DATA CONVERSION

CIRCUITS – PART 1
Data Acquisition systems – CC415
Lecture 4
Dr. Sherine Nagi
Data Acquisition Channel

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Analog Switches
• When the control input is high, the switch is closed (on)
• When the control input is low, the switch is open (off)
• Three basic types of analog switches are shown in figure:

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Example
• Determine the output waveform of the analog switch shown in figure for the
control voltage and analog input voltage shown.

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Multiple-Channel Analog Switches
• In data acquisition systems where inputs from several different sources must be
independently converted to digital form for processing, a technique called
multiplexing is used.
• Note: Only one switch can be closed at a given time.
• What circuit can be used to control the switches?

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Example
• Determine the output waveform of the analog
multiplexer shown in figure for the control inputs
and the analog inputs shown

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Sample-and-Hold Amplifiers
• Samples an analog input voltage at a certain point in time and retains or holds the
samples voltage for an extended time after the sample is taken.
• The sample-and-hold process keeps the samples analog voltage constant for the
length of time necessary to allow an analog-to-digital (ADC) to convert the
voltage to digital form.
• Holding signal benefits the accuracy of the A/D conversion

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Basic action of a sample-and-hold

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Tracking during a sample-and-hold
sequence

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Example
• Determine the output voltage waveform for the sample/track-and-hold
amplifier shown in figure, given the input and control voltages waveforms

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Solution

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Interfacing the analog and digital
worlds
• Analog quantities are sometimes called real-world quantities because most
physical quantities are analog in nature.
• Many applications of computers and other digital systems require the input of
real-world quantities, such as temperature, speed, position, pressure and force.

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Interfacing the analog and digital
worlds

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Interfacing the analog and digital
worlds

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ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL
CONVERSION

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Basic concepts of ADC
• Resolution:
• The resolution in an ADC can be expressed as the number of bits used to represent each
value of the analog signal.
• The more bits, the more accurate is the conversion and the greater is the resolution
because more values of a given analog signal can be represented.

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Basic concepts of ADC
• Conversion Time:
• The conversion of a value on an analog waveform into a digital quantity is not an
instantaneous event, but it is a process that takes a certain amount of time.
• The conversion time can range from microseconds for fast converters to milliseconds for
slower devices.

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 Basic concepts of ADC
• Sampling Theory:
• The figure shows a 1,050 Hz signal
sampled at 500Hz. The sampling
cause it to look like a 50 Hz signal
• Therefore, to get full information
about a signal you must sample
more than twice the highest
frequency in the signal

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Basic concepts of ADC
• Sampling Theory:
• Since it takes a certain interval of time to accomplish the conversion, the number of
samples of an analog waveform during a given period of time is limited
• In order to represent an analog waveform, the minimum sample rate (Nyquist rate)
must be greater than twice the maximum frequency component of the analog signal.
• The greater number of conversions per cycle of the analog signal results in a more
accurate representation of the analog signal.

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Basic concepts of ADC
• Quantization Value

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Basic concepts of ADC
• Quantization Error:
• The change in the value of the analog signal during the conversion time.
• How to avoid this error?

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Basic concepts of ADC
• Avoiding quantization error:

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