Easter Island's society that would be
explained by a hypothesis of an invasion.

One such fact has to do with trees. Most Pacific island societies have managed to find an
ecologically balanced way of living by using-but not overexploiting-natural resources such as
trees. Most Pacific islands, therefore, remain lush-but not Easter Island. Although it was once
densely forested, most of its trees had disappeared by about 500 years ago. Environmental
destruction of this sort has often been caused by invaders who deplete an area's natural
resources without any concern for future.

Facts about the large stone statues on Easter Island could also support the idea of an invasion.
There are about 900 of these statues on the island; the largest is over 20 meters tall. The native
society clearly placed a great deal of importance on their production. Yet about the same time
that the island became deforested, islanders stopped making these huge statues. An invasion
would help explain why this traditional practice came to a sudden end.

Furthermore, we know that around the time these other changes were taking place, a new
religion developed on Easter Island: the "Birdman" worship. There is no convincing evidence
that the Birdman religion existed before 1500, which suggests that this new religious practice
may have been introduced by outsiders.
综合写作-听力
独立写作-范文
Before a teenager becomes a young adult and earn their own living, his parents must help
them to prepare for the future life so that they could become totally independent. There must
be many ways to help these ambitious young people, but in my point of view, I believe that
part-time jobs should be the most appropriate way to help them. By taking part-time jobs at a
young age, the young generation can be involved in the society without suffering.

By taking part-time jobs, teenagers could appreciate hard working and cherish the money
they've made. Therefore, in the future, they are more likely to become hard-working adults
and know how to do finance management. Take myself as an example. I used to be very lazy
and usually wasted my pocket money on useless things. But one summer vacation, I took a
part-time job as a tutor. It was not an easy job because the kid I taught was really naughty and
the weather is really hot, but finally I got good pay. After that, I did not waste any money, and
I knew the value of hard-working.

Additionally, by taking some part-time jobs, teenagers will learn some useful communicating
techniques. This is very essential since we all live in a society and we have to communicate
with different kinds of people almost every day. One of my friends took a part-time job as a
waiter. He had to deal with a lot of different situations and have to cater to different customers.
Time passed, he became very good at communicating with different people, but in the past he
was really shy and unwilling to speak to strange people! The part-time job helped to lift him to
a new height.

Moreover, since teenagers accumulate useful experiences from part-time jobs, they are more
likely to gain success in their future career. In addition, sometimes taking part-time jobs may
offer teenagers good opportunities. My sister, when she was a junior, took a part-time job in a
big company. During that time, her hard work and intelligence impressed her boss. Then her
boss gave her and offer and after her graduation, she became one of the employees of the big
company. Now she makes a very good living and works happily in this company. Chances are
invaluable and we need to find ways to get the chances.

So, to conclude, though there may be other ways, I believe that taking part-time jobs will be
the best way to prepare a teenager to be an ambitious adult. Parents who plan to help their
teenagers prepare for the future life could take part-time jobs into consideration. (442words)
Tips for Writing Tasks

Requirement of Writing Tasks

 identify one main idea and some major points that support it
 plan how to organize the essay (for example, with an outline)
 develop the essay by using reasons, examples, and details
 express information in an organized manner
 use effective linking words (transitional phrases) to connect ideas and help the
reader understand the flow of ideas
 use a range of grammar and vocabulary for effective expression
 use grammar and vocabulary accurately; use idiomatic expressions appropriately
 follow the conventions of spelling, punctuation, and layout

Tips for Writing Tasks

 Increase vocabulary and knowledge of idiomatic speech so you can use it

appropriately.
 Learn grammatical structures so well that you can use them naturally when writing.
 Learn the convention of spelling, punctuation, and layout (for example, paragraph
creation).
 Express information in an organized manner, displaying unity in thought and
coherence.
 Use signal words and phrases, such as “on the one hand” or “in conclusion,”
to create a clear structure for your response.
 As you practice, ask yourself these questions:
 Did I complete the task?
 Did I write clearly?
 Did I make grammatical errors?
 Did I use words correctly?
 Did I organize my ideas clearly and coherently?
 Did I use the time effectively?
 Part 2 Language Use

Unit 1 Simple Sentences

1) Pattern 1: 主语+动词
Time flies !
Notions about this topic _____________________. (人们对此话题观点不一)
Some ______________ have already ___________. (一些尖锐问题已经出现)

2) Pattern 2: 主语+动词+宾语
Time proves all !
The installation of cameras _________________. (安装摄像头侵犯人们的隐私)
Playing computer games ___________________. (打游戏机浪费父母的血汗钱)

3) Pattern 3: 主语+动词+宾语+宾语
Time gives us experience!
Job-hopping offers people ______________________. (跳槽给人们展示才艺的机会)
Museums give people ____________________. (博物馆给人们民族自豪感和归属感)

4) Pattern 4: 主语+动词+宾语+补语
Time makes us smart!
The cloning technology ____________________________________ . (克隆技术可能使人变得
多余、可替代甚至是处于灭绝的境地)
We ______________________________________. (我们把俄罗斯人叫做战斗民族)

5) Pattern 5: 主语+系动词+表语
Time is money.
Legislative regulation of the Internet is ______________________. (对互联网的立法管制是
政府的义务)
Some information on the Internet is ________________________. (网上有一些信息是误导人
的和带有欺骗性的)

Practice:
1) 学校给学生提供了许多学习不同学科的机会。
2) 与别人一起学习最明显的好处就是让你远离令你分心的事物。
3) 人们认为金钱可以使人快乐。
4) 写日记是个好习惯。
5) 宇宙中有很多可以探索的东西。
6) 正确穿着韩国传统服饰很难。
7) 我从父母那里得到了最有价值的教训。
8) 现代技术使我们与住在其他国家的人能够面对面交流。
 Unit 2 Compound Sentences
1. What is a Compound Clauses?
Definition: 使用并列连词、连接副词、分号连接两个或两个以上简单句的句子。

复合句的构成 1：
Independent Clause, + coordinator + independent clause
 Salt water boils at a lower temperature than freshwater, so food cooks faster in salt
water.

复合句的构成 2：
Independent Clause; + conjunctive adverb, + independent clause
 Salt water boils at a lower temperature than freshwater; therefore, food cooks faster in
salt water.

2. When to use Compound Clauses?

(1)并列连词（coordinating conjunctions)

(2)连接副词（connective adverbs)
To add a similar, equal idea
also Community colleges offer preparation for many
besides occupations; also/besides/furthermore/in
furthermore addition/moreover, they prepare students to transfer to
in addition a four-year college or university.
moreover

Community colleges offer preparation for many

as well occupations; they prepare students to transfer to a four-
year college or university as well.

too Community colleges offer preparation for many

occupations; they prepare students to transfer to a four-
year college or university, too.

To add an unexpected or surprising continuation

however The cost of attending a community college is low;
nevertheless however/ nevertheless/nonetheless/still, many
nonetheless students need financial aid.
still
To add a complete contrast
Tuition at a community college is low; on the other
on the other hand
hand/in contrast, tuition at private schools is high.
in contrast
 To give an alternative possibility
Students must take final exams; otherwise, they will
otherwise receive a grade of Incomplete.

To add an expected result

accordingly
Native and nonnative English speakers have different
as a result
needs; accordingly/as a
consequently
result/consequently/hence/therefore/thus, most
thus
schools provide separate English classes for each group.
therefore
hence
To add an example
Most colleges now have a writing requirement for
graduation; for example/for instance, students at my
for example, for instance college must pass a writing test before they register for
their final semester.

Practice:
1. 互联网能提供很多有用的信息，但是也会带来很多负面的信息。
2. 你最好多穿些衣服，否则你会感冒的。
3. 昨天晚上一定下雨了，因为地面是湿的。
4. 我的自行车坏了，因此我走着回家。
5. 我们已经获得了胜利，但是我们还有很长的路要走。
6. 我没有看过这部小说，我也不知道它的作者。
 Unit 3 Noun Clauses
1. What are Noun Clauses?

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句相当于名词词组，可以在句子中做主语，
动词后的宾语或介词宾语，表语，同位语，所以根据其在句子中的成分，分为主语从句，宾语从
句，表语从句和同位语从句。

 He did not finish the homework carefully again.

 This thing made me very angry.
合并：That he did not finish the homework carefully again made me very angry.

 This is my concern.
 Young people do not care about others these days.
合并：My concern is that young people do not care about others.

可以引导名词性从句的标志词有：
what, that, who, whom, whether, why, where, how, whatever, whoever, whomever, wherever,
however.

试翻译下面的句子：
 Some people argue that children are easily influenced by environmental
changes.
 Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work to do.
 I support the argument that all students should wear school uniforms.
 Ignorance is when you reject something you do not know anything about.
 she asked whether his parents were worried.

2.When to use Noun Clauses?

当作者想表达的意思不能用一个名词或名词短语来涵盖的时候，就需要用完整的句子当作名词来
使用。
主语从句：
 What Jeffrey Sachs hopes to see by 2025 is the end of extreme poverty in the
world.
注意：主语从句做主语时，谓语动词要为第三人称单数

宾语从句：
 We must consider seriously what Jeffrey Sachs hopes to see by 2025.

表语从句：
 That is what Jeffrey Sachs hopes to see by 2025.

同位语从句：
 The idea that there are now new ways to eradicate extreme poverty in the world
is probably true.
3.How to use Noun Clauses?
 1. 以 that 引导的名词性从句
A. 作主语
it 做形式主语：通常英语中为了避免头重脚轻，会用 it 代替句子中的真实主语，而将真实主语放
到句尾。
 That the human brain develops even after puberty was reported by some
scholars.

➔ It was reported by some scholars that the human brain develops even after puberty.
 That there are now new ways to eradicate extreme poverty in the world is
probably true.

➔ It is probably true that there are now new ways to eradicate extreme poverty in the
world.

常用句型：
It is generally/ universally/ normally/ usually thought that…
It is true that…
It is a fact that…

B. 作宾语
 Studies reveal that there is a definite link between obesity and serious diseases
such as heart attack.
 No one would deny that those who are older than us have more experience.

常用句型：
Studies reveal that…
No one would deny that…

2. 以 whether 引导的名词性从句
 Whether you have a diploma or not makes a huge difference in a job market.
 Before buying something with a credit card, you should first consider whether
you can afford it.
 The issue is not whether you can live with others or not.

常用句型：
The issue whether…has drawn great concern among the public.

3. 以 wh-/ how 引导的名词性从句

 What has been said cannot be reversed.
 I do not know whom I should trust.
注意：一般疑问句和特殊疑问句做名词性从句时，需要注意名词性从句内的语序。

Practice：
1. 你是富有还是贫穷不能决定你的价值。
2. 确实大多数青少年都很叛逆。
3. 科学家们已经在研究什么可以阻止全球变暖。
4. 很多人都不清楚网络犯罪有多严重。
5. 一个好老师应该做的是鼓励他的学生努力尝试。
6. 有些人还没意识到我们对自然资源多么依赖。
7. 毫无疑问，现代技术提高了人们的生活质量。
8. 设定优先级别意味着将要做的事情排序。
9. 据报道，校服阻碍学生表现个性。（hinder...from...）
10. 很多高中生不知道自己毕业后想做些什么。
 Unit 4 Adjective Clauses
1. What is an Adjective Clause?
试翻译下面几个句子：
 那边有一群漂亮的女孩子。

 穿白色衣服的女孩子很性感。

 正在打电话的女孩子最漂亮。

Summary: __________________________________________________________________

Relative Pronouns and Adverbs

who, whom, whose, that Refer to people
PRONOUNS Refer to animals and
which, whose, that
things
ADVERBS when, where Refer to a time or a place

2. How to use Adjective Clauses in TOEFL iBT Writing?

1) 加逗号的定语从句 v.s. 不加逗号的定语从句
She is my girlfriend who works in the hospital.

She is my girlfriend, who works in the hospital.

小结：______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

比较下面两个句子：
 The book which is written by J.K. Rowling is popular.
 Harry Potter I, which is written by J.K. Rowling, is popular.

理解下面句子表达的含义：
 Second, technology has equipped children with professional apparatus which could
finally realize their imagination.
 In addition, there are many computer games which contain lots of violent scene that is
harmful to children.
 We have several methods, such as Television and Internet, to get information. These are
resources which can be easily had access to.

 Students can develop a sense of belonging and experience team spirit, both of which may
 prove very important in building a career.
 Several decades ago, people treasured their friends and maintained relatively close
interpersonal relations, which is much more enjoyable than the estrangements we are
experiencing.
 Children who share similar occupations with their parents can at least inherit the
experience of the parent, which would save them much time and energy along the way.

2) 加逗号的定语位于句中 v.s. 位于句末尾

Tom moved to our city two years ago. He bought a new car last week.
 Tom, who moved to our city two years ago, bought a new car last week.
小结：______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

 During the holidays, more and more people come to the ancient villages, which boosts the
local economy.
小结：______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Practice：
1. 大自然教给我们在学校无法学到的知识。
2. 和个人品味与我不同的人聊天很有趣。
3. 假期是一段可以享受慢节奏生活的时间。
4. 我们在学校学到的理论知识有时在我们的日常生活中很有用。
5. 通过阅读小说，我可以了解我以前从未了解过的其他人的感受。
6. 最近，中国政府决定将其工业升级，中国现在涉足建造高速列车、远洋船舶、机器人，甚至
飞机。
7. 汉朝是中国历史上最重要的朝代之一，汉朝统治期间有很多显著的成就。
 Unit 5 Adverbial Clauses
1. What are Adverbial Clauses?
副词从句是在句中起副词作用的主谓结构。副词性从句又叫做状语从句。
2. When to use Adverbial Clauses?
1) 表时间的副词性从句
 Some people tend to eat a lot when they feel stressed out.
 As Mary came to know him better, she relied on him more.
 Since I graduated from high school, I have missed my school uniform.
 He did not realize his mistake until others pointed it out.
 She wept aloud as soon as she heard the news.

2) 表原因的副词性从句
 I want to get a high-paying job because I should support my family.
 Since the young dinosaur could not survive on their own, the adult dinosaurs would not
leave them behind.

3) 表目的的副词性从句
 Ships carry lifeboats so that the crew can escape if the ship sinks.
 These men risk their lives in order that we may live more safely.
 You'd better take the keys in case I'm out.

4) 表结果的副词性从句
 The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were soon covered.
 Global warming is such a problem that some islanders worry that their islands might sink.
 Some people were so moved by the sight that they began to cry.
 Pop music is such an important part of society that it has even influenced our language.

5) 表示让步的副词性从句
 There are many things that you can learn from children though they are young.
 Even if you are well prepared for an exam, it is possible for you to make mistakes.
 No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
 While I understand what you say, I cannot agree with you.

6) 表示条件的副词性从句
 If you don't want to lose the job, you should be punctual.
 As long as you are healthy, you can do anything.
 The concert will be held as schedule unless there is a typhoon.
*副词性从句位于句首时，要有逗号与主句隔开。
Practice:
1) 一旦迁居国外，你就会经历文化差异。
2) 看商业广告时，我们能够得到许多有关各种产品的信息。(when)
3) 自从出生我就没离开过我的祖国。(since)
4) 有些人如此物质主义，以至于认为金钱可以解决任何问题。(so... that...)
5) 在城市里，购买必需品很容易，因为便利店到处都是。(because)
6) 如果我们能预防校园暴力，那么青少年犯罪率会比现在低得多。
7) 如果你错过了喜欢的电视节目，可以在网上看。
8) 如果你和别人合用一个房间，就没有太多的隐私。
9) 在寻求他人帮助前，你应该尝试独立解决问题。
10) 由于我们一直在污染河流和海洋，所以不久以后纯净水将被我们用光。
 Unit 6 Parallelism
1. What is Parallelism?
平行结构是指内容相似，结构相同，无先后顺序，无因果关系，反复使用形态相同的语法结构。

Not Parallel Parallel

My English conversation class is made up of My English conversation class is made up
Chinese, Spaniards, and some are from Bosnia. of Chinese, Spaniards, and Bosnians.
The students who do well attend class, they do The students who do well attend class, do
their homework, and practice speaking in their homework, and practice speaking in
English. English.
The teacher wanted to know which country we The teacher wanted to know which
came from and our future goals. country we came from and what our future
goals were.
The language skills of the students in the The language skills of the students in the
evening classes are the same as the day classes. evening classes are the same as the
language skills of the students in the day
classes.

2. When to use Parallelism

当作者需要在一句话中表达多个意思，并且这两到三个单词或词组在句中做同一成分（如名词，
动词，形容词，副词）时，为了明确的表达或强调，就可以用平行结构表达，这样可以使句子更
加简洁。
注意：平行结构中的单词或成分应保持形态，搭配以及数量级的一致，例：
 Not every expensive handmade item is both creative and an art.
 Not every expensive handmade item is both creative and artistic.
 He not only finished his reading assignment but also writing an essay.
 He not only finished his reading assignment but also wrote an essay.
 When we took our trip, we not only visited Rome but also skiing in Switzerland.
 When we took our trip, we not only visited Rome, but we also went skiing in Switzerland.

3. How to use Parallelism in TOEFL IBT Writing

 名词的并列：
I thanked my parents for all the generous help and valuable advice they had given me.
 形容词/副词的并列：
Owing to the Internet, information searches have become easier and faster.
Some work needs to be done not quickly but precisely.
 副词和动词的并列：
I clearly explained my reasons and strongly expressed my love.
 短语的并列：
Smoking heavily and drinking too much are bad habits that will harm your health.
It is easier to forgive than to hate someone.
I think my feelings of wanting to move out and wanting to stay home made my decision more
difficult and painful.
 句子的并列：
The mass media neither gives us the necessary information, nor does it tell us the truth.
Either you save money for a rainy day, or you just splurge today.
Practice:
1. 我们需要正式的教育，这不仅是为了获得知识，也是为了学习社会技能。
2. 人们经常逃避危险、脏污或难做的工作。
3. 老师不应该教学生相互竞争，而应该教他们合作。
4. 一旦高中毕业，你就可以找工作或者上大学。
5. 通常，恐怖电影不仅恐怖，而且暴力。
6. 报纸和杂志都是很好的获得常识的来源。
 Unit 7 Comparison
为了突出两者或者两者以上事物之间的关系，通常会用一些表比较的词将事物连接起来，这样的
结构称为比较结构。

（1） Positive Degree

表示两个对象同等或相似的程度。
例句：Consumption is as important as production to boost the economy.
例句：A discussion class is not as boring as a lecture class.

（2） Comparative Degree

表示两个对象中的一个比另一个突出。
例句：Our government charges higher prices on gas than other countries.
例句：It is getting harder to make a good living.
例句：You should spend less money than now to save for the future.

（3） Superlative Degree

表示三个以上对象中最突出的一个。
例句：Air pollution is the most imminent problem of all the environmental issues.
例句：The Industrial Revolution brought about the most radical changes in human history.

（4）重要结构
 Nothing is as important as your health.
 Parents affect their children's psychological development more than any other person.
 The more sincere you are to your friends, the better your friends will treat you.
 I think that owning a dog is the same as owning a cat.

Practice:
1) 青少年受同龄人的影响比受他们父母的影响大。
2) 有些纪录影片如同动作片一样具有娱乐性。
3) 良好的沟通技巧是领导者应培养最必要的才能。
4) 人们拥有的越多，想要的就越多。
5) 室内活动通常不像室外活动花费那么大。
6) 现代公寓比传统房屋更坚固，更便利。
7) 青少年跟朋友在一起的时间要比同父母在一起的时间长。
8) 环境污染是世界上最严重的问题之一。
9) 餐馆里的食物没有家里的健康。
10) 什么也没有一个人的家庭重要。
 Unit 8 Non-finite Verb

1. What is the Non-finite Verb?

非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词。主要包括动名词、不定式和分词（现在分词和过去分
词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。
翻译下面三个汉语表达：
（1） 散步是一项非常好的运动。

（2） 旅行的主要目的就是体验新事物。

（3） 为了在考试中取得高分，他努力学习。

2. When to use the Non-finite Verb?

（1） 动名词作主语或宾语：
 Eating meals regularly is important for health.
 I enjoy watching movies in my spare time.
 My brother is proud of having many good friends.
*动名词作主语时，注意谓语动词的性数搭配。

（2） 分词作状语或后置定语：
A. 在状语从句中，如果从句主语和主句主语一致，可以使用分词结构
Step 1：确认从句主语与主句主语保持一致
 While technology creates new jobs in some sectors of economy, it takes away jobs in others.
Step 2：删除从句主语，将从句的谓语动词改成合适的分词
 While creating new jobs in some sectors of economy, technology takes away jobs in others.
Step 3：根据句意删除或保留从属连词
保留表示时间的 before 和 since；
 Before choosing a college, a student should consider several factors.
 Since coming to the United States three years ago, Carlos has not been back home.
根据情况选择保留或删除 after, while 和 when.
After he had passed the TOEFL, he felt relaxed.
 After passing the TOEFL, he felt relaxed.
 Having passed the TOEFL, he felt relaxed.
 He felt relaxed after passing the TOEFL.
While he was preparing for the TOEFL, he lived alone.
 While preparing for the TOEFL, he lived alone.
 Preparing for the TOEFL, he lived alone.
 He lived alone while preparing for the TOEFL.
When he was asked about his recent life, he kept silent.
 When asked about his recent life, he kept silent.
 Asked about his recent life, he kept silent.
 He kept silent when asked about his recent life.

B. 在定语从句中，如果先行词在从句中做主语，可以使用分词结构
People who live in the country are often friendly.
 People living in the country are often friendly.
Children who are raised in big families can get on well with others.
 Children raised in big families can get on well with others.

常用的分词短语：
 Generally speaking, most ordinary painkillers won't work.
 Frankly speaking, the pain is sometimes so unbearable that it's hard to even stand the
weight of your own clothes on the scars.
 Judging from the look on his face, the boss must have scolded him about his work.
 Speaking of your brother, what's he doing now?
 Compared with nonfiction, fiction is more fun to read.

（3） 不定式（Infinitives)：
a) 不定式相当于名词
 To read books in English is very important for improving your vocabulary.
 The main purpose of traveling is to experience new things.
 People often like to criticize others' behavior.

b) 不定式相当于形容词
 He has a lot of work to do today．
 Since air pollution has been greatly reduced, this city is still a good place to live in.
 That's the best way to do the work.

c) 不定式相当于副词
 To keep themselves awake, they sat on the floor and told each other stories.
 She arrived early in order to get a good seat.
 It was such a loud noise as to wake everybody in the house.

Practice:
1) 对学生来说，学习历史和文学很重要。
2) 为他人工作意味着你得遵守他人的规则。
3) 在大家庭里长大的孩子通常能与他人和睦相处。
4) 因为沉迷网络，一些孩子在与别人面对面交谈时觉得不自在。
5) 根据人类历史判断，创造一个没有战争的世界很难。
 Unit 9 Vocabulary
一般功能性词汇和特殊背景词汇共同构成托福写作的词汇能力。
 一般功能性词汇。如：表示逻辑关系、事物数量、变化、事物/事件属性的词汇。
 特殊背景词汇，如：工作类或教育类词汇。
 Unit 10 Corpus of English Language
The quiet life of the country has never appealed to me. City born and city bred, I have
always regarded the country as something you look at through a train window, or something
you occasionally visit during the week-end. Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always
go into raptures at the mere mention of the country. Though they extol the virtues of the
peaceful life, only one of them has ever gone to live in the country and he was back in town
within six months. Even he still lives under the illusion that country life is somehow superior
to town life. He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the
closeness to nature and the gentle pace of living. Nothing can be compared, he maintains, with
the first cock crow, the twittering of birds at dawn, the sight of the rising sun glinting on the
trees and pastures. This idyllic pastoral scene is only part of the picture. My friend fails to
mention the long and friendless winter evenings which are interrupted only by an occasional
visit to the local cinema-virtually the only form of entertainment. He says nothing about the
poor selection of goods in the shops, or about those unfortunate people who have to travel
from the country to the city every day to get to work. Why people are prepared to tolerate a
four hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond my ken.
They could be saved so much misery and expense if they chose to live in the city where they
rightly belong.
If you can do without the few pastoral pleasures of the country, you will find the city can
provide you with the best that life can offer. You never have to travel miles to see your friends.
They invariably live nearby and are always available for an informal chat or an evening's
entertainment. Some of my acquaintances in the country come up to town once or twice a year
to visit the theater as a special treat. For them this is a major operation which involves
considerable planning. As the play draws to its close, they wonder whether they will ever
catch that last train home. The city dweller never experiences anxieties of this sort. The latest
exhibitions, films, or plays are only a short bus ride away. Shopping, too, is always a pleasure.
There is so much variety that you never have to make do with second best. Country people
run wild when they go shopping in the city and stagger home loaded with as many of the
necessities of life as they can carry. Nor is the city without its moments of beauty. There is
something comforting about the warm glow shed by advertisements on cold wet winter nights.
Few things could be more impressive than the peace that descends on deserted city streets at
week-ends when the thousands that travel to work every day are tucked a way in their homes
in the country. It has always been a mystery to me why city dwellers, who appreciate all these
things, obstinately pretend that they would prefer to live in the country.
 People travelling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to
go by land, sea, or air. Hardly anyone can positively enjoy sitting in a train for more than a few
hours. Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. It is almost impossible to take your
mind off the journey. Reading is only a partial solution, for the monotonous rhythm of the
wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep. During the day, sleep comes in snatches. At
night, when you really wish to go to sleep, you rarely manage to do so. If you are lucky
enough to get a couchette, you spend half the night staring at the small blue light in the ceiling,
or fumbling to find your passport when you cross a frontier. Inevitably you arrive at your
destination almost exhausted. Long car journeys are even less pleasant, for it is quite
impossible even to read. On motor-ways you can, at least, travel fairly safely at high speeds,
but more often than not, the greater part of the journey is spent on narrow, bumpy roads
which are crowded with traffic. By comparison, trips by sea offer a great variety of civilized
comforts. You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, swim, meet interesting
people and enjoy good food--always assuming, of course, that the sea is calm. If it is not, and
you are likely to get sea-sick, no form of transport could be worse. Even if you travel in ideal
weather, sea journeys take a long time. Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice up to a
third of their holidays for the pleasure of travelling on a ship.
Aeroplanes have the reputation of being dangerous and even hardened travellers are
intimidated by them. They also have the grave disadvantage of being the most expensive form
of transport. But nothing can match them for speed and comfort. Travelling at a height of
30,000 feet, far above the clouds, and at over 500 miles an hour is an exhilarating experience.
You do not have to devise ways of taking your mind off the journey, for an aeroplane gets you
to your destination rapidly. For a few hours, you settle back in a deep armchair to enjoy the
flight. The real escapist can watch a free film show and sip champagne on some services. But
even when such refinements are not available, there is plenty to keep you occupied. An
aeroplane offers you an unusual and breathtaking view of the world. You soar effortlessly
over high mountains and deep valleys. You really see the shape of the land. If the landscape is
hidden from view, you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud plains that stretch
out for miles before you, while the sun shines brilliantly in a clear sky. The journey is so
smooth that there is nothing to prevent you from reading or sleeping. However you decide to
spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination fresh and
uncrumpled. You will not have to spend the next few days recovering from a long and
arduous journey.
 Part 3 Introduction to Independent Writing

Unit 1 General Introduction

Raters will judge the quality of your writing. They will consider how well you develop your
ideas, how well you organize your essay, and how well you use language to express your
ideas.

You are to write in three parts.

 In the first part, state clearly what your view is.
 In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons and examples.
 In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
Sample Question:
 Unit 2 Introduction Design
参考表达：

 University students should be required to take basic science classes even if they are not
part of the field of the study.

 Classmates and partners can communicate with each other face to face to finish the
project much better than by sending e-mail.

 Movies and televisions have more negative effects than positive effects on the way
young people behave.

 People will spend less time in cooking and preparing for food in 20 years.
 Unit 3 Body Design
Sample body paragraphs:
Schools (universities, colleges, and high schools) should teach students about specific careers
and jobs instead of general subjects.
The first reason is that by learning a wide range of subjects, students can get a general
knowledge of many different fields of study. People should know how the world works,
which they can do by studying many different subjects. Personally, while I do not like every
school subject I take, I recognize their importance. I will never major in science, but I still think
it is essential for me to learn chemistry, biology, and physics. By studying these subjects, I can
learn about what the world is made up of and how things work. This information may not be
enough to use for any future job, but it is important for my developments as an educated
person.

Teachers should give students homework every day.

First of all, teachers need to ensure that their students are absorbing the material taught in
class. Many students claim to have understood their lessons, but, in reality, they have not
completely comprehended what was taught. For example, our math teacher used to give us
homework every class. However, she stopped doing that one day. This made many students
quit paying attention in class. When she gave us a test the other week, lots of students failed,
which was something they had never done before. If the teacher had been checking the
students’ progress with daily homework assignments, they might not have failed the test.

Finally, too much homework in a subject actually makes students start to dislike that class.
When teachers assign too much work, it creates a negative atmosphere for the students. I have
actually experienced this situation. I used to enjoy literature, but my teacher assigned us too
much homework. Not only that, but the assignments also took a lot of time. I really started to
resent all of this work, which made reading and writing the assignments difficult for me. After
a while, I simply came to dislike everything that had to do with literature.

Getting advice from friends of an older age would be more valuable than from friends of your
own age.
First, older friends have more real-world experience, so their advice has greater value. They
can indeed give important advice on situations you have not experienced. For example, when
deciding what college to attend, my older brother asked his friend in college where he should
study. His friend said he should think about the financial aspects, so he suggested finding an
inexpensive college where my brother could also get a scholarship. Thanks to his older friend’s
advice, my brother could be saved from having a heavy student debt in the future.

Since my friends my own age also have the same experiences as I do, they know exactly how I
feel about my problems. In fact, they can empathize with me more easily. Last year, my
parents refused to let me attend a school dance which was supposed to end at midnight
because my curfew was 10 p.m. I was so upset, but my best friend, Jin, who is the same age as
me, comforted me, saying that he had had the same problem previously, so he could
understand my feelings. He also remarked that my parents were only worried about me and
wanted me to be safe. I was still not happy, but at least I could see my parents’point of view.
Having similar experiences can help your friends understand you better.
Parents can no longer control what their children do; their behavior gets more affected by
television, movies, and other influences from outside the home.
Many television shows, movies, and video games have high levels of violent content and bad
language, which greatly influence young people watching them. Children have begun acting
badly based upon what they have seen on various media. My younger cousin got in trouble at
school for kicking some other students. When asked why he did it, he responded that he had
been imitating his favorite cartoon character. He had seen this behavior and decided to act
similarly. His parents had enormous difficulties getting him to stop. This showed me that TV
shows can be more influential than parents.

Children’s earliest and most important influences come from their parents. So parents are
integral to the development of the child’s understanding of the world. When I was still very
young, my parents began teaching me many different things. Among these were ethics and a
sense of right and wrong. They taught me what was right to do and what I should not do. I
have kept those lessons with me even to this day, and I try to live my life by those standards.

Getting a job which you work with other people is better than getting a job in which you work
alone.
In addition, doing projects alone can be time-consuming, so it is often better to collaborate
with one’s coworkers. This will ensure that the chances of failure decreases. My father works
closely with five other employees at his company. Whenever they have a project, everyone
works together. This lets them work more efficiently and faster. Also, they are able to catch
others’ mistakes, so their work is as error-free as possible. Doing things together has helped
my father become a better employee.

First, working alone enables people to save a lot more time than they would when working
with others. When people are together in an office, much time can get wasted. My father
always complains about the unproductive meetings he has to attend at his company. He notes
that people do not usually talk much about anything important. Those meetings are just big
wastes of time. If he worked alone, he could eliminate all of these unnecessary meetings,
thereby saving himself more time to do more productive things.

People should not be allowed to use mobile (cell) phones when they public transportation (e.g.
buses, trains, and airplanes).
While in public, people need to be more aware of their situations so that they will not hurt
themselves. By using their phones on buses or subways, people may sometimes put
themselves in danger. Just the other day I saw a man have an accident while getting off the bus.
He was busy talking on his phone when he slipped and fell on the ground. I heard that he
broke his leg. I am sure that he now regrets using his cell phone while taking public
transportation.

Cell phones have become integral tools for most businesspeople. Since many businesspeople
are often out of the office, they need to be able to get in touch with people wherever they are.
My uncle is a salesman, and he has to answer his phone every time it rings. If he could not
answer his phone on public transportation, which he takes a lot, he would lose a lot of
business opportunities. No one has the right to prevent another person from making a living.

A university education is essential to success in life.

Many of the things people want out of life are simply unavailable without a university
education. Once a person has a diploma, however, more doors and opportunities will open for
him or her. For example, to join the United Nations, to be an officer in the military, or even to
help others as a volunteer in some fields requires a university degree. My cousin wanted to
join the military as an officer, but his lack of a university diploma meant he had to become an
enlisted man instead. Having a university education will lead to fewer rejections later in life.

There are also opportunities for success for those without a university degree. Sometimes all it
takes is to see an opportunity and chase after it. Bill Gates is the classic example of this. He
dropped out of the Harvard to start a computer company with his friend Paul Allen. That
company was Microsoft, and Gates and Allen turned it into one of the most successful
companies in the world. Today, Bill Gates is one the world’s richest people, yet he has no
university degree. Seizing opportunities can be more important in some cases.

中间段的基本构成：
1. Topic Sentence
利弊类/价值判断（Value Judgment）
特点：

处理方法：

1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Students should take courses at XDF.

2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

It is more important for government to build new housing than preserve old and historical
building.

3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Young people should take several jobs before they decided a long-term career.

4. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

A university should focus more on its facilities, such as libraries, computers or laboratory,
rather than on hiring famous teachers.
事实类（Fact）
特点：

处理方法：

1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Many students take courses at XDF during holidays.

2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Teachers had a greater influence on young people in the past than they do today.

3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Students are more interested in politics today than before.

4. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Movies and TV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to
movies and programs made in other countries.
2. Developing Idea

因果链分析

Topic Sentence: A→B

Development: A → M1 → M2 → M3 → B

Sample：
Sports contribute to our health. By participating in various sport activities, such as
basketball and soccer, we can develop our muscles and make our body strong. It also helps
improve our immune system. Therefore, we can avoid various diseases like obesity, heart
disease, high blood pressure and so on.
3. Supporting Details
常见的论证支撑证据
 Example
 Statistic or result from a study/experiment/report

（1）Example
For example, my cousin, Jackson, works in a big company after graduation and his
daily work involves a lot of things, including arranging the conference, negotiating with
other companies, drawing the market plan for the department and so on. Thanks to the
valuable experience he accumulates in those different tasks, he has been promoted to be the
sales manager. While one of his classmates, Tom, working in another company, still works
as an ordinary clerk, as Tom only does the same task every day and does not have any
advantage to compete with others. It is evident that different tasks offer workers various
skills and help them to succeed.

（3）Statistic or result from a study/experiment/report

According to the latest survey conducted by Peking University among most teenagers
in several major cities, parents spend less than 6 hours with their kids per week, and most
time is spent during the dinner. Those teenagers complain that they try to communicate
with their parents and are eager to get some advice from them; however, it is always futile
to do so.
4. Concluding Sentence

Sample Body Paragraphs:

Sports contribute to our health. By participating in various sport activities, such as
basketball and soccer, we can develop our muscles and make our body strong. It also helps
improve our immune system. Therefore, we can avoid various diseases like obesity, heart
disease, high blood pressure and so on. Take my little brother, Jerry, as an example. When
Jerry was a child, he was so weak that once he caught a cold, he would have fever and had
to live in the hospital for at least one week. When he was nine, he began to play soccer. After
that, he quickly gained weight and was much stronger than before. Even if sometimes he
was caught in a heavy rain and was wet through, he would not fall ill. In the past five years,
he seldom went to the clinic or hospital. Thanks to sports, Jerry can enjoy a healthy life.

Furthermore, new buildings offer more living space. Compared with the old houses,
which often only contain one or two storeys, new buildings are always much taller and have
more storeys for people to live in. Therefore, by building new houses, government can solve
the living problems that are caused by the increasing population in most cities. For example,
the neighborhood I lived in when I was a child only contained five families. Three years ago,
the old houses there were replaced by high buildings and now, more than 100 families are
living in the neighborhood. It is evident that new buildings provide citizens with more
living space.

First and foremost, building new houses can help reduce the housing pressure in most
cities. As we all know, the population is increasing every year and more and more people
begin to flood into cities to find jobs. Therefore, most cities are facing a serious situation: not
enough houses. If the old buildings, which are small and old, are replaced with high
buildings, more people can find places to live in, for there are more rooms in an apartment
building. For example, in my hometown, there were many old buildings, which has only
one or two floors. As a result, many people from the suburb could not find place to live in if
they want to work in the city. The year before last year, the government decided to destroy
most of the old buildings and replaced them with new apartment buildings which are 20
storeys or higher. Consequently, those people from suburb can move into these new
buildings and do not worry about their living problems; meanwhile, the housing pressure of
the government is greatly reduced. It is evident that new buildings provide citizens with
more living space.
 Working in a big company can enlarge our relationship circle. As is known to all, there
are always over 800 people in a big company and we have to establish a close relationship
with most of them to ensure our smooth and efficient work process. What is more, big
companies often have business contact with each other, and therefore, we also need to
cooperate with people from other companies. As a result, our relationship is gradually
enlarged. For example, my brother, Tom, used to work in a small company after graduation.
There were only 45 people in that company so that Tom had no opportunity to know many
people. Last year, he changed his job and worked in a big company, which has over 1000
employees. And in just one year, Tom has made many friends in and outside the company
during his work. The work experience in the big company greatly enlarges the relationship
circle of my brother.
Unit 4 Conclusion Design
 Unit 5 Sample Essay
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:
Living in the city is much better than living in the country.

Currently, there is a widespread belief that living in the city is a good choice for most people.
From my perspective, however, it is better to live in the country.

In the first place, living in the country provides people with better environment. In the
country, there are few industrial plants and vehicles so that we can enjoy the blue sky, clean
water, fresh air and healthy food, which contribute to our health. In contrast, in the city,
people are suffering from various environmental contaminations, which result in many
diseases. For example, my grandparents have lived in the countryside for over fifty years
and they seldom go to hospital. Last month, they came to the city I live in, and the next day
they both fell ill. We sent them to the hospital and the doctor said that it was because of
smog. The doctor suggested that my grandparents should live in the hospital for some time,
but they refused. They decided to go back to their village. It was amazing that few days
after they went back, both of them recovered. The good environment in the countryside is
really beneficial for our health.

Furthermore, living in the country enables people to meet good neighbors. People living in
the country are often kind, warm-hearted and hospitable, and they are always ready to help
others. On the contrary, people living in the city are more callous and do not know each
other, let alone to help each other. For example, I lived in the countryside with my
grandparents when I was 10 years old. My grandparents were busy with the fieldwork at
that time so that every time I came back from school, I had to stay alone at home. When my
neighbor, Uncle Wang, saw this, he would invite me to his house. I did my homework there
and then played with his little son, Tom. When it was time for supper, Uncle Wang would
invite me to join his family dinner. Sometimes when my grandparents came back too late at
night, I would live in Uncle Wang’s house and he would drive me to school the next day.
Now, I live in a city, but I even do not know who my neighbors are. Living in the country
makes me feel the warmth of neighbors.

In conclusion, it is advisable to live in the countryside due to the better environment and
good neighbors.
 Part 4 Introduction to Integrated Writing

Unit 1 Introduction to the Integrated Writing

综合写作考查要点
 对听到和看到的材料做笔记，在写作前利用这些笔记组织信息
 准确地从原文材料中总结、释义和引用信息
 写出听到的信息与读到的信息之间是如何联系的。
 Unit 2 Paraphrasing and Summarizing
Reading-1
Rembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However, there are
doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him. One
such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and indeed the
representation of the woman's face is very much like that of portraits known to be by
Rembrandt. But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by
Rembrandt.

First, there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed. She
is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is
wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford. Rembrandt, who was known
for his attention to the details of his subjects' clothing, would not have been guilty of such an
inconsistency.

Second, Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow, but in this painting these
elements do not fit together. The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it from
below. But below the face is the dark fur collar, which would absorb light rather than reflect it.
So the face should appear partially in shadow-which is not how it appears. Rembrandt would
never have made such an error.

Finally, examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel made of
several pieces of wood glued together. Although Rembrandt often painted on wood panels, no
painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together in this way from several
pieces of wood.

For these reasons the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt's paintings
in the 1930s.
Listening-1
Professor:
Everything you just read about "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is true, and
yet after a thorough re-examination of the painting, a panel of experts has recently concluded
that it's indeed a work by Rembrandt. Here is why.

First, the fur collar. X-rays and analysis of the pigments in the paint have shown that the fur
collar wasn't part of the original painting. The fur collar was painted over the top of the
original painting about a hundred years after the painting was made. Why? Someone probably
wanted to increase the value of the painting by making it look like a formal portrait of an
aristocratic lady.

Second, the supposed error with light and shadow. Once the paint of the added fur color was
removed, the original could be seen, in the original painting, the woman is wearing a simple
collar of light-colored cloth. The light-colored cloth of this collar reflects light that illuminates
part of the woman's face. That's why the face is not in partial shadow. So in the original
painting, light and shadow are very realistic and just what we would expect from Rembrandt.

Finally, the wood panel. It turns out that when the fur collar was added, the wood panel was
also enlarged with extra wood pieces glued to the sides and the top to make the painting more
grand and more valuable. So the original painting is actually painted on a single piece of wood,
as would be expected from a Rembrandt painting. And in fact, researchers have found that the
piece of wood in the original form of "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is from
the very same tree as the wood panel used for another painting by Rembrandt, his "Self-
portrait with a Hat".
Reading-2
Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body
temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal
temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs
were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs
were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and
there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.

Polar dinosaurs

One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been
discovered in polar regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of
the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.

Leg position and movement

There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The
physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is
efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as
they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath
the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were
endotherms.

Haversian canals

There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms
usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood
vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a
characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator
that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with
Haversian canals.
Listening-2
Professor:
Many scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage. They don't think
those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.

Take the polar dinosaur argument. When dinosaurs lived, even the polar regions, where
dinosaur fossils have been found, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of
the year for animals that were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the polar
regions were cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or
hibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils in polar regions
doesn't prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.

Well, what about the fact that dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies, not out to
the side like crocodiles. That doesn't necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy
endotherms built for running. There is another explanation for having legs under the body.
This body structure supports more weight, so with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurs can
grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs, so we don't need the idea
of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their
bodies.

OK, so how about bone structure? Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals, that's true.
The dinosaur bones also have growth rings. Growth rings are thickening of the bone that
indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs weren't rapidly growing. These growth rings are
evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods. This
pattern of periodic growth, you know, rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth,
and then rapid growth again, is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms. Animals that
maintain a constant body temperature year-round as true endotherms do grow rapidly even
when the environment becomes cool.
 Unit 3 Integrated Writing
 Basic Structure of Integrated Writing（FYI）
In the lecture, the professor is skeptical about the idea of the reading passage that 阅读材料中
的假说. The professor argues that 听力中的反驳。

In the reading passage, 阅读材料中的论据1. On the contrary, the professor says that 听力中的
反驳理由1.

The professor then opposes reading's idea that 阅读材料中的论据2. The professor states that
听力中的反驳理由2.

Finally，the professor disproves the reading's idea that 阅读材料的论据3. The professor
points out that 听力中的反驳理由3.

In conclusion, the professor clearly identifies the weakness in the reading passage and
convincingly shows that the central argument in the reading is incorrect.
 Unit 4 Strategy for the Integrated Writing
Reading
Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient
organisms, ever since the eighteenth century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils,
particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates, has grown into a big business. Rare and
important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an
unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public.
The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated to museums where
everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do not allow the public to view their
collections. Making it harder for the public to see fossils can lead to a decline in public interest
in fossils, which would be a pity.
More importantly, scientists are likely to lose access to some of the most important fossils and
thereby miss out on potentially crucial discoveries about extinct life forms. Wealthy fossil
buyers with a desire to own the rarest and most important fossils can spend virtually limitless
amounts of money to acquire them. Scientists and the museums and universities they work for
often cannot compete successfully for fossils against millionaire fossil buyers.
Moreover, commercial fossil collectors often destroy valuable scientific evidence associated
with the fossils they unearth. Most commercial fossil collectors are untrained or uninterested
in carrying out the careful field work and documentation that reveal the most about animal life
in the past. For example, scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurs
called oviraptors by carefully observing the exact position of oviraptor fossils in the ground
and the presence of other fossils in the immediate surroundings. Commercial fossil collectors
typically pay no attention to how fossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may
surround bigger ones.
Practice-1
Reading
Communal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the
Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles
on various subjects. What is specific to these online encyclopedias, however, is that any
Internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one. As a
result, the encyclopedia is authored by the whole community of Internet users. The idea might
sound attractive, but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems
that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias.

First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby
making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases.
Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic
rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.

Second, even if the original entry in the online encyclopedia is correct, the communal nature of
these online encyclopedias gives unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers the opportunity
to fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia. Once changes have been
made to the original text, an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with.
None of this is possible with a traditional encyclopedia.

Third, the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently, and in too great a depth, on trivial
and popular topics, which creates a false impression of what is important and what is not. A
child doing research for a school project may discover that a major historical event receives as
much attention in an online encyclopedia as, say, a single long-running television program.
The traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics to include or exclude
and contains a sense of proportion that online "democratic" communal encyclopedias do not.
Listening
Professor:
The communal online encyclopedia will probably never be perfect, but that's a small price to
pay for what it does offer. The criticisms in the reading are largely the result of prejudice
against and ignorance about how far online encyclopedias have come.

First, errors. It's hardly a fair criticism that encyclopedias online have errors. Traditional
encyclopedias have never been close to perfectly accurate, if you are looking for a realty
comprehensive reference work without any mistakes, you are not going to find it, on or off line.
The real point is that it's easy for errors in factual material to be corrected in an online
encyclopedia. But with the printed and bound encyclopedia, the errors remain for decades.

Second, hacking. Online encyclopedias have recognized the importance of protecting their
articles from malicious hackers. One strategy they started using is to put the crucial facts in the
articles that nobody disputes in a read-only format, which is a format that no one can make
changes to. That way you are making sure that the crucial facts in the articles are reliable.
Another strategy that's being used is to have special editors whose job is to monitor all changes
made to the articles and eliminate those changes that are clearly malicious.

Third, what's worth knowing about? The problem for traditional encyclopedias is that they
have limited space, so they have to decide what's important and what's not. And in practice,
the judgments of the group of academics that make these decisions don't reflect the great range
of interests that people really have. But space is definitely not an issue for online encyclopedias.
The academic articles are still represented in online encyclopedias, but there can be a great
variety of articles and topics that accurately reflect the great diversity of users' interests. The
diversity of use in topics that online encyclopedias offer is one of their strongest advantages.
Sample Essay -1
The reading compares online encyclopedias with traditional printed encyclopedias, and
insists that the new form is not as valuable as the traditional one. In contrast, the listening
holds a different view by revealing that the criticisms are the result of prejudice against and
ignorance about how far online encyclopedias have come.
First, in order to rebut the reading's statement of the lack of academic credentials from
online encyclopedias, the woman says that talking about errors, traditional encyclopedias are
much worse than online encyclopedias. Especially, when we look through a complex reference,
rarely can it be error- free. Furthermore, the communal online encyclopedia can be corrected
anytime; however, errors in the printed ones might be there for decades.
Second, the passage shows concerns with easy online abuse of information. But the
listening believes that this worry can be eliminated by two protection methods. Read-only
format was designed to prevent integrity of sources from malicious hackers, so that no one can
change facts. Moreover, the special editors were introduced to monitor changes and to avoid
the possibilities of malicious modifications.
Finally, to challenge what the reading points out, that communal encyclopedias' profound
discussions on all topics create an improper impression of what is important and what is not,
the listening discloses that the reason why the traditional encyclopedias have to consider the
"proportion" of each information is that they do not have enough space. On the contrary,
having enough space, the online encyclopedias can offer not only academic articles but also a
variety of articles and topics which can reveal users' diversified interests. In a word, the large
range of information is an advantage rather than a disadvantage.

Sample Essay -2
The professor refutes the viewpoint in the reading passage that online encyclopedias have
several limits and thus are inferior to traditional ones.
First, while the passage argues that online encyclopedias may lack accuracy and
completeness, the professor points out that printed encyclopedias also have errors. According
to the professor, no one can find perfect resources without any mistake both on and off-line.
Besides, it is easy to correct mistakes in online encyclopedias while in printed ones mistakes
will remain for decades.
Second, as mentioned in the reading, hackers have the opportunity to corrupt information
in online encyclopedias. In contrast, the professor states that two measures are taken to deal
with this situation. Crucial information is put in a read-only format and special editors are
there to monitor any changes and to delete the incorrect ones.
Last, according to the passage, online encyclopedias focus primarily on trivial and
popular topics, misleading us about what’s significant and what’s not. However, the
professor suggests that the limited space of printed encyclopedias can’t reflect the broad
interests of people, while online ones don’t have space issue and they can represent a greater
diversity of user interests.
Practice-2
In an effort to encourage ecologically sustainable forestry practices, an international
organization started issuing certifications to wood companies that meet high ecological
standards by conserving resources and recycling materials. Companies that receive this
certification can attract customers by advertising their products as eco-certified. Around the
world, many wood companies have adopted new, ecologically friendly practices in order to
receive eco-certification. However, it is unlikely that wood companies in the United States will
do the same, for several reasons.

First, American consumers are exposed to so much advertising that they would not value or
even pay attention to the eco-certification label. Because so many mediocre products are
labeled 'new" or improved,'' American consumers do not place much trust in advertising
claims in general.

Second, eco-certified wood will be more expensive than uncertified wood because in order to
earn eco-certification, a wood company must pay to have its business examined by a
certification agency. This additional cost gets passed on to consumers-American consumers
tend to be strongly motivated by price, and therefore they are likely to choose cheaper
uncertified wood products. Accordingly, American wood companies will prefer to keep their
prices low rather than obtain eco-certification.

Third, although some people claim that it always makes good business sense for American
companies to keep up with the developments in the rest of the world, this argument is not
convincing. Pursuing certification would make sense for American wood companies only if
they marketed most of their products abroad. But that is not the case—American wood
businesses sell most of their products in the United States, catering to a very large customer
base that is satisfied with the merchandise.
 Mastery of TOEFL iBT Writing

Review of Integrated Writing

Review of Independent Writing

Sample Question:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:
Parents do not understand their children as well as the parents did 50 years ago.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Sample Essay

Currently, there is a widespread belief that parents in modern society have a better
understanding of their children, while, most of the time, children in modern society gain more
attention but less understanding from their parents.

In the first place, children in modern society become more difficult to understand than 50
years ago. The generation gap becomes huger between parents and children in modern society,
because children acquire a lot more new information and ideas from various resources, such as
mass media and the Internet. However, these ideas cannot be accepted by their parents, who
always have a stereotyped mind and are reluctant to take novel concepts. For example,
children may browse the Internet for some useful information when doing their homework.
However, such an approach may be regarded as something related to “play” in the eyes of the
parents, for they will argue that if any information is needed, children should turn to books
rather than the computers: such machines in their eyes are equal to game creators. In this case,
misunderstanding appears and there may follow quarrels, which will impede the mutual
understanding of parents and children. By contrast, parents in the past were not bothered by
such problems since there were no such advanced technological inventions. Therefore, parents
may find it harder to understand their kids in modern society.

Furthermore, heavy workload in modern society may lessen the opportunity for parents to
have a better understanding of their kids. Due to the quickening pace of modern life, the fierce
competition forces people to devote much more time and energy than before to their work.
Consequently, parents may spare less time to communicate with their children. On the
contrary, parents who lived 50 years ago were not so engaged in their work and thus spent
more time with their kids. Therefore, it is conceivable that parents in the past understood their
children better than parents in modern society. According to the latest survey conducted by
Peking University among most teenagers in several major cities, parents spend less than 6
hours with their kids per week, and most time is spent during the dinner. Those teenagers
complain that they try to communicate with their parents and are eager to get some advice
from them; however, it is always futile to do so. Lacking communication between parents and
children may worsen the situation about the mutual understanding.

In conclusion, while modern society offers parents more means to get in touch with their
children, parents actually have less understanding of their kids than 50 years ago due to the
enlarged generation gap and the busy work.
 Part 5 Facts from the Official Guide

Scoring Rubrics

Raters will judge the quality of your writing. They will consider how well you develop your
ideas, how well you organize your essay, and how well you use language to express your
ideas.

Development

Development is the amount and kinds of support (examples, details, reasons) for your ideas
that you present in your essay. To get a top score, your essay should be, according to the rater
guidelines, "well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or
details." The raters will judge whether you have addressed the topic and how well your details,
examples, and reasons support your ideas. Do not "memorize" long introductory and
concluding paragraphs just to add words to your essay.

In your writing, make sure you develop some solid ideas about the given topic. Don’t just use
a lot of words saying that a certain issue exists. Your essay may be 300 or even 400 words long,
but if it consists largely of the sorts of empty or content-free paragraphs, you’ll probably earn a
score of just 1 or 2.

Organization

Organization is something that raters notice when you fail to organize. If an essay is organized,
a reader will be able to read it from beginning to end without becoming confused. Writing in
paragraphs and marking transitions from one idea to another in various ways usually helps
the reader to follow your ideas. But be aware that just using transition words such as first or
second does not guarantee that your essay is organized. The points you make must all relate to
the topic of the essay and to the main idea you are presenting in response. In other words,
your essay should be unified. The scoring guide mentions "unity" as well as "progression" and
"coherence" , these are terms that all have to do with how well your essay is organized and
how easy it is for the reader to follow your ideas. To earn a top score, you need to avoid
redundancy (repetition of ideas), digression (points that are not related to your main point,
that take away from the "unity" of your ideas), and unclear connections (places where it is hard
for the reader to understand how two ideas or parts of your writing are related).

Language use

Language use is the third criterion on which your essay will be judged. To get a top score, an
essay must display "consistent facility in the use of language." There should be a variety of
sentence structures, and word choice should be appropriate. If your essay includes a few
minor lexical or grammar errors, you can still get a high score. However, if you make a lot of
grammar errors and if those errors make it hard to understand your meaning, you will get a
lower score. Raters will also judge your essay based on the complexity of sentence structures
and on the quality and complexity of your vocabulary. If you use very simple sentences and
very basic vocabulary, you will probably not be able to express very complex ideas. If your
language is hard to follow, your sentences are overly simple, and your vocabulary is limited,
you may score no higher than a 3 no matter how impressive your ideas may be.

Scoring Rubrics

 Score Description of The Independent Writing

Score 5：
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
 effectively addresses the topic and task
 is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanation,
exemplification, and/or details
 displays unity, progression, and coherence
 displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety,
appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or
grammatical errors

Score 4：
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:
 Addresses the topic and task well, though some points may not be fully elaborated
 Is generally well organized and well developed, using appropriate and sufficient
explanations, exemplifications, and/or details
 Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though it may contain occasional redundancy,
digression, or unclear connections
 Displays facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of
vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure,
word form, or use of idiomatic language that do not interfere with meaning

Score 3：
An essay at this level is marked by one or more of the following:
 Addresses the topic and task using somewhat developed explanations, exemplifications,
and/or details
 Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though connection of ideas may be
occasionally obscured
 May demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that may
result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning
 May display accurate but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabulary
Part 6 Development

Paragraph

 段落是一段为了一个中心目的服务的文字。
Living in the country enables people to meet good neighbors. People living in the country are
often kind, warm-hearted and hospitable, and they are always ready to help others. On the
contrary, people living in the city are more callous and do not know each other, let alone to
help each other. For example, I lived in the countryside with my grandparents when I was 10
years old. My grandparents were busy with the fieldwork at that time so that every time I
came back from school, I had to stay alone at home. When my neighbor, Uncle Wang, saw this,
he would invite me to his house. I did my homework there and then played with his little son,
Tom. When it was time for supper, Uncle Wang would invite me to join his family dinner.
Sometimes when my grandparents came back too late at night, I would live in Uncle Wang’s
house and he would drive me to school the next day. Now, I live in a city, but I even do not
know who my neighbors are. Living in the country makes me feel the warmth of neighbors.

Some professional training can be arranged for teachers so as to improve the quality of
education. As we know, if teachers learn something new and useful, they will apply this
knowledge to their teaching process. By receiving various trainings, teachers can greatly
improve themselves, which is of course beneficial to students, for they can learn more from
teachers. As a result, the quality of education will be greatly improved correspondingly. For
instance, many famous schools in my country, such as Huanggang Middle School in Hubei
province and Qidong Middle School in Jiangsu province, teachers are organized together to
receive trainings every few months, not only to gain some advanced knowledge but also to
share experience with each other. By doing so, all teachers get improved in their teaching, and
consequently more students get better academic performance at school and more students are
enrolled in outstanding universities in China.

Higher salaries can attract more elites to the teaching troop and thus improve the quality of
education. As is known to all, elites have a wide range of knowledge and are always
specialized in a certain field. Therefore, they can impart more professional and accurate
knowledge to students and help them make progress. However, it is difficult to become elite,
so those elites are expecting to get better payment when they work. If teachers’ salaries are
raised, elites will work as teachers, for they will accept such a high salary. For example, my
brother, Tom, graduated from Yale University five years ago and worked in a company,
because at that time, the teachers’ salaries were relatively low. However, last year, he left his
company and worked in a middle school in my city, for the salary offered by the school is
twice as much as that by the company. In the last few months, it is reported that more and
more people graduated from famous universities join in that school and that school provides a
better education than before, with more than 80% students enrolled in key high school in my
city.
 如何发展中间段落
一个段落有三个部分构成：
 ______________________________________________
 ______________________________________________
 ______________________________________________

中间段的参考发展步骤：
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________
Topic Sentence

利弊类/价值判断（Value Judgment）
特点：

处理方法：

1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

An effective leader should try to make others feel they are parts of a decision.

2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

It is as important for older people to study and learn new things as it is for young people.

3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

If people are on vacation (holiday), they should leave their mobile phones at home.

4. Some students prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small
assignments, whereas others prefer to have their grades determined by only a few large
ones. Which one do you prefer and why?.
事实类（Fact）
特点：

处理方法：

1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

People living in big cities are more satisfied than those living in the countryside.

2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Teaching is harder than it was in the past.

3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

In the past young people depended on their parents for making decisions. Today young
people are better able to make decisions on their own.

4. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

People nowadays spend much more time than they should using text messages and new
technologies such as social media to communicate with each other.
Developing Ideas

Step 2：解释拓展主题句

 Living in the country contributes to our health. As is known to all, in the country there
are few industrial plants and vehicles, so fewer pollutants are emitted into the water
and air. As a result, we can enjoy the blue sky, clean water, fresh air and healthy food,
which contribute to our health.
 It is advisable for students to pursue a field of study concerning their interest and
talents. Majors with interests and talents promote students’ academic progress, which
would contribute to their final success. Just as an old Chinese saying goes, “Interest is
the best teacher for students.” With interest and talents, students may be more
enthusiastic with their academic study and will achieve more within that field, for
what they are engaged in are just what they enjoy. And talents will play a crucial role
during the study process, assisting students to have a deeper understanding and
exploration of the field.

Step 3：比较对比论证
 如果是 A 和 B 两种事物比较，选择 A，在描述 A 好的时候，可以对比 B 在该方面的不
好。
 如果只有一种事物，可以先说该事物怎么样，再说如果没有该事物又会怎样。

1. The importance of old friends in reducing stress cannot be exaggerated. Older friends
have longer relationships with us; therefore, they know us better than new friends.
When we encounter obstacles, it is our long-term friends—our old friends—who give
us the best suggestions and help us get through our problems. Our new friends
sometimes cannot give adequate advice to us because they do not know our situations
well enough. We need time to get to know our new friends.
2. As is known to all, people will become tired and lose efficiency if they concentrate on
the same thing for a long time, for their brains cannot have a rest. This will further
create risk of making mistakes or even physical injuries if the person keeps the same
body gesture for a long time. By contrast, different types of tasks provide workers with
the opportunity to shift their minds and make them less tired during the work.
3. When children get a sum of money, they should consider carefully how to allocate this
money and set a priority of things to buy. Besides, some children may even think about
how to make more money out of the money he/she has already possessed. By doing so,
those children will be adept at how to use their money wisely and properly, and this is
what we call financial management. However, if a child could not manage his/her
money at a young age, when he/she grows up, he/she may be excited about the first
money he/she makes, and thus he/she may buy/purchase everything he/she wants
without consideration and comparison. It is evident that the child will soon run out
of/use up his/her money and may suffer a lot in the following days.
Supporting Details

 一般性例证（general example）
 个人经历（personal experience）
 假设情况（scenarios）
 名人事例（famous people）
 调查和研究（survey & study）

1. For example, children may browse the Internet for some useful information when doing
their homework. However, such an approach may be regarded as something related to
“play” in the eyes of the parents, for they will argue that if any information is needed,
children should turn to books rather than the computers: such machines in their eyes
are equal to game creators. In this case, misunderstanding appears and there may
follow quarrels, which will impede the mutual understanding of parents and children.

2. Take my brother, Tom, as an example. Tom had lived in the country with my
grandparents for twelve years before he went to the city to enter middle school. When
he was living in the countryside, he seldom fell ill and enjoyed himself in the nature
every day. Since he went to the city, he gradually felt his throat sore and often coughed.
When he was sent to the hospital, the doctor said that it was because of the air pollution,
especially the smog, caused by the exhausted gas of automobiles and the pollutants
discharged by the factories. So Tom had to wear masks in bad weather. Last summer,
he went back to the countryside to spend his vacation, and the next week he arrived, his
cough stopped and he felt much better.

3. In many life situations, complaining in person is the superior choice. Let’s consider the
following hypothetical situation. A person buys a defective product and s/he wants to
return it. Suppose s/he writes a letter to the dealer/manufacturer to do so. It’ll take
days or even weeks before the letter reaches the responsible party. And even after
receiving the letter, the responsible party might dismiss it out of the hand or bury it
under bureaucratic procedures. In contrast, if s/he goes directly to the dealer or
producer, his/her problem will get the proper attention immediately.

4. What is more important, one can easily acquire achievement within any field as long as
he/she is specialized in it. J.K. Rowling, the greatest writer in Britain, who is popular
for her series of Harry Potter, can best buttress this point. When J.K. Rowling graduated
from high school, her parents suggested her choosing the major of engineering, which
 was considered as one of the hot majors and would be quite easy to find a job after
graduation. However, J.K. Rowling shared more interest in English literature, an
unpopular major then and nowadays, and she secretly changed her major to English
literature when she was in freshmen year. Combined with her interests and talents, J.K.
Rowling has become a famous writer in the world and her works are popular with
people of all ages. The example of J.K. Rowling indicates that with endeavor, together
with our interests and talents, we can achieve our success in the end.

5. According to the latest survey conducted by MIT among young people in several major
cities, students can remember only 10% of what they read, 20% of what they hear and
50% of what they see demonstrated. But when they're actually doing something
themselves—in the virtual worlds on iPads or laptops—that retention rate skyrockets to
90%.
Closing Sentence

Coherence & Cohesion

• _____________________________

• _____________________________

• _____________________________

• 逻辑连接词的使用

对比 递进
in contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, besides, furthermore, moreover.
on the other hand, nevertheless. 原因
列举 due to, thanks to, owing to, because of
for example, for instance, such as. because, as, for, since.
顺序 结果
to begin with, what is more, last but not least as a result, thus, hence, therefore,
first and foremost, secondly, in addition consequently.
In the first place, Furthermore/Moreover 总结
on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to
sum up.
 Part 7 Organization

You are to write in three parts.

 In the first part, state clearly what your view is.
 In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons and examples.
 In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.

Unit 1 How to Write Body Paragraph

Step 1：主题句
Step 2：解释拓展主题句
Step 3：比较对比论证
Step 4：例证
Step 5：小结
Unit 2 How to Write the Introduction

开头段的段落设计

Practice:
• University students should not be required to attend classes. Instead, they should be able
to receive credits through a final test or paper.

• Parents should limit the time children spend on movies and televisions.
Unit 3 How to Write the Conclusion

Unit 4 Basic Structure

Para. 1：Currently, there is a widespread belief that 其他观点. From my perspective, however,
明确自己的观点.
Para. 2：In the first place, 主题句. 解释拓展主题句. 对比论证. 例证. 小结.
Para. 3：In addition, 主题句. 解释拓展主题句. 对比论证. 例证. 小结.
Para. 4：In conclusion, 再次强调自己的观点 due to / because 理由一 and 理由二.
 特殊题型段落设计
1. 对比: better than/ rather than/ more important than
 Printed books have greater effects on society than television has.
 A teacher‘s ability to relate well with the students is more important than knowing the
subject well.
 The car (automobile) has had a greater effect on society than the airplane.
 Society benefits more from works of great artists than from political leaders.
 The ability to maintain a small number of friends for a long time is more important to
happiness than the ability to make new friends easily.
 Working at home using computers and telephones is better than working in the office.
 Spending money on traveling is better than saving money for future use.
 Working three days a week with longer hours is better than working five days a week
with shorter hours.
 Getting advice from friends who are older than you is more valuable than getting advice
from friends your same age.
 Some jobs pay high salaries to employees but require them live far away from their family
and friends．Some jobs pay low salaries but allow employees to live closer with their
family and friends.
2. 绝对词：best/only 等
 The best way to improve the quality of the education in a country is to increase teachers'
salaries.
 Visiting museums is the best way to learn about a country.
 Most business people are motivated only by the desire for more money.
 Advertising is the only cause of unhealthy eating habits.
 The most important investment for a big company is to improve the work skills of its
employees.
 The most effective way for government to encourage energy conservation is to increase
the price of gasoline and electricity.
 Only movies that can teach us something about real life is worth watching.
3. 分类法
 People can solve important problems by themselves so there's no need for the government
to help them.
 Technology designed to make our life simpler actually makes our life more complicated.
 Most of the environment issues are too complex today. Individuals can do nothing about
them.
 The rapid growth of cities can be seen as a positive development of society.
 The rules that today’s society expects young people to follow and obey are too strict.
 College or university should offer students more preparation before they start working.
4. 三选一
 Which way do you think is the best for a student to make new friends?
a. join a sports team b. participate in community activities c. Travel
 Your community has a piece of land and is considering introducing a business to this land.
Which business would you prefer?
1. A shopping mall
2. A performing art center
3. A hotel
 What is the most important action for the government to solve environmental problems?
1) funding research on new energy sources such as solar and wind power;
2) protecting the forest and wildlife;
3) passing and enforcing laws to reduce the pollution
 What is the most useful action for people to help environment in their local community:
1. Plant trees and create parks ;
2. Persuade local shops to stop providing plastic bags to customers;
3. Increase access to public transportation(such as buses and trains) to reduce cars on the
road
 Which one of the following values is the most important to share with a young child (ages
5 to 10)? Why?
A. Being helpful to others
B. Being honest
C. Being well-organized
 When making major purchase (for example, car or laptop), our decisions can be influenced
by different sources of information. Explain how each of the following sources of
information can influence your decision.
(1)Recommendations from friends or colleagues
(2)Information from media (for example, TV, magazines, newspapers)
(3)Recommendations from sales person in the store
 In times of an economic crisis, in which area should the government reduce its spending?
1. Library 2. Public Transportation 3. Police
 In times of an economic crisis, in which area should the government reduce its spending?
1. Education
2. Health Care
3. Support for the unemployed
 Part 8 Language Use

第 1 宗罪：
Employee can get more benefits from telecommuting than employer.

第 2 宗罪：
Work at home using modern technology can greatly enhance our efficiency.
Children who are raise in impoverished families can generally deal with problems more
effectively in their adult years.
The problems that are created by environmental contamination is very hard to resolve.
Many students are like studying home economics.
In present-day society, cultures were becoming very similar.

第 3 宗罪：
Intelligent students should not be treated different by their teachers.

第 4 宗罪：
Countries should pay attention on the disadvantages globalization may create.
The Internet has instead of teachers in many classrooms.

第 5 宗罪：
Some parents do not obey traffic rules himself.

第 6 宗罪：
Some people think the Internet only has positive impact, other people think it also has
negative influence on our lives.

第 7 宗罪：
There are a great many children think the main purpose of education should be to afford them
pleasure and enjoyment.

附：语法检查清单
 Grammar (subject-verb agreement, ill-formed verbs)
 Incorrect usage (word forms, article errors)
 Mechanics (spelling, punctuation errors)
 Lexical Complexity (sophistication of word choice)
 Unit 1 Basic Sentence Structures

 Simple Sentence 简单句

 Compound Sentence 复合句
 Complex Sentence 复杂句
 Unit 2 A Variety of Sentence Structures

常用的句式变化方法
 长短句结合
 松散句和圆周句
 分词结构
 状语前置
 倒装结构
 强调句式
 插入语
 修饰性问句
Unit 3 Appropriate Word Choice
 Part 9 Sample Essay

Sample Essay - 1

Some parents offer their school-age children money for each high grade (mark) they get in
school. Do you think this is a good idea？
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Currently, children may get some money as an award from their parents for the high grade
they get at school.【相关背景】 From my perspective, however, it is not a good idea for
parents to do so. 【明确自己观点】

In the first place, 【衔接词】awarding children money for good grades at school will have
negative effects on children in the long run. 【主题句：题目中的具体的动作带来的具体的
结果】As we know, teenagers are immature and their moral values are easily influenced by
what they observe and experience. Therefore, if a teenager is awarded with money when
he/she gets a high mark in the recent exam, he/she will inevitably associate the high grade
with money and may consider the purpose of getting a higher score is to win money as a
prize. If so, the genuine meaning of study and education will be overshadowed. Once there
will be no money as an award, the passion and enthusiasm will definitely decline. 【对主
题句进行详细的解释：为什么会这样？这样做能带来什么】Take my cousin, Tom, as an
example. When Tom was in the primary school, his parents always gave him some money
according to the score he got in the exam: maybe 5 dollars for 80, 10 dollars for 90 and 20
dollars for the full mark, 100. 【具体细节的体现】From then on, the only stimulus for Tom
to study hard is to earn more money in this way. However, when Tom entered middle
school, his parents stopped giving him money as prize and he soon found study dull and
boring, for the only stimulation had gone. As a result, Tom gradually fell behind his
classmates and often got poor academic performance at school. 【例子所阐述的内容一定要
与前面的解释保持一致，并且在例子中要有具体的人物去做具体的事情，表述清楚具体的细
节】If Tom had not received money as award when he was young, he would not have
developed such a wrong perspective toward study. 【对例子进行小结，呼应主题句】

Furthermore, 【 衔 接 词 的 使 用 】 parents should adopt more positive and effective

awarding methods. 【当题目中谈到通过做B这件事情去达到A这个目的时，我们可以先去
说B存在着问题，然后指出还有C的存在】For most teenagers, money is not a necessity in
their daily life, for parents almost provide all they need for them. Thus, if teenagers get a
good academic performance, parents may offer more meaningful awards, among which
traveling is a good choice. 【解释拓展主题句：为什么会这样？】By traveling, children can
not only get relaxed after a long time stressful study, but also broaden their horizons.
What’s more, traveling may further inspire children’s interest for study. 【阐述这样做
会带来什么结果】For example, I got straight A in my final exam years ago, and as an
award, I got the chance to travel in the United States.【例子与前面内容保持一致】 In
Pennsylvania, I learned a lot about the American history and in New York city, I witnessed
the prosperity of American today. I felt excited because all these are not accessible in my
history books. Besides, the visit to several universities like Harvard and Yale buried a seed
of pursuing my further study there in my mind. After back to my hometown, I even
studied harder in order to be enrolled in my dream school in the US. 【例子中有具体的细
节点体现】For me, the traveling to America awarded by my parents is much more
valuable than any amount of money they would give me. 【对例子进行小结，呼应主题
句】

In conclusion, it is advisable for parents not to offer their children money as an award 【再
次明确自己的观点】due to the negative consequence of such method as well as other better
approaches.【对中间理由的总结】

Sample Essay - 2

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:

Teachers were more appreciated and valued by society in the past than they are nowadays.

Currently, there is a widespread belief that modern society attaches more appreciation to
teachers. 【首先用其他人的观点做铺垫】From my perspective, however, teachers were
more appreciated and valued in the past.【明确提出自己的观点】

In the first place, the tradition in the past requires people to respect teachers. 【事实类话题
的主题句需要去分析是什么原因导致了这个现象】In the past, teachers were equal to
parents, for they not only imparted knowledge but also cultivated children’s personality.
Moreover, children had to live with the teachers in most cases, which, to some extent,
provides more opportunities for teachers and students to communicate with each other. As
children had a deeper understanding of their teachers, they would show more respect and
appreciation.【解释拓展主题句】 By contrast, students spend less time with their teachers
and they may only gain knowledge from their teachers; thus, teachers exert a smaller
influence on students and get less appreciation.【对比论证】 For example, my grandfather
still always talks about his teachers in his childhood and he tells me when his teachers
were still alive, he and his classmates often visited them on holidays. My grandfather really
shows a great respect to his teachers. However, I do not place too much value on my
teachers and never visit them on holidays. Even some of my classmates always avoid
meeting teachers in the street, let alone to say hello to the teachers. 【含有具体细节的例
子】Compared to the modern society, the tradition in the past demands a greater respect
and appreciation for teachers. 【小结】

Furthermore, the teacher in the past was the only source of knowledge. 【主题句，要注意
段间逻辑连接词的使用】In the past, there were few reference books and other resources.
The only way to understand the obscure text and to learn the method to solve problems is
to attend class and listen to the teacher carefully. At that time, teachers were the
embodiment of knowledge. Therefore, it is easy to understand why people respected
teachers in the past.【解释拓展主题句】 In contrast, more reference books and materials
are available in modern society, and students can even use the Internet to search the
information they need. In such a sense, the importance of the role of teachers wanes.【对比
论证】 For instance, compared to my grandfather, who only relied on his teachers to gain
knowledge, I acquire knowledge in a variety of means, including newspaper, magazines,
television and the Internet. If one of my teachers does not teach well, I can take advantage
of the Internet courses.【具体细节例子进一步阐释】 Since modern students have access to
more choices of source of knowledge, they may respect their teachers less. 【小结】

In conclusion, teachers were more appreciated and valued by society in the past than they
are nowadays due to the tradition in the past as well as their role as the only knowledge
source.

Sample Essay - 3

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:

Workers are more satisfied when they have many different types of tasks to do during the
workday than when they do similar tasks all day long.

Currently, there is a widespread belief that workers should do similar tasks all day long to
improve the efficiency. 【用别人观点做导入】 From my perspective, however, during the
workday, workers will be more satisfied if they have a variety of tasks to do. 【明确自己观
点】

In the first place, 【连接词】workers will get bored easily if they keep doing the same type
of task for a long time. 【如果是利弊类话题，我们在主题句中指出该动作会带来什么样具体
的结果】As is known to all,【这个表达常用来表述主题句与后面解释句的过渡，也可以使用
that is to say, …或者that is because …】people will become tired and lose efficiency if
they concentrate on the same thing for a long time, for their brains cannot have a rest. This
will further create risk of making mistakes.【通过自我回答为什么会这样以及这样做能带来
什么，进一步解释拓展主题句】 By contrast, different types of tasks provide workers with
the opportunity to shift their minds and make them less tired during the work. 【反面论证
进一步去突出主题】For example, my brother, Jeff, used to complain that he felt the
efficiency decreased as time passed during the workday. Jeff is a computer engineer in a
big company and he used to spend a whole day sitting in front of his computer to write the
codes and check them. Such repetitive work made him bored and he could not focus on his
work after several hours. When the executive of the company found this problem, he
changed the work mode. Now, Jeff does not need to spend the whole day in front of his
computer; he has other tasks to do, such as helping with the workstation outside, talking
with the clients and so on. This makes Jeff more satisfied and he never complains his job
again. 【含有具体细节的例子。注意在这个例子中，以前Jeff做单一的工作给出了具体的工
作内容，后来做了不同的工作也给出了具体的内容，这样才能够突出具体的细节点】

Furthermore, 【段落之间的连接词尤其重要】by doing a variety of tasks, a person can

develop skills in different areas.【依旧是题目中的动作带来了什么结果】 This can help the
person with his or her career development because the worker has more skills to apply for
a greater range of jobs. In modern society, a person with several skills is easier to achieve
success. 【 通过 自 我询问 这 样做 能够 带来 什 么样 的 结果 ，进 一步 解 释拓 展 主题 句】 In
contrast, if a worker always does the same thing, he/she may lose many opportunities to
get promoted as long as there is someone better than him/her. 【反面论证】For example,
my cousin, Jackson, works in a big company after graduation and his daily work involves a
lot of things, including arranging the conference, negotiating with other companies,
drawing the market plan for the department and so on. Thanks to the valuable experience
he accumulates in those different tasks, he has been promoted to be the sales manager.
While one of his classmates, Tom, working in another company, still works as an ordinary
clerk, as Tom only does the same task every day and does not have any advantage to
compete with others.【含有对比的例子：一个人不同工作能够提拔，另一个人一直做相同工
作职位没有变化。在这个思路上给出具体的细节去支撑】 It is evident that different tasks
offer workers various skills and help them to succeed. 【对例子进行小结，呼应主题句】

In conclusion, workers are more satisfied when they have many different types of tasks to
do during the workday due to the avoiding of tiredness and the skills gained from those
different tasks.

Sample Essay - 4

Some people believe that when busy parents have a lot of time to spend with their children,
the best use of that time is to have fun playing games or sports. Others believe that it is best
to use that time doing things together that are related to schoolwork. Which of the two
approaches do you prefer?
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Currently, there is a widespread belief that parents should spend time doing schoolwork
with their children when they have time. From my perspective, however, it is better for
parents to have fun playing games or sports with their children.

In the first place, spending time playing with children helps parents build a close
relationship with their children. As is known to all, the fierce competition in modern
society forces parents to devote more time and energy to their work; thus, they do not have
much time communicating with their children. As a result, the generation gap between
parents and children becomes larger due to the lack of interaction. By spending time
having fun with their children, parents may communicate more with their kids in a
pleasant and relaxing environment, which contributes to establishing a close relationship
between them. For example, I was raised up by my grandparents because both of my
parents work in another city. I have little opportunity to stay with them, so I even feel
strange when meeting them. When my parents realized this, they spend every weekend
playing with me. Maybe sometimes I play basketball or soccer with my father and
sometimes I play badminton with my mother. After some time, I feel closer to my parents
and our relationship gets better. It is evident that playing with children contributes to the
good relationship between parents and kids.

Furthermore, spending time playing with children is beneficial to children's growth.

Teenagers have already gained the theoretical knowledge from the teachers at school, and
by playing with their parents, they may learn more valuable things that cannot be acquired
in class, which is essential for their future development. For instance, last month I played
the badminton with my parents and our neighbors. At first, I always missed the
shuttlecock and was depressed; after some rounds, I decided to give up. While my parents
told me I should not give up so easily; instead, I should find out the problems and try to
solve them. After a short discussion, I realized that in doubles, I always paid little attention
to my teammate and thus the inefficient cooperation led to my failure. My parents told me
the importance of teamwork and encouraged me to try it again. I soon picked up my
confidence and enjoyed the little competition. This experience has influenced me a lot and
every time I come across difficulties, I will remember what my parents told me: ‘ When
life gets hard and you want to give up, remember that life is full of ups and downs, and
without the downs, the ups would mean nothing. ’ Thanks to playing with my parents, I
really learn many lessons about life.

In conclusion, it is advisable for parents to play with their children if they have spare time
due to the close relationship built in the process and the life lessons they impart.
 Integrated Writing

Part 10 Integrated Writing

综合写作是托福写作的第一个写作任务，考生首先将在屏幕的左侧读到一篇230-300词左右的文
章，阅读时间为3分钟，阅读时间结束后，阅读文章消失在屏幕上，紧接着的是一篇2分钟左右的
讲座（词数同样在230-300词左右），讲座中的教授就阅读中的同一话题从不同角度提出自己的
观点并给出详细的细节信息。在现行的考试中，听力中的观点一般是对阅读中的观点进行反驳。
听力结束后，阅读文章将会再次出现在屏幕的左侧，考试将有20分钟的时间在屏幕右侧的答题区
域内进行答题。官方指南中指出，一篇有效的作文大约在150-225词左右，如果写作字数超出225
词并不会扣分。

为什么会在TOEFL iBT考试中出现综合写作？综合写作的本质其实是课堂论文写作，考查学生的
信息获取能力和信息整合能力。TOEFL考试整体都是对北美教学场景的再现，阅读文章主要来
自大学课本，并尽可能少地做改动；听力对话主要围绕教学及教学服务，讲座主要是课堂场景再
现；口语考查学生在学术环境下的表达能力及信息整合能力。综合写作也不例外，可以这样认
为，三分钟的阅读可以当做课前预习课文，两分钟左右的讲座就是课堂上教授的分析，接下来的
写作相当于北美常见的课堂论文写作过程。所以在写作中增加综合写作这一项，也是帮助非英语
国家的考试适应北美的教学环境。

Test requirement

1. Note taking：学生在阅读和听力过程中应该有效记录重点信息，这些信息在接下来的写作
任务中将起到非常重要的作用。
2. Outlining：合理规划笔记形成提纲可以帮助考生有逻辑地组织信息，并能够帮助考生将
阅读信息和听力信息有效联系起来。
3. Summarizing：针对230-300字左右的两篇文章，考生不可能记录所有的信息，所以考生
 需要去筛选重要的信息进行总结，最终完成写作。
4. Paraphrasing：考生在写作过程中不可以照抄阅读中的原句，听力中的句子考生也不可
能完全记录下来，所以考生需要用自己的语言去表述相关信息。
5. Citing：综合写作不要求考生给出任何自己的观点，所有的内容都是引用阅读和听力中的
信息。
6. Connecting/Linking：恰当地使用连接词或词组可以使得文章更加连贯。考生需要使用
一定的连接手段将听力中的有效信息和阅读中的主要信息联系起来，最终完成写作。

Scoring Rubrics

从2014年起，综合写作的评分发生较大的变化：e-rater加入到综合写作的评分中。在ETS托福官
网（http://www.ets.org/toefl/ibt/）上明确指出：The TOEFL test uses automated scoring to
complement human scoring for the two tasks in the Writing section. Combining human
judgment for content and meaning, and automated scoring for linguistic features, ensures
consistent, quality scores. 也就是说，和独立写作一样，综合写作同时由human rater和e-rater
进行评分，两者给出来的都是0-5分的原始分，最终由设定的计算机系统换算成0-30分的scale
score。人工阅卷更看重内容和结构，e-rater更注重语言。考虑到e-rater在语言标准上考查的4个
大项37个点，各位考生在未来的综合写作中一定要规范自己的语言表达。
具体来说，和独立写作比较类似，综合写作主要从三个维度去审核考生的文章：
1. Accurate development：
• How well you select important information from the lecture.
• How well you present it in relation to relevant information from the reading.
2. Organization：
• Write in paragraphs
• Use transitions
• Avoid redundancy
3. Language use：
• Sentence structure
• Word choice
• Vocabulary
• Use of grammar
 Practice for the Integrated Writing

Practice 1:
Directions: You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be
judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the
points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective
response will be 150 to 225 words.
Question: Summarise the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt
on specific points made in the reading passage.
Every year, forest fires and severe storms cause a great deal of damage to forests in the
northwestern United States. One way of dealing with the aftermath of these disasters is called
salvage logging, which is the practice of removing dead trees from affected areas and using the
wood for lumber, plywood, and other wood products. There are several reasons why salvage
logging is beneficial both to a damaged forest and to the economy.
First, after a devastating fire, forests are choked with dead trees. If the trees are not removed,
they will take years to decompose; in the meantime, no new trees can grow in the cramped
spaces. Salvage logging, however, removes the remains of dead trees and makes room for
fresh growth immediately, which is likely to help forest areas recover from the disaster.
Also, dead trees do more than just take up space. Decaying wood is a highly suitable habitat
for insects such as the spruce bark beetle, which in large numbers can damage live, healthy
spruce trees. So by removing rotting wood, salvage logging helps minimize the dangers of
insect infestation, thus contributing to the health of the forest.
Third and last, salvage logging has economic benefits. Many industries depend upon the
forests for their production, and because of this a fire can have a very harmful effect on the
economy. Often, however, the trees that have been damaged by natural disasters still can
provide much wood that is usable by industries. Furthermore, salvage logging requires more
workers than traditional logging operations do, and so it helps create additional jobs for local
residents.
Practice 2:
Directions: You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be
judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the
points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective
response will be 150 to 225 words.
Question: Summarise the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt
on specific points made in the reading passage.
The United Kingdom (sometimes referred to as Britain) has a long and rich history of human
settlement. Traces of buildings, tools, and art can be found from periods going back many
thousands of years: from the Stone Age, through the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the time of the
Roman colonization, the Middle Ages, up to the beginnings of the industrial age. Yet for most
of the twentieth century, the science of archaeology—dedicated to uncovering and studying
old cultural artifacts—was faced with serious problems and limitations in Britain.

First, many valuable artifacts were lost to construction projects. The growth of Britain's
population, especially from the 1950s on, spurred a lot of new construction in British cities,
towns, and villages. While digging foundations for new buildings, the builders often
uncovered archaeologically valuable sites. Usually, however, they proceeded with the
construction and did not preserve the artifacts. Many archaeologically precious artifacts were
therefore destroyed.

Second, many archaeologists felt that the financial support for archaeological research was
inadequate. For most of the twentieth century, archaeology was funded mostly through
government funds and grants, which allowed archaeologists to investigate a handful of the
most important sites but which left hundreds of other interesting projects without support.
Furthermore, changing government priorities brought about periodic reductions in funding.

Third, it was difficult to have a career in archaeology. Archaeology jobs were to be found at
universities or with a few government agencies, but there were never many positions available.
Many people who wanted to become archaeologists ended up pursuing other careers and
contributing to archaeological research only as unpaid amateurs.
Practice 3:
Directions: You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be
judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the
points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective
response will be 150 to 225 words.
Question: Summarise the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt
on specific points made in the reading passage.
In the 1950s Torreya taxifolia, a type of evergreen tree once very common in the state of
Florida, started to die out. No one is sure exactly what caused the decline, but chances are
good that if nothing is done, Torreya will soon become extinct. Experts are considering three
ways to address the decline of Torreya.

The first option is to reestablish Torreya in the same location in which it thrived for thousands
of years. Torreya used to be found in abundance in the northern part of Florida, which has a
specific microclimate. A microclimate exists when weather conditions inside a relatively small
area differ from the region of which that area is a part. Northern Florida's microclimate is very
favorable to Torreya's growth. This microclimate is wetter and cooler than the surrounding
region's relatively dry, warm climate. Scientists have been working to plant Torreya seeds in
the coolest, dampest areas of the microclimate.

The second option is to move Torreya to an entirely different location, far from its Florida
microclimate. Torreya seeds and saplings have been successfully planted and grown in forests
further north, where the temperature is significantly cooler. Some scientists believe that
Torreya probably thrived in areas much further north in the distant past, so by relocating it
now, in a process known as assisted migration, humans would simply be helping Torreya
return to an environment that is more suited to its survival.

The third option is to preserve Torreya in research centers. Seeds and saplings can be moved
from the wild and preserved in a closely monitored environment where it will be easier for
scientists both to protect the species and conduct research on Torreya. This research can then
be used to ensure the continued survival of the species.
Practice 4:
Directions: You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be
judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the
points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective
response will be 150 to 225 words.
Question: Summarise the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt
on specific points made in the reading passage.
In the United States, it had been common practice since the late 1960s not to suppress natural
forest fires. The “let it burn” policy assumed that forest fire would burn themselves out
quickly, without causing much damage. However, in the summer of 1988, forest fires in
Yellowstone, the most famous national park in the country, burned for more than two months
and spread over a huge area, encompassing more than 800,000 acres. Because of the large scale
of the damage, many people called for replacing the “let it burn” policy with a policy of
extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. Three kinds of damage caused by the “let it
burn” policy were emphasized by critics of the policy.

First, Yellowstone fires caused tremendous damage to the park’s trees and other vegetation.
When the fires finally died out, nearly one third of Yellowstone’s land had been scorched.
Trees were charred and blackened from flames and smoke. Smaller plants were entirely
incinerated. What had been a national treasure now seemed like a devastated wasteland.

Second, the park wildlife was affected as well. Large animals like deer and elk were seen
fleeing the fire. Many smaller species were probably unable to escape. There was also concern
that the destruction of habitats and the disruption of food chains would make it impossible for
the animals that survived the fire to return.

Third, the fires compromised the value of the park as a tourist attraction, which in turn had
negative consequences for the local economy. With several thousand acres of the park
engulfed in flames, the tourist season was cut short, and a large number of visitors decided to
stay away. Of course, local businesses that depended on park visitors suffered as a result.
 Suggestion for TOEFL Writing Preparation

Suggestion for the Integrated Writing

综合写作主要考查学生信息的获取及整合能力，在准备综合写作过程中，大家可以注意一下一些
建议：
1. 合理规划笔记：将笔记区域分成左右两个板块，分别对应记录阅读和听力相关内容；记笔记
时，尽量使用字母缩写或符号，考生可通过课下练习形成自己的笔记形式，笔记不需要多么
工整，只需要自己能看得懂即可。

2. 在阅读的时候，要注意记录主要信息。一般来说，阅读由四个自然段组成，其中阅读的主要
观点一般位于第一自然段的最后一句话，但如果最后一句话有代词，需要指出代词的具体指
代对象；接下来的三个自然段一定要分别读完整个自然段再去总结每一个自然段的内容要
点，不要只看第一句话。

3. 在听力中要带着问题去听，同时去记录一些重点信息。听力中一般反驳阅读中的观点，因此
会给出一些细节或是例子，在听力中重点去听教授是如何使用一些证据去反驳阅读中的信
息，对于类似于 for example，for instance，another explanation 等表达后面的内容我们要
尤其注意。

4. 写作中不能带有自己的观点，也不能只去写阅读或听力中的内容，要写出听力中的信息是如
何与阅读中的信息联系起来的。

5. 熟悉 TPO 上的综合写作。托福综合写作的内容往往具有重复性，所以多做题能够帮助我们
熟悉一些相关信息。例如，阅读中经常会提到北极地区非常寒冷会影响到 XXX，听力中一般
会指出当时北极并不是很冷，从而会怎么样。再例如，阅读中会提到某种动物或植物会影响
到 XXX，听力中会指出在某地没有该种动物或植物但 XXX 依然受到影响。

Suggestion for the Independent Writing

作为一种语言测试方式，托福写作考试，尤其是独立写作的重点是检测考生的英语语言
表达水平，如何写出正确流畅的语言并使用相关详细的证据支撑自己的观点是得到托福写作单项
高分的必备条件。在TOEFL iBT Official Guide（托福官方指南）中明确指出托福独立写作有三
大考查维度：Development（展开论点），Organization（组织文章结构）和Language Use
（语言运用）。同学们在复习备考的时候可以参考下面的学习建议：
1. 加强高中词汇的掌握，要求熟练使用高中词汇及相关搭配，适当积累一些四级词汇的用法；
2. 加强语法的学习，重点掌握三大从句、非谓语动词结构和一些常用的动词搭配及相关句型，
可以通过句子翻译练习来巩固语法运用
3. 通过多阅读范文积累相关语言表达和写作格式
4. 练习写作思路的拓展，也就是如何把一个问题描述的具体和清晰

Preparation for your TOEFL Writing

 在今后的考试中，生物类话题依旧会成为综合写作的考试重点（生物类话题也是其他几项考试的
重点），所以各位同学需要通过TPO等相关材料，熟悉相关背景知识（如恐龙的生活习性、蝙蝠
和一些鸟类的生活等）和重 点学科词汇（如reptile ，amphibian ，vertebrate，invertebrate
等）；抽象类的生活/思考类话题仍将成为独立写作的重点，同学们可以在平时泛读中积累相关
的语料和素材。对于综合写作，各位同学需要熟悉参考写作模板，在写作中要尽可能多地写出听
力中的细节信息，并且明确指出听力与阅读之间的关系；针对独立写作，同学们在规范语言表达
的同时，要熟悉针对每一种题型的解题思路及文章结构，并且练习如何在主题句的控制下合理地
使用详细的理由和例子去支撑。
下表总结了不同分数阶段的同学可能存在的问题以及应对方法，各位同学可以参考自己目前的情
况有规划地进行复习备考：
综合写作 Limited-Fair：

学生存在问题 需要掌握的技能及知识点

1. 分别对阅读文章和听力文章进行大意理解
failure to understand the lecture or
reading passage 2. 练习对于文章内容的复述
1. 分别对阅读文章和听力文章做笔记练习，找出听力和阅
deficiencies in relating the lecture to
the reading passage 读的对应内容
2. 将听力中的细节点与阅读中的要点匹配起来
many grammatical errors and/or 1. 将笔记转化为完整的句子，由老师进行批改
very unclear expressions and 2. 练习标准键盘打字
sentence structures

综合写作 Fair-Good

学生存在问题 需要掌握的技能及知识点

1. Although the overall response is definitely oriented to 1. 练习总结段落要点

the task, it conveys only vague, global, unclear, or 2. 练习通过阅读内容预测听力内容
somewhat imprecise connection of the points made in 3. 练习听力细节点记录
the lecture to points made in the reading 4. 将听力中的细节信息与阅读要点结
2. The response may omit one major key point made in 合起来
the lecture
3. Some key points made in the lecture or the reading, or
connections between the two, may be incomplete,
inaccurate, or imprecise.
Errors of usage and/or grammar may be more frequent 加强语言训练
or may result in noticeably vague expressions or
obscured meanings in conveying ideas and connections.
独立写作 Limited-Fair：

学生存在问题 需要掌握的技能及知识点

1. 五种基本句型在写作中的正确使用
2. 平行结构在写作中的正确使用
3. 名词性从句在写作中的正确使用
A. 什么时候使用名词性从句
B. 怎样正确使用名词性从句
(1) 以 that 引导的名词性从句
(2) 以 whether 引导的名词性从句
1. An accumulation of errors in sentence
(3) 以 wh-/how 引导的名词性从句
structure and/or usage
(4) 同位语从句的常用句型
2. Grammatical mistakes or
4. 形容词性从句在写作中的正确使用
vague/incorrect uses of words may
A. 什么时候使用定语从句
make the writing difficult to understand
B. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句区别
5. 副词性从句在写作中的正确使用
6. 非谓语动词在写作中的灵活运用
A. 动名词作主语或宾语
B. 分词作状语或后置定语
C. 不定式表示目的
7. 比较级结构在写作中的灵活运用
1. Limited development in response to
1. 文章主旨句的写法
the topic and task
2. 段落主题句的写法
2. Inappropriate or insufficient
3. 常见的论据形式
exemplifications, explanations, or details
4. 常考话题思路分析
to support or illustrate generalizations in
response to the task
Inadequate organization or connection of 1. How to be relevant, unified and coherent
ideas 2. 4-5 段式文章的基本结构

独立写作 Fair-Good
学生存在问题 需要掌握的技能及知识点
1. 主题句的设计
You may not provide enough specific
2. 中间段的发展五步骤设计
support and development for your main
3. 相关写作素材的积累
points
4. 常考话题的思路分析
1. 句式变化
1. May demonstrate inconsistent facility in A. 并列句
sentence formation and word choice that B. 从句（名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词性
may result in lack of clarity and occasionally 从句）
obscure meaning C. 插入语
2. May display accurate but limited range of D. 句子强调（强调句式、倒装句、否定句）
syntactic structures and vocabulary E. 修饰性问句
F. 分词结构
 2. 词汇选择的形象化、具体化和准确性

1. Your ideas may be difficult to follow

because of how you organize your essay or
1. 开头段的
because of the language you use to connect
段落设计
your ideas
2. 中间段的
2. Displays unity, progression, and
内容展开设
coherence, though connection of ideas may
计及连接词
be occasionally obscured
的使用
3. Displays unity, progression, and
3. 结尾段的
coherence, though it may contain occasional
段落设计
redundancy, digression, or unclear
connections