Lecture Mobnet c00m03 History

Mobile Networking (MobNet)
Winter Semester
Chapter 00: Basics of Wireless Communications
Module 03: History Bits of Wireless Communications
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Hollick
Technische Universität Darmstadt

Secure Mobile Networking Lab - SEEMOO
Department of Computer Science
Center for Advanced Security Research Darmstadt - CASED
Pankratiusstr. 2
D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
Dr. Allyson Sim Tel.+49 6151 16-70922, Fax. +49 6151 16-70921
allyson.sim@seemoo.tu-darmstadt.de http://seemoo.de or http://www.seemoo.tu-darmstadt.de
Outline & Learning Objectives
Chapter 00, Module 01
(1) Predictions from the past

(2) Early history of wireless communications
Get a glimpse into the (young) history of wireless

communications
§ Identify the most important milestones in research and development
enabling today’s wireless communications
§ Put the development of wireless and mobile communications in
perspective with the Internet’s development
Department of Computer Science | SEEMOO | Dr. Allyson Sim Slide

MobNet | Chapter 00 Module 03 | History 2
Future of Communications?
[Image Source: Villemard, 1910,

http://expositions.bnf.fr/utopie/feuill/index.htm]

Early History of Wireless
Communication
Smoke signals
• Used by tribes of North America to signify danger
• Ancient China at the soldier station of the Great China Wall to
alert danger from tower to tower (multi-hop routing): 750km
within a few hours
Image source: https://giphy.com/explore/smoke-signals Image source:

https://www.chinahighlights.com/greatwall/gre
at-wall-watchtower.htm

Communications
Homing Pigeons
• Natural homing ability of pigeons: extensively used for long
distance communication
• Used by Greek, Persian, and Roman
[Idea and Image Source: Nitin H. Vaidya, Image source: UIUC]
Image Source: Wikipedia

Communication
Semaphore Flag
• Used in maritime in late 19
century
• Communication using visual
signals with hand-held flags,
disks, an rods
• Still an acceptable mode of
communication for emergency
Image Source: https://pixabay.com/vectors

Communication
Telegraphy
• Breakthrough in the field of
communication
• Electric telegraphy roots from the
harnessing of electricity
• Still used until 2006 in US and
2013 in India Image Source: https://www.thoughtco.com
Morse Code
• Still globally
used as mode of
communication
Image Source: https://bit.ly/35FYdaw by LTE

Communication
RADIO à important history on electromagnetic waves:
M. Faraday (1791-1864): J. Maxwell (1831-79): H. Hertz (1857-94):
demonstrates demonstrate that demonstrates with an
electromagnetic induction electromagnetic waves can experiment that one could
(1831) propagate through free produce and detect
space and develop the electromagnetic wave
theory of electromagnetic (1888)
fields, wave equations Hertz – cycle per second
(1864)
[Image Source: Wikipedia and http://aviation_dictionary.enacademic.com]

Prediction of the Future in 1882
[Idea and Image Source: Friedemann Mattern, ETHZ]

History of Wireless
Communication (1)
1895 Guglielmo Marconi
§ first demonstration of wireless telegraphy
§ long distance radio transmission (3.2km) and over hills
using monopole antenna
1907 Commercial transatlantic connections
§ huge base stations
(30 antennas, each 100m tall)
1915 Wireless voice transmission
§ New York – San Francisco (coincide with wired telephone)
§ Continuous-wave (Amplitude Modulation) transmission
1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
§ First radio broadcast in UK
§ reflection at the ionosphere, smaller sender, and receiver
Wireline vs. Wireless … 1901
Source: http://www.dephx.com/2010/11/map-of-undersea-cables-from-1901.html
More Predictions
Berlin ,1910

More Predictions
Foresee Amazon

History of Wireless
Communication (2)
1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin
§ Bulky transmitter with massive antenna
1958 A-Netz in Germany
§ analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no handover, 80%
coverage, 1971 - 11000 customers
1972 B-Netz in Germany (1974 “Internet-idea” appears)
§ analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but location of the mobile
station has to be known)
§ available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customer
1982 Start of GSM-specification (1981 RFC791 – IPv4)
§ goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming
1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System, 1G, analog)
§ in 1983 Internet splits from ARPANET, switch from NCP to IPv4, ~ 500 hosts

History of Wireless
Communication (3)
1986 C-Netz in Germany (Internet ~ 5000 hosts)
§ analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible,
digital signaling, automatic location of mobile device
§ Was in use until 2000, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98% coverage
1992 Start of GSM (WWW, Internet ~ 1,000,000 hosts)
§ 2G, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
§ automatic location, hand-over, cellular
§ roaming in Europe - now world-wide in more than 190 countries
§ services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
1994 E-Netz in Germany (Netscape 0.9)
§ GSM at 1800MHz, smaller cells
§ As E-Plus in D (1997 98% coverage of the population)

History of Wireless
Communication (4)
1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)
§ In 1996: Internet > 9,000,000 hosts, Mobile IP is discussed
§ ETSI standardization of type 1: 5.2GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
§ recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as
wireless ATM-networks (QoS support, up to 155Mbit/s)
1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11 (Internet > 16M hosts)
§ IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
§ already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning
1998 Specification of GSM successors
§ UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European
proposal for IMT-2000
§ 2GHz, combine GSM technology with CDMA
1998 Iridium
§ 66 low orbit satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone
§ Global roaming
§ High cost for satellites
History of Wireless
Communication (5)
1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs
§ IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4GHz, 11Mbit/s (4-6Mbit/s eff.)
§ Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s
Classical WiFi card
1999 Decision about IMT-2000 (3G) 3GPP
§ Several “members” of a “family”: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT, …
2000 GSM with higher data rates (Internet > 300M people)
§ HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s
§ First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!)
2000 UMTS auctions/beauty contests
§ Hype followed by disillusionment (approx. 50 B€ paid in Germany for
6 UMTS licenses!)
2001 Start of 3G systems
§ cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS trials in Europe (by BT on Isle of Man),
FOMA (almost UMTS) in Japan

History of Wireless
Communication (6)
2001 Standardization of additional WLAN
§ IEEE 802.11a, 5GHz, 54Mbit/s (21-22Mbit/s eff.)
2001 Start of Work on Wireless MAN
§ IEEE 802.16-2001 (WiMax), 2 to 66 GHz, several kilometers distance
(Sources: www.nokia.com, www.vodafone.de)

2003 Standardization of additional WLAN
§ IEEE 802.11g, 2.4GHz, 54Mbit/s (15-20Mbit/s eff.)
§ IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee 250 kbit/s for low-power comm
2004 Start of 3G in Germany
§ Vodafone offers UMTS adaptor for PC Card slot
§ UMTS phones still too bulky and drain battery quickly
§ Max download rate 384Kbit/s, max upload rate 64Kbit/s

History of Wireless
Communication (7)
(Sources: www.apple.com, www.google.com, wirelessgigabitalliance.org, www.3gpp.org)

2005 … 2016
§ 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11ad, WiMAX, 802.15.4, LTE, LTE Advanced
§ iPhone, iPad, iOS, Android
§ Software-defined radios, etc.

History of Wireless
Communication - Summary
If you find textbooks boring
§ There is fiction around telling about some
of the great inventions of the 20th century
Erik Larson, Thunderstruck, Image source:sodahead.com

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§ It is understood that all persons copying this information will adhere
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Mobile Networking (MobNet)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Hollick

Technische Universität Darmstadt

Chapter 00, Module 01

(1) Predictions from the past

Get a glimpse into the (young) history of wireless

Department of Computer Science | SEEMOO | Dr. Allyson Sim Slide

[Image Source: Villemard, 1910,

Department of Computer Science | SEEMOO | Dr. Allyson Sim Slide

Image source: https://giphy.com/explore/smoke-signals Image source:

Department of Computer Science | SEEMOO | Dr. Allyson Sim Slide

[Idea and Image Source: Nitin H. Vaidya, Image source: UIUC]

Image Source: Wikipedia

Image Source: https://pixabay.com/vectors

Department of Computer Science | SEEMOO | Dr. Allyson Sim Slide

Image Source: https://bit.ly/35FYdaw by LTE

Department of Computer Science | SEEMOO | Dr. Allyson Sim Slide

[Image Source: Wikipedia and http://aviation_dictionary.enacademic.com]

[Idea and Image Source: Friedemann Mattern, ETHZ]

Department of Computer Science | SEEMOO | Dr. Allyson Sim Slide

[Idea and Image Source: Friedemann Mattern, ETHZ]

[Idea and Image Source: Friedemann Mattern, ETHZ]

Department of Computer Science | SEEMOO | Dr. Allyson Sim Slide

Department of Computer Science | SEEMOO | Dr. Allyson Sim Slide

Department of Computer Science | SEEMOO | Dr. Allyson Sim Slide

Department of Computer Science | SEEMOO | Dr. Allyson Sim Slide

(Sources: www.nokia.com, www.vodafone.de)

Department of Computer Science | SEEMOO | Dr. Allyson Sim Slide

(Sources: www.apple.com, www.google.com, wirelessgigabitalliance.org, www.3gpp.org)

Department of Computer Science | SEEMOO | Dr. Allyson Sim Slide

Erik Larson, Thunderstruck, Image source:sodahead.com

§ This document has been distributed by the contributing authors as a

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