Probability

– deals with the measure of

chances/possibilities of
occurrences of events/outcomes
Example 2. Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random
variable representing the number of tails that occur. Find the
values of the random variable Y.
Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation of a
Discrete Probability Distribution
Mean – the average of all possible values of the random
variable. This is also called “expected value”. The symbol used
for the Mean is 𝝁.

Variance – a measure of spread or dispersion. It measures the

degree to which the value of a random variable depart from
the mean. The symbol used for the Variance is 𝝈𝟐 .

Standard Deviation – the square root of the Variance. The

symbol used for the Standard Deviation is 𝝈.
Formulas:
Mean
𝜇 = 𝑋1 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋1 + 𝑋2 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋2 + 𝑋3 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋3 + … + 𝑋𝑛 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋𝑛
or 𝝁 = 𝚺 𝐗 ∙ 𝑷 𝑿
Variance
𝜎2 = Σ 𝑋 − 𝜇 2 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋
or 𝝈𝟐 = 𝚺 𝑿𝟐 ∙ 𝑷 𝑿 − 𝝁𝟐 (Alternative Formula)
Standard Deviation
𝜎= Σ 𝑋−𝜇 2 ∙𝑃 𝑋
or 𝝈= 𝚺 𝑿𝟐 ∙ 𝑷 𝑿 − 𝝁𝟐 (Alternative Formula)