Part AF

FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Licensed by Information Handling Services
 PART AF

Article F-1 General Fabrication Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

AF-100 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
AF-101 Certification of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
AF-102 Material Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
AF-102.1 Method of Transferring Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
AF-102.2 Transfer of Markings by Other Than the Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
AF-104 Repair of Defective Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
AF-104.1 Examination of Defective Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
AF-104.2 Repair by Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
AF-104.3 Examination of Finished Weld-Repaired Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
AF-105 Permissible Mill Underthickness Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
AF-105.1 For Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
AF-105.2 For Pipe and Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
AF-110 Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
AF-111 Forming Shell Sections and Heads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
AF-112 Base Metal Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
AF-112.1 Examination of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
AF-112.2 Cutting Plates and Other Stock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
AF-112.3 Shearing of Nozzles and Manhole Necks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
AF-112.4 Finish of Exposed Inside Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
AF-112.5 Examination of Cut Edges of Base Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
AF-120 Preliminary Shaping of Edges of Plates to Be Rolled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
AF-130 Tolerances for Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
AF-130.1 Shells for Internal Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
AF-130.2 Shells for External Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
AF-130.3 Deviations From Specified Shell Tolerances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
AF-130.4 Tolerances for Shells Fabricated From Pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
AF-135 Tolerance for Formed Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
AF-136 Peaking of Welds in Shells and Heads for Internal Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
AF-140 Fitting and Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
AF-140.1 Means for Maintaining Alignment During Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
AF-140.2 Aligning Edges of Butt Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
AF-140.3 Removal of Temporary Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
AF-141 Cleaning of Surfaces to Be Welded. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
AF-142 Alignment Tolerances for Edges to Be Butt Welded. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
AF-142.1 For Cylindrical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
AF-142.2 For Spherical Shells and for Hemispherical Heads Welded to
Cylindrical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
AF-142.3 Fairing of Offsets Within Allowable Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Article F-2 Welding Fabrication Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

AF-200 Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
AF-210 Welding Qualifications and Records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

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 AF-210.1 Manufacturer’s Responsibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
AF-210.2 Qualification Test Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
AF-210.3 Production Welding Prior to Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
AF-210.4 Qualification of Welding Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
AF-210.5 Tests of Welders and Welding Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
AF-210.6 Maintenance of Qualification and Production Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
AF-215 Precautions to Be Taken Before Welding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
AF-215.1 Identification, Handling, and Storing of Electrodes and Other Welding
Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
AF-215.2 Lowest Permissible Temperature for Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
AF-220 Specific Requirements for Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
AF-221 Type No. 1 Butt Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
AF-221.1 Weld Penetration and Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
AF-221.2 Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
AF-221.3 ........................................................................... 167
AF-222 Type No. 2 Butt Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
AF-222.1 Penetration and Reinforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
AF-222.2 Backing Strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
AF-222.3 Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
AF-223 Full Penetration Corner Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
AF-223.1 Penetration and Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
AF-223.2 Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
AF-224 Partial Penetration Joints for Nozzle Attachments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
AF-224.1 Penetration Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
AF-224.2 Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
AF-225 Fillet Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
AF-225.1 Quality Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
AF-225.2 Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
AF-226 Welds Attaching Nozzles and Other Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
AF-227 Welds Attaching Nonpressure Parts and Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
AF-227.1 Examination Requirements for Welds Attaching Nonpressure Parts and
Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
AF-228 Liquid Penetrant Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
AF-229 Surface Weld Metal Buildup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
AF-229.1 Procedure Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
AF-229.2 Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
AF-230 Miscellaneous Welding Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
AF-231 Preparation of Reverse Side of Double-Welded Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
AF-232 Aligning and Separating Components of Single-Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
AF-233 Precautions to Be Taken When Welding Is Restarted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
AF-234 Peening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
AF-235 Identification Markings or Records for Welders and Welding Operators. . . . . . . . . . . 171
AF-236 Friction Welding Visual Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
AF-237 Capacitor Discharge Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
AF-240 Summary of Joints Permitted and Their Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
AF-241 Types of Joints Permitted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
AF-241.1 Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
AF-250 Repair of Weld Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
AF-251 Removal of Unacceptable Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
AF-252 Rewelding of Areas to Be Repaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
AF-253 Examination of Repaired Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
AF-254 Postweld Heat Treatment of Repaired Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
AF-260 Welding Test Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

151

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 AF-261 Nonferrous Vessels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Article F-3 Special Requirements for Tube-to-Tubesheet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

AF-300 Material Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
AF-301 Preparing Holes in Tubesheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
AF-301.1 Clearance Between Tubes and Tube Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
AF-301.2 Finish of Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
AF-310 Weld Design and Joint Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
AF-320 Qualification of Welding Procedure and of Welder or Welding
Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
AF-321 Essential Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
AF-321.1 For All Welding Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
AF-321.2 For Shielded Metal Arc Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
AF-321.3 For Inert Gas Consumable or Nonconsumable Electrode Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
AF-321.4 For Explosive Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
AF-330 Test Assembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
AF-334 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
AF-336 Performance Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Article F-4 Heat Treatment of Weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

AF-400 Heat Treatment of Weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
AF-401 Requirements for Preheating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
AF-402 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
AF-402.1 When Holding Temperatures and Times May Be Exceeded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
AF-402.2 Heat Treatment of Pressure Parts Consisting of Different P-Number Groups . . . . . . 181
AF-402.3 Definition of Nominal Thickness Governing Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
AF-402.4 Heat Treatment of Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
AF-410 Heating Portions Before Joining and Local Heating of Circumferential
Joints After Joining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
AF-410.1 Heating Vessel in a Furnace in One Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
AF-410.2 Heating Vessel Portions in a Furnace in More Than One Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
AF-410.3 Heating Shell Sections, Heads, and Other Portions Before Joining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
AF-410.4 Heating Vessel Internally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
AF-410.5 Local Heating of Nozzles to Vessels and External Attachments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
AF-410.6 Local Area Heating of Double Curvature Heads or Shells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
AF-410.7 Heating of Other Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
AF-415 Operation of Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
AF-420 Postweld Heat Treatment After Repairs or Alterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
AF-420.1 Weld Repairs Made After Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

Article F-5 Special Requirements for Welding Corrosion Resistant Integral or

Weld Metal Overlay Clad or Lined Parts and for Composite Welds. . . . . . . . 194
AF-500 Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
AF-501 Corrosion Resistant Integral or Weld Metal Overlay Clad Base
Material or Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
AF-503 Inserted Strips in Clad Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
AF-505 Weld Metal Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
AF-510 Joints in Corrosion Resistant Integral or Weld Metal Overlay Cladding and
Applied Linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
AF-520 Welding Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

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 AF-540 Methods to Be Used in Attaching Applied Linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
AF-550 Postweld Heat Treatment of Clad and Lined Weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
AF-551 Requirements When Base Metal Must Be Postweld Heat Treated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
AF-552 Requirements When Base Metal or Lining Is Chromium Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
AF-560 Requirements for Base Material With Corrosion Resistant Integral or
Weld Metal Overlay Cladding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
AF-561 Procedure Qualification for Groove Welds in Base Material With Corrosion
Resistant Integral or Weld Metal Overlay Cladding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
AF-561.1 When the Integral or Weld Overlay Cladding Thickness Is Included in
Design Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
AF-561.2 When the Integral or Weld Overlay Cladding Thickness Is Not
Included in Design Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
AF-562 Procedure Qualification for Alloy Welds in Base Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
AF-562.1 For Groove Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
AF-562.2 For Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
AF-563 Performance Qualification for Groove Welds in Base Material With
Corrosion Resistant Integral or Weld Metal Overlay Cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
AF-570 Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
AF-571 Examination of Chromium Alloy Cladding or Lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
AF-572 Examination of Vessels and Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
AF-572.1 Examination of Base Plates Protected by a Strip Covering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
AF-572.2 Examination of Base Plates Protected by an Alloy Weld. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
AF-580 Inspection and Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
AF-581 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
AF-582 Tightness of Applied Lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
AF-582.1 Inspection of Vessel Interior After Test for Tightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
AF-582.2 Requirements When Seepage Is Detected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
AF-590 Stamping and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Article F-6 Special Requirements for Ferritic Steels With Tensile Properties
Enhanced by Quenching and Tempering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
AF-600 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
AF-601 Marking on Plates and Other Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
AF-602 Requirements for Material Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
AF-605 Requirements for Heat Treating After Forming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
AF-606 Minimum Thickness After Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
AF-610 Welding Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
AF-611 Qualification of Welding Procedures and Welders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
AF-612 Additional Welding Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
AF-613 Preparation of Base Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
AF-613.1 Precautions Necessary When Using Gas Cutting or Gouging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
AF-614 Joint Alignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
AF-614.1 Longitudinal Joint Alignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
AF-614.2 Circumferential Joint Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
AF-615 Weld Finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
AF-620 Permitted Types of Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
AF-623 Attachment and Temporary Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
AF-623.1 Material for Structural Attachments and Stiffening Rings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
AF-623.2 Fabrication of Structural and Temporary Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
AF-623.3 Removal of Temporary Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
AF-630 Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
AF-631 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

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 AF-631.1 Postweld Heat Treatment of Connections and Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
AF-635 Heat Treatment Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
AF-635.1 Heating Furnace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
AF-635.2 Liquid Quenching of Flat Plates or Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
AF-635.3 Quenching of Shell Sections or Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
AF-635.4 Quenching of Entire Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
AF-636 Design and Operation of Quenching Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
AF-640 Heat Treatment Certification Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
AF-641 Heat Treatment Verification Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
AF-642 Certification Test Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
AF-642.1 Tempering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
AF-642.2 Number of Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
AF-650 Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
AF-651 Type No. 1 Welded Joint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
AF-652 Nozzle Attachment Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
AF-653 Weld Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
AF-653.1 Alternative Use of Liquid Penetrant Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
AF-654 Corrosion Resistant Overlay Weld Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
AF-660 Inspection and Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
AF-670 Stamping and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Article F-7 Special Requirements for Forged Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

AF-700 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
AF-703 Ultrasonic Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
AF-704 Toughness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
AF-710 Tolerances on Cylindrical Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
AF-711 Localized Thin Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
AF-712 Tolerances on Body Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
AF-712.1 Correction of Surface Irregularities to Meet Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
AF-712.2 Use of Out-of-Round Forgings for Lower Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
AF-720 Methods of Forming Forged Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
AF-721 Tolerances on Head Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
AF-721.1 Correction of Surface Irregularities to Meet Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
AF-730 Heat Treatment Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
AF-730.1 Heat Treatment When Vessels Are Fabricated by Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
AF-730.2 Heat Treatment When Material Is to Be Normalized or Annealed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
AF-730.3 Heat Treatment of Quenched and Tempered Ferritic Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
AF-730.4 Heat Treatment of Austenitic Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
AF-730.5 Nonheat-Treated Ferrous Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
AF-740 Welding for Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
AF-741 Restrictions on Ferrous Materials With Carbon Content Exceeding
0.35% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
AF-750 Repair of Defects in Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
AF-751 Removal of Surface Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
AF-752 Repair of Defects by Welding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
AF-753 Weld Repairs of Material Containing 0.35% Carbon or Less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
AF-753.1 Qualification of Welding Procedure and Welders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
AF-753.2 Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
AF-753.3 Examination of Weld Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
AF-754 Weld Repairs of Material Containing More Than 0.35% Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
AF-754.1 Qualification of Welding Procedure and Welders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
AF-754.2 Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

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 AF-754.3 Examination of Weld Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
AF-756 Repair of Weld Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
AF-760 Threaded Connection of Pipe and Nozzle Necks to Vessel Walls, Internally
Forged Necks, and Thickened Forged Heads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
AF-761 Requirements for Straight Threaded Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
AF-762 Location and Maximum Size of Straight Threaded Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
AF-763 Requirements for Tapered Threaded Openings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
AF-764 Seal Welding of Threaded Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
AF-770 Inspection, Examination, and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
AF-771 Forged Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
AF-771.1 Partial Data Reports Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
AF-771.2 Identification and Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
AF-771.3 Welded Repairs and Their Certification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
AF-776 Check of Heat Treatment and Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
AF-777 Inspection of Test Specimens and Witnessing Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
AF-777.1 Test Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
AF-777.2 Tests and Retests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
AF-780 Stamping and Reports for Forged Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
AF-781 Stamping Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
AF-782 Information Required on Data Reports for Integrally Forged Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
AF-790 Pressure Relief Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Article F-8 Special Fabrication Requirements for Layered Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

AF-800 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
AF-801 General Fabrication Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
AF-802 Welding Fabrication Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
AF-803 Material Properties Enhancement by Heat Treatment During Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . 211
AF-805 Welding Qualification and Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
AF-805.1 Welding Procedure Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
AF-805.2 Welding Performance Qualification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
AF-810 Specific Requirements for Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
AF-810.1 Welding of Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
AF-810.2 Type No. 1 Butt Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
AF-810.3 Weld Penetration and Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
AF-810.4 Type No. 2 Butt Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
AF-810.5 Penetration and Reinforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
AF-810.6 Backing Strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
AF-810.7 Fillet Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
AF-810.8 Quality Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
AF-810.9 Welds Attaching Nonpressure Parts and Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
AF-810.10 Surface Weld Metal Buildup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
AF-810.20 Nondestructive Examination of Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
AF-810.21 Random Spot Examination and Repair of Weld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
AF-811 Welded Joint Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
AF-815 Contact Between Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
AF-815.1 Alternative to Measuring Contact Between Layers During Construction . . . . . . . . . . . 221
AF-815.2 Rules for Calculating Maximum Permissible Gaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
AF-816 Rules for Determining Maximum Permissible Elongation for Helically
Wound Interlocking Strip Vessels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
AF-817 Vent Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
AF-820 Heat Treatment of Weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

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 Figures
AF-130.1 Examples of Differences Between Maximum and Minimum Diameters in
Cylindrical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
AF-130.2 Maximum Permissible Deviation From a Circular Form e for Vessels
Under External Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
AF-130.3 Maximum Arc Length for Determining Plus or Minus Deviation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
AF-136 Peaking Height at Category A Weld Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
AF-762.1 Straight Threaded Center Openings in Integrally Forged Heads With Nozzle
Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
AF-805.1 Solid-to-Layered and Layered-to-Layered Test Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
AF-805.2 ........................................................................... 213
AF-805.3 ........................................................................... 214
AF-805.4 ........................................................................... 214
AF-810.1 ........................................................................... 219
AF-810.2 ........................................................................... 220
AF-815 ........................................................................... 221

Tables
AF-142.1 Maximum Allowable Offset in Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
AF-226.1 ........................................................................... 170
AF-241.1 Permitted Types of Welds and Required Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
AF-402.1 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment of Pressure Parts and
Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
AF-402.2 Alternative Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy
Steels of Pressure Parts and Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
AF-630.1 Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Materials in Table AQT-1. . . . . . . . . . . . 202
AF-810.1 Permitted Types of Welds and Required Examination of Layered
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

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 ARTICLE F-1
GENERAL FABRICATION
REQUIREMENTS
AF-100 MATERIALS
AF-101 Certification of Materials
The vessel Manufacturer shall certify compliance
with the special requirements of Part AM for any of
the treatments, tests, or examinations specified therein
that he performs. The certification shall include certified
reports of the results of all tests and examinations
performed on the materials by the vessel Manufacturer.
AF-102 Material Identification
Material for pressure parts preferably should be laid
out so that when the vessel is completed, one complete
set of the original identification markings required in
the specifications for the material will be plainly visible.
In case the original identification markings are unavoid-
ably cut out or the material is divided into two or
more parts, one set shall either be accurately transferred
prior to cutting by the pressure vessel Manufacturer to
a location where the markings will be visible on the
completed vessel, or a coded marking, acceptable to
the Inspector, shall be used to assure identification of
each piece of material during fabrication and subsequent
identification of the markings on the completed vessel.
In either case an as-built sketch or a tabulation of
materials shall be made, identifying each piece of
material with the certified test report or certificate of
compliance and the coded marking. Except as indicated
in AF-102.1, material may be marked by any method
acceptable to the Inspector. The Inspector need not
witness the transfer of the marks but shall satisfy
himself that it has been correctly done.
AF-102.1 Method of Transferring Markings.
Where the service conditions prohibit die stamping for
material identification, and when so specified by the
user, the material manufacturer and the vessel fabricator
shall mark the required data on the plates in a manner
which will allow positive identification upon delivery.
The markings must be recorded so that each plate will
be positively identified in its position in the finished
vessel to the satisfaction of the Inspector. Transfer of
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markings for material that is to be divided shall be
done as in AF-102.2.
AF-102.2 Transfer of Markings by Other Than
the Manufacturer. When material is formed into shapes
by anyone other than the Manufacturer of the completed
pressure vessel and the original markings as required
by the applicable material specification are unavoidably
cut out, or the material is divided into two or more
parts, the manufacturer of the shape shall either:
(a) transfer the original identification markings to
another location on the shape; or
(b) provide for identification by the use of a coded
marking traceable to the original required marking,
using a marking method agreed upon and described in
the Quality Control System of the Manufacturer of the
completed pressure vessel.
The mill certification of the physical and chemical
requirements of this material, in conjunction with the
above modified marking requirements, shall be consid-
ered sufficient to identify these shapes. Manufacturer’s
Partial Data Reports and parts stamping are not a
requirement unless there has been fabrication to the
shapes that includes welding, except as exempted by
AM-105.1.
AF-104 Repair of Defective Materials
Defects may be removed and the material repaired
by the vessel Manufacturer or, unless prohibited by
the material specification, may also be repaired by the
material manufacturer with the approval of the vessel
Manufacturer. Material repairs that exceed those permit-
ted by the material specification shall be made to the
satisfaction of the Inspector. All repairs shall be in
accordance with the following paragraphs.
AF-104.1 Examination of Defective Areas. Areas
from which defects have been removed shall be exam-
ined by either a magnetic particle method in accordance
with Article 9-1 or by a liquid penetrant method in
accordance with Article 9-2 to insure complete removal
of the defect.
 AF-104.2 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 2
AF-104.2 Repair by Welding. For the repair of
materials by welding, the procedures and welds must
be qualified in accordance with Section IX of the
Code; where the base metal requires impact testing in
accordance with AM-204, a procedure test plate shall
be welded and the deposited weld metal impact tested
in accordance with AT-201 and shall meet the same
minimum requirements as established for the base mate-
rial. The repaired material shall be heat treated in
accordance with the heat treatment requirements of AF-
402, when required.
AF-104.3 Examination of Finished Weld-Repaired
Surfaces
(a) The finished weld-repaired surface shall be pre-
pared and inspected by either a magnetic particle method
in accordance with Article 9-1 or by a liquid penetrant
method in accordance with Article 9-2.
(b) The area repaired by welding shall be examined
by radiography in accordance with Article I-5 when
the depth of the weld deposit exceeds either 3⁄8 in.
(10 mm) or one-half the material thickness.
AF-105 Permissible Mill Underthickness
Tolerances
AF-105.1 For Plate. Plate material shall be ordered
not thinner than the design thickness. Vessels made of
plate furnished with an undertolerance of not more
than the smaller value of 0.01 in. (0.3 mm) or 6% of
the ordered thickness may be used at the full design
pressure for the thickness ordered if the material speci-
fication permits such undertolerance. If the specification
to which the plate is ordered allows a greater undertoler-
ance, the ordered thickness of the material shall be
sufficiently greater than the design thickness so that
the thickness of the material furnished is not more
than the smaller of 0.01 in. (0.3 mm) or 6% under
the design thickness.
AF-105.2 For Pipe and Tube. If pipe or tube is
ordered by its nominal wall thickness, the manufacturing
undertolerance on wall thickness shall be taken into
account. The manufacturing undertolerances are given
in Part AM. After the minimum required wall thickness
is determined, it shall be increased by an amount
sufficient to provide the manufacturing undertolerance
allowed in the pipe or tube specification.
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AF-112.1
AF-110 FORMING
AF-111 Forming Shell Sections and Heads
All materials for shell sections and for heads shall
be formed to the required shape by any process that
will not unduly impair the mechanical properties of
the material.
AF-112 Base Metal Preparation
AF-112.1 Examination of Materials
(a) All materials to be used in constructing a pressure
vessel shall be examined before fabrication for the
purpose of detecting, as far as possible, defects which
would affect the safety of the vessel. As fabrication
progresses, the vessel Manufacturer shall carefully ex-
amine the edges of base materials (including the edges
of openings cut through the thickness), to detect defects
that have been uncovered during fabrication, and they
shall be repaired in accordance with AF-104.
(b) Except as required in (d) below, cut edges which
are to be welded in base materials with thicknesses over
11⁄2 in. (38 mm) shall be examined for discontinuities by
a magnetic particle method in accordance with Article
9-1 or by a liquid penetrant method in accordance with
Article 9-2.
(c) For openings, cut edges in base materials of all
thicknesses shall be examined for discontinuities by a
magnetic particle method in accordance with Article
9-1 or by a liquid penetrant method in accordance with
Article 9-2 as specified below.
(1) Examination is required for openings shown
in Fig. AD-610.1, sketches (a), (b), and (f).
(2) For other types of openings, this examination
is not required for the cut edges of openings 3 in.
(76 mm) in diameter or smaller.
(3) Nonlaminar discontinuities (having length not
parallel to the material surface) shall be removed.
(4) Discontinuities parallel to the surface, such as
inclusions, which are disclosed by either method, are
acceptable without repair if they do not exceed 1 in.
(25 mm) in length.
CAUTIONARY NOTE: For those services in which laminar disconti-
nuities may be harmful, additional testing of materials prior to
fabrication should be specified by the vessel purchaser, for example,
ultrasonic testing of plate to SA-435, and of forgings to SA-388.
(d) When a pressure part is to be welded to a flat
plate thicker than 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) to form a corner
joint under the provisions of AD-413.2, the weld joint
preparation in the flat plate shall be examined before
welding as specified in (1) below by either magnetic
particle method in accordance with Article 9-1 or liquid
 AF-112.1 PART AF — FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS
penetrant method in accordance with Article 9-2, except
as otherwise provided in AF-223.2(b). After welding,
the peripheral edge of the flat plate and any remaining
exposed surface of the weld joint preparation shall be
reexamined as specified in (1) below.
(1) For Fig. AD-701.3 and Fig. 3-310.1, sketch
(h), the weld joint preparation and the peripheral edges
of the flat plate forming a corner joint shall be examined
as follows:
(a) the weld edge preparation of typical joint
preparations in flat plate as shown in Fig. AD-701.3,
sketches (a), (b), and (c), and Fig. 3-310.1, sketch (h);
(b) the outside peripheral edge of the flat plate
after welding as shown in Fig. AD-701.3, sketch (a);
(c) the outside peripheral edge of the flat plate
after welding as shown in Fig. AD-701.3, sketch (b),
if the distance from the edge of the completed weld
to the peripheral edge of the flat plate is less than the
thickness of the flat plate;
(d) the inside peripheral surface of the flat plate
after welding as shown in Fig. 3-310.1, sketch (h);
(e) no examination is required on the outside
peripheral edge of the flat plate as shown in Fig. AD-
701.3, sketch (c), and Fig. 3-310.1, sketch (h).
AF-112.2 Cutting Plates and Other Stock
(a) Plates, edges of heads, and other parts may be
cut to shape and size by mechanical means such as
machining, shearing, grinding, or by thermal cutting.
After thermal cutting, all slag and detrimental discolor-
ation of material which has been molten shall be
removed by mechanical means prior to further fabrica-
tion or use. When thermal cutting is used, the effect
on mechanical properties shall be taken into consider-
ation. The edges to be welded shall be uniform and
smooth.
(b) In general, nonferrous materials cannot be cut
by the conventional oxyacetylene equipment commonly
used for steels. They may be melted and cut by
oxyacetylene, powder cutting, carbon arc, oxygen arc,
and other means. When such thermal means for cutting
are employed, a shallow contaminated area adjacent to
the cut results. This contamination shall be removed
by grinding, machining, or other mechanical means after
thermal cutting and prior to use or further fabrication.
AF-112.3 Shearing of Nozzles and Manhole Necks.
Ends of nozzles or manhole necks which are to remain
unwelded in the completed vessel may be cut by
shearing provided sufficient additional material is re-
moved by any other method that produces a smooth
finish. The cut edges shall be examined by a magnetic
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AF-130.1
particle method in accordance with Article 9-1 or liquid
penetrant method in accordance with Article 9-2.
AF-112.4 Finish of Exposed Inside Edges. Exposed
inside edges other than as provided for in Figs. AD-
610.1, AD-612.1, AD-613.1, and AD-621.1 shall be
rounded (grinding permitted) to at least 1⁄4 t or 3⁄4 in.
(19 mm), whichever is less, when the inner end of the
nozzle neck is flush with the inside wall of the shell.
When the inner end of the nozzle neck protrudes beyond
the inside wall of the shell towards the center of
curvature, it shall be rounded off (grinding permitted)
on both inner and outer surfaces of the neck end to
at least 1⁄4 tn or 3⁄8 in. (10 mm), whichever is smaller,
or chamfered to 45 deg to at least 5⁄16 in. (8 mm) (see
Figs. AD-610.1, AD-612.1, AD-613.1, and AD-621.1).
AF-112.5 Examination of Cut Edges of Base Mate-
rials. After final edge preparation, the cut edges of
base materials shall be examined in accordance with
AF-112.1(b).
AF-120 PRELIMINARY SHAPING OF
EDGES OF PLATES TO BE
ROLLED
If the plates are to be rolled, the adjoining edges
of longitudinal joints of cylindrical vessels shall first
be shaped to the proper curvature by preliminary rolling
or forming in order to avoid having objectionable flat
spots along the completed joints (see AF-130).
AF-130 TOLERANCES FOR SHELLS
Cylindrical, conical, and spherical shells of a com-
pleted vessel (except formed heads covered by AF-135
and forgings covered by AF-712.2) shall meet the
requirements of AF-130.1 to AF-130.4, inclusive, at
all cross sections.
AF-130.1 Shells for Internal Pressure. The differ-
ence in inches between the maximum and minimum
inside diameters at any cross section shall not exceed
1% of D, where D is the nominal inside diameter in
inches at the cross section under consideration. The
diameters may be measured on the inside or outside
of the vessel. If measured on the outside, the diameters
shall be corrected for the plate thickness at the cross
 AF-130.1 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 2
FIG. AF-130.1 EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM DIAMETERS
IN CYLINDRICAL SHELLS
section under consideration (see Fig. AF-130.1). When
the cross section passes through an opening or within
1 I.D. of the opening measured from the center of the
opening, the permissible difference in inside diameters
given above may be increased by 2% of the inside
diameter of the opening.
AF-130.2 Shells for External Pressure. Shells shall
meet the out-of-roundness requirements of AF-130.1
and, in addition, shall meet the requirements of (a),
(b), and (c) below.
(a) The maximum plus-or-minus deviation from the
true circular form of cylinders or the theoretical form
of other shapes, measured radially on the outside or
inside of the vessel, shall not exceed the maximum
permissible deviation obtained from Fig. AF-130.2. Use
e p 1.0t or e p 0.2t, respectively, for points which
fall above or below these curves. Measurements shall
be made from a segmental circular template having
the design inside or outside radius (depending on where
the measurements are taken) and a chord length equal
to twice the arc length obtained from Fig. AF-130.3.
(b) The value of t in inches at any cross section is
the nominal plate thickness less corrosion allowance
for sections of constant thickness and the nominal
thickness of the thinnest plate less corrosion allowance
for sections having plates of more than one thickness.
(c) The value of L in Figs. AF-130.2 and AF-130.3
is determined as follows:
(1) for cylinders, L as given in AD-300.1;
(2) for cones or conical sections, Do is the outside
diameter, in inches, at the large end of the cone, taken
perpendicular to the axis of revolution, and L is the
design length of the cone or conical section, using the
following applicable definitions:
(a) the axial length of the cone or the greatest
center-to-center distance between any two adjacent stiff-
ening rings, if used; or
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AF-135
(b) the distance from the end of the cone, or
the bend line if a transition knuckle is used, to the
centerline of the first stiffening ring.
(3) for spheres, L is one-half the outside diameter
Do , in inches.
AF-130.3 Deviations From Specified Shell Toler-
ances. Fabrication deviations from the above tolerances
are prohibited, unless the following requirements are
met.
(a) Provision is made for the deviations in the design
calculations and they are agreed to by the user, Manufac-
turer, and Inspector.
(b) If the nominal thickness of plate used for a
cylindrical vessel exceeds the minimum thickness re-
quired by AD-310 for the external design pressure, and
if such excess thickness is not required for corrosion
allowance or loadings causing compressive forces, the
maximum permissible deviation e determined for the
nominal plate thickness used may be increased by the
ratio of Factor B for the nominal plate thickness used
divided by Factor B for the minimum required plate
thickness, and the chord length for measuring emax
shall be determined by Do /t for the nominal plate
thickness used.
AF-130.4 Tolerances for Shells Fabricated From
Pipe. Vessel shells fabricated from pipe, meeting all
other requirements of this Part, may have variations
of diameter permitted by the specification for such pipe.
AF-135 TOLERANCE FOR FORMED
HEADS
(a) The inner surface of a torispherical, toriconical,
hemispherical, or ellipsoidal head shall neither deviate
outside of the specified shape by more than 11⁄4% of
D nor inside the specified shape by more than 5⁄8%
of D, where D is the nominal inside diameter of the
vessel. Such deviations shall be measured perpendicular
to the specified shape and shall not be abrupt. The
knuckle radius shall not be less than that specified.
(b) Hemispherical heads and any spherical portion
of a formed head designed for external pressure shall,
in addition to satisfying (a) above, meet the local
tolerances for spheres given in AF-130.2.
(c) Deviation measurements shall be taken on the
surface of the base metal and not on welds.
(d) The skirt or cylindrical end of a formed head
shall match the cylindrical edge of the adjoining part
within the tolerance specified in AF-142 and shall be
circular to the extent that the difference between the
 AF-135 PART AF — FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS
FIG. AF-130.2 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEVIATION FROM A CIRCULAR FORM e FOR VESSELS UNDER
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
maximum and minimum diameters does not exceed 1%
of D, where D is the nominal inside diameter.
AF-136 PEAKING OF WELDS IN SHELLS
AND HEADS FOR INTERNAL
PRESSURE
For vessels that are not exempt from the fatigue
analysis requirements of AD-160, the peaking height
d at Category A weld joints shall be measured by
either an inside or outside template, as appropriate (see
Fig. AF-136). The chord length of the template shall
be based on the inside diameter D at the cross section
under consideration. This chord length shall be the
larger of D/6 or 12 in. (305 mm), but need not exceed
36 in. (914 mm). For weld joints in torispherical and
ellipsoidal heads, D shall be equal to the diameter of
the spherical portion of the head. For 2:1 ellipsoidal
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AF-140
heads, D shall be equal to 1.8 times the nominal inside
diameter of the attaching cylindrical shell. The allowable
value of d shall be shown on the Manufacturer’s Design
Report.
AF-140 FITTING AND ALIGNMENT
Parts that are being welded shall be fitted, aligned,
and retained in position during the welding operation.
When joining two parts by the inertia and continuous
drive friction welding processes, one of the two parts
must be held in a fixed position and the other part
rotated. The two faces to be joined must be essentially
symmetrical with respect to the axis of rotation. Some
of the basic types of applicable joints are solid round
to solid round, tube to tube, solid round to tube, solid
round to plate, and tube to plate.
 AF-140.1 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 2 AF-141

FIG. AF-130.3 MAXIMUM ARC LENGTH FOR DETERMINING PLUS OR MINUS DEVIATION

AF-140.1 Means for Maintaining Alignment Dur- joint. When fitted girth joints have deviations exceeding
ing Welding. Bars, jacks, clamps, tack welds, or other the permitted tolerances, the head or shell ring, which-
appropriate means may be used to maintain the align- ever is out-of-true, shall be reformed until the errors
ment of the edges to be welded. Tack welds, if used to are within the limits allowed (see AF-142.1).
maintain alignment, shall either be removed completely
AF-140.3 Removal of Temporary Attachments.
when they have served their purpose, or their stopping
The areas from which temporary attachments have been
and starting ends shall be properly prepared by grinding
removed shall be dressed smooth and be examined by
or other suitable means so that they may be satisfactorily
a magnetic particle method in accordance with Article
incorporated into the final weld. Tack welds shall be
9-1 or by a liquid penetrant method in accordance with
made by qualified procedures and welders, shall be
Article 9-2. Defects shall be removed and the material
examined visually for defects, and, if found to be
shall be inspected to insure that the defects have been
defective, shall be removed.
removed. If weld repairs are necessary, they shall be
Provided that the work is done under the provisions
made using qualified welding procedures and welders
of AG-302.1, it is not necessary that a subcontractor
and shall be examined as outlined in AF-253.
making such tack welds for a vessel or parts manufac-
turer be a holder of a Code Certificate of Authorization.
AF-141 Cleaning of Surfaces to Be Welded
AF-140.2 Aligning Edges of Butt Joints. The edges
of butt joints shall be held during welding so that the (a) The surfaces to be welded shall be clean and
tolerances of AF-142 are not exceeded in the completed free of scale, rust, oil, grease, slag, detrimental oxides,

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 AF-141 PART AF — FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS
d
Template
D D
(a)
FIG. AF-136 PEAKING HEIGHT AT CATEGORY A WELD JOINTS
and other deleterious foreign material. The method and
extent of cleaning should be determined based on the
material to be welded and the contaminants to be
removed. When weld metal is to be deposited over a
previously welded surface, all slag shall be removed
by a roughing tool, chisel, chipping hammer, or other
suitable means so as to prevent inclusion of impurities
in the weld metal.
(b) Cast surfaces to be welded shall be machined,
chipped, or ground to remove foundry scale and to
expose sound metal.
(c) The requirements in (a) and (b) above are not
intended to apply to any process of welding by which
proper fusion and penetration are otherwise obtained
and by which the weld remains free from defects.
AF-142 Alignment Tolerances for Edges to Be
Butt Welded
Alignment of sections at edges to be butt welded
shall be such that the maximum offset is not greater
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AF-142.3
Template
(b)
than allowed in AF-142.1 and AF-142.2. Alternatively,
offsets greater than permitted by AF-142.1 and AF-
142.2 are allowable provided that the maximum offset
is acceptable to the Inspector prior to welding and the
requirements of Appendix 4 and AF-142.3 are met.
See AF-614 for alignment requirements for quenched
and tempered steels.
AF-142.1 For Cylindrical Shells. The maximum
allowable offset in welded joints in cylindrical shells
shall be as given in Table AF-142.1.
AF-142.2 For Spherical Shells and for Hemispheri-
cal Heads Welded to Cylindrical Shells. Joints in
spherical vessels, joints within heads, and joints between
cylindrical shells and hemispherical heads shall meet
the requirements in Table AF-142.1 for longitudinal
joints in cylindrical shells.
AF-142.3 Fairing of Offsets Within Allowable Tol-
erances. Any offset within the allowable tolerance
 AF-142.3 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 2 AF-142.3

TABLE AF-142.1
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OFFSET IN WELDED JOINTS
See AF-614.1 for Special Requirements for Quenched and Tempered Steels
Direction of Joints in Cylindrical Shells [Note (1)]

Section Thickness, in. (mm) Longitudinal Circumferential

Up to 1⁄2 (13), incl. 1

⁄4 t 1
⁄4t
Over 1⁄2 to 3⁄4 (13 to 19), incl. 1
⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) 1
⁄4t
Over 3⁄4 to 11⁄2 (19 to 38), incl. 1
⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) 3
⁄16 in. (4.8 mm)
Over 11⁄2 to 2 (38 to 51), incl. 1
⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) 1
⁄8t
1
Over 2 (51) ⁄16t [3⁄8 in. (10 mm) max.] 1
⁄8t [3⁄4 in. (19 mm) max.]

NOTE:
(1) t p nominal thickness of the thinner section at the joint.

provided above shall be faired at a 3:1 taper over the

width of the finished weld or, if necessary, by adding
additional weld metal beyond what would have been
the edge of the weld. Such additional weld metal
buildup shall be subject to the requirements of AF-229.

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