Jens Martensson

Connection
(Brainstorming)!
Apa yang kamu ketahui tentang gambar?
Ikatan Kimia
Frenly Wehantouw
i-Care

Introduction-3’
Connection - 5’

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Manfaat,
Brainstorming
CPMK, Sub-CPMK,
Berbagi informasi
Indikator

Extension-2’
Reflection-3’ Tindak Lanjut
Application-22’
Quiz dirumah dan di
Materi
Kesimpulan kampus
Pengantar
Mampu memahami tentang Ikatan
Kimia (CPMK)
• Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa
diharapkan mampu menjelaskan peran

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electron dalam ikatan, muatan formal,
resonansi, ikatan ion dan ikatan
kovalen (Sub-CPMK).
• Ketepatan menjelaskan peran
electron dalam ikatan, muatan
formal, ikatan ion dan ikatan kovalen
(Indikator)

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Types of Bonds
• There are several bond types:
• Ionic bond (electron transfer)
• Covalent bond (electron sharing)

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• Coordinate covalent bond (“special” electron sharing)
• Ionic bond: the attraction between positive and negative ions in ionic
compound.
• It is formed when metals and nonmetals react (Na & Cl). Na gives electron to
Cl (electron transfer).

Na  Na+ + e-
Cl + e-  Cl- Na+ Cl –
Na+ + Cl-  NaCl 5
Octet Rule
• Why Na loses e- & Cl gains e-, and not the other way? Due to octet rule.
• Octet rule: atoms tend to gain or lose electrons until they have achieved the
configuration of the nearest noble gas. (All noble gases, except He, have 8

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valence electrons).

• For example: 11Na and 20Ca lose electron, while 17Cl and 8O gain electron to
achieve an octet of electrons.
11Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1  Na+: 1s2 2s2 2p6 ≡ [Ne]
8O : 1s2 2s2 2p4  O2- : 1s2 2s2 2p6 ≡ [Ne]

• Note that:
• H can form H- (e- configuration: 1s2) when it reacts with very reactive metals. 6
Exception in Octet Rule
• The octet rule doesn’t work well for transition metals and post transition metals (the
blue area).
• For these cations: the first electrons lost by an atom or ion come always from the outer
shell (with the largest n)

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Consider the case of iron:
Neutral: Fe [Ar]3d6 4s2
Loss of 2 electrons: Fe2+ [Ar]3d6
Loss of 3 electrons: Fe3+ [Ar]3d5
Characteristic properties of transition
elements: many transition elements form
multiple cations (Fe2+, Fe3+, Sn 2+, Sn4+).
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Bond Type: Covalent Bond
•Covalent bond (electron pair bond): attraction produced by sharing of a
pair of electrons.
Two hydrogen atoms (a) move
together (b) until the electron

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density is concentrated between
the nuclei (c). A covalent bond is
formed.

The energy of the hydrogen molecule

reaches a minimum when there is a
balance between the attractions and
repulsions.

Bond distance: average distance

between the nuclei
Bond energy: amount of energy
released when the bond forms 8
Polarity in Covalent Bond
(a)Two identical atoms form a covalent
bond (H−H): equal share of the bond’s
e- pair. The e- density in the bond is
spread evenly between the two H

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atoms in H2, which gives a nonpolar
covalent bond.

(b)Two different kinds of atoms (H −Cl):

one nuclei attracts the e- in the bond
more strongly. The e- density of the bond
is pulled more closely around the Cl
giving a partial separation of charge and
a polar covalent bond.
d+ d- 9
H − Cl Polar molecule
Electronegativity
Electronegativity: the ability of an atom to attract electron to itself.
Fluorine (F) is the most electronegative atom.
The element with larger electronegativity will carry the partial negative charge

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(d-) in the polar covalent bond.

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Using Electronegativity
• Nonpolar Covalent Bond
• No difference in electronegativity
• Ionic Character of bond

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• Degree to which bond is polar
• EN > 1.7 means mostly ionic
• > 50% ionic
• More electronegative element almost completely controls electron
• EN < 0.5
• Means almost purely covalent
• Nonpolar: < 5% ionic
• 0.5 < EN < 1.7 polar covalent
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 Jens Martensson
Learning Check!
Kenapa unsur cenderung untuk berikatan?

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Lewis Symbol
Lewis structures are very useful in chemistry because they give us a
simple way to describe the structures of molecules.
Lewis symbol: chemical symbol surrounded by dots/dashes that

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represent the valence electrons.

Examples: Na  and : C :
Note that for elements in group A: the amount of the dots is equal to
the group number.

Formulas drawn with Lewis symbols are called Lewis formulas or Lewis
structures or structural formula. 13
Lewis Symbol for Covalent Bond
H+HH:H

•Both hydrogens are considered to have two e-.

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•For simplicity, electron pair bonds are represented by a dash  H-H

• Covalent bond often follows the octet rule: in covalent bonds, atoms tend to
share sufficient e- so as to achieve an outer shell having 8 e-.
•Many molecules have multiple bonds

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Lewis Structure
• Many nonmetals form more than one covalent bond

C N O
Needs 4 electrons Needs 3 electrons Needs 2 electrons

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Forms 4 bonds Forms 3 bonds Forms 2 bonds
H
H N H O H
H C H
H H
H H
H C H H N H O H
H H H
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methane ammonia water
How To Draw Lewis Structures?
HClO3: O O
H O Cl O O Cl O H O O Cl O
(correct) H
Valence e-: 26 (1 from H, 6 from each O, 7 from Cl)

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O Remember for ions to add one e- for
H − O − Cl − O each negative charge and to remove
one e- for each positive charge.
O

H − O − Cl − O We have used 24 e-. There are 2 e- left.

H − O − Cl − O

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Example : SiF4

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Example : H2CO3

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 Lewis Structure Violating Octet Rule
• Not all structures obey the octet rule.
• In some compounds the central atom has less than 8 e- (BeCl2 and BCl3). But
elements in Period 2 never exceed an octet.

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• Most nonmetals in Period 3, 4, …. have more than 8e- (PCl5 and SF6)
• The preferred Lewis structure for sulfuric acid violates the octet rule:


:O: :O:
 |   || 

H-O

- S -O

-H H-O

- S -O

-H
| ||
:O

: :O:
Structure I Structure II

Structure I obeys the octet rule, but is not consistent with

experiment. Structure II violates the octet rule, but is consistent
with experiment. Structure II is the preferred Lewis structure.
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Formal Charge Corrects Lewis Structure
• Formal charge: the apparent charge on an atom and is calculated by

formal  valence e - on number of bonds + number of 

charge   - 

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-
  isolated atom   to the atom unshared e 


:O: :O:
| ||
   
Consider the sulfur atoms in the two
H-O - S -O -H H-O - S -O -H
 | 2+
  
|| structures for sulfuric acid:
:O

: :O:
Structure I Structure II
Structure I: formal charge on S = 6 - (4 + 0) = +2
Structure II: formal charge on S = 6 - (6 + 0) = 0
•When several Lewis structures are possible, those with the smallest 21
formal charges are the most stable and preferred.
Bond Type: Coordinate Covalent Bond
• Consider the formation of the ammonium ion from ammonia and a hydrogen ion
in solution
 
+ H :Cl: H :Cl:
 

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H H | |  | | 
 
H - N : + B - Cl : H - N - B - Cl
| |
+
H - N : + H  H - N - H   
:
| | | | | |
 
H  H  H :Cl: H :Cl:
 

• The nitrogen donates both of the electrons when forming the bond to H+.
This is called a coordinate covalent bond.
• For example, addition compounds involve coordinate covalent bonds and can
result when two small molecules “join”.
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Quiz
(3 menit)

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Kesimpulan (Review)!

“………………….”

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Extention:
• Tugas = Buat ringkasan materi ini!
• Tulis tangan di kertas A4 (1 lembar saja)
• Jangka waktu pemasukkan 1 minggu

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TERIMA KASIH