Programming Lecture 1

Lecture One
Wireless Communications and Mobile computing

Faculty of Computing and Software Engineering |AMIT | AMU

 Topics Covered

 Introduction
 History of wireless communications
 Types of services
 wireless vs mobile
 Applications
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Communication System
 Communication Systems can be Wired or Wireless and the medium used for
communication can be Guided or Unguided.
 Wired Communication, the medium is a physical path like Co-axial Cables, Twisted
Pair Cables and Optical Fiber Links etc.
 which guides the signal to propagate from one point to other. Such type of medium is called Guided
Medium

 Wireless Communication doesn’t require any physical medium but propagates the
signal through space.
 The space only allows for signal transmission without any guidance, the medium used
in Wireless Communication is called Unguided Medium
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Communication System….

 If there is no physical medium, then how does wireless

communication transmit signals?
 Even though there are no cables used in wireless communication,
the transmission and reception of signals is accomplished with
Antennas.
 Antennas are electrical devices that transform the electrical signals
to radio signals in the form of Electromagnetic (EM) Waves and
vice versa.
 These Electromagnetic Waves propagates through space.
 Hence, both transmitter and receiver consists of an antenna.
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What is Electromagnetic Wave?
 Electromagnetic Waves carry the electromagnetic energy of
electromagnetic field through space.
 Electromagnetic Waves include
 Gamma Rays (γ – Rays), X – Rays, Ultraviolet Rays, Visible Light, Infrared
Rays, Microwave Rays and Radio Waves.

 Electromagnetic Waves (usually Radio Waves) are used in wireless

communication to carry the signals.
 An Electromagnetic Wave consists of both electric and magnetic
fields in the form of time varying sinusoidal waves.
 Both these fields are oscillating perpendicular to each other

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 Wireless communication

 the process of sending/receiving information through invisible waves in air.

 The transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any
other forms of electrical conductors.
 Information can be text, voice, and video are carried through the radio frequency of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
 Electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all types of EM radiation
 This incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two
or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and
devices

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Basic Elements of a Wireless Communication System
 Wireless Communication System can be divided into three elements: the Transmitter,
the Channel and the Receiver

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 Elements of Wireless communication

 The Transmission Path

 Consists of
 Encoder: converts the signal in to a suitable form for applying signal processing techniques.
 Encryption: the signal and the information is secured and doesn’t allow any unauthorized
access
 Modulation: the signal is modulated using a suitable Modulation Technique (like PSK, FSK
and QPSK etc.) , so that the signal can be easily transmitted using antenna.
 Multiplexing: The modulated signal is then multiplexed with other signals using different
Multiplexing Techniques like Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) or Frequency Division
Multiplexing (FDM) to share the valuable bandwidth
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Elements of Wireless communication…

 The Channel
 the medium of transmission in which the signal travelling through the open space.
 The Reception Path
 The job of the Receiver is to collect the signal from the channel and reproduce it as
the source signal.
 The reception path of a Wireless Communication System comprises of
Demultiplexing , Demodulation, Channel Decoding, Decryption and Source
Decoding

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Wireless communication

 Advantage of wireless communication

 Support mobility
 flexibility
 speed
 Wireless Communication like mobile telephony can be made anywhere and
anytime with a considerably high throughput performance.
 easily installation and low cost
 In emergency situations and remote locations, where the setup of wired
communication is difficult, wireless communication is a viable option
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Wireless Communication
Disadvantages of Wireless Communication
 Interference,
 The best example is Bluetooth and Wi-Fi (WLAN). Both these technologies use the 2.4GHz frequency for
communication and when both of these devices are active at the same time, there is a chance of interference

 Security
 it is possible that an intruder can intercept the signals and copy sensitive information

 Health.
 Continuous exposure to any type of radiation can be hazardous
 Even though the levels of RF energy that can cause the damage are not accurately established,

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Applications of wireless communication

 Application areas of wireless network

 Wireless sensor networks monitor factories,
 Wireless links replace the cables between computers and
keyboards, mouse and other peripheral devices
 Wireless positioning systems monitor the location of
trucks
 Business
 This variety of new applications causes the technical
challenges for the wireless engineers to become
bigger with each day.
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History : How wireless started
 Ancient Systems – shouts and jungle drums ,smoke
signals, light ,Carrier Pigeons,…….
 began around the time that James C. Maxwell predicted
and proved the existence of EM waves in the 1860s, and
 when Heinrich R. Hertz experimentally confirmed the
actual existence of the EM wave in 1888
 Marconi succeeded & invented the wireless telegraph in
1896.
 By encoding alphanumeric characters in analog signals, he
sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean in the form
of morse code in 1900s
 This led to a great many developments in wireless
communication networks that support radio, television,
mobile telephone, and satellite systems that have changed our
lives.
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History : The First Systems
 Unidirectional information transmission
 Was done for entertainment broadcasting.
 By the late 1930s,
 The need for bidirectional wireless mobile
communications emerged.
 Military ,police departments ,fire
station….
 Many sophisticated military radio systems
were developed during and after WW2
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History :The First Systems…

 1946, the first mobile telephone system

 have an interface to the Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN),
 this interface was not automated, but rather
consisted of human telephone operators. Calls
were switched manually
 Has a total of six speech channels for the whole
city, the system soon met its limits.
 Led to investigations of how the number of users
could be increased?. 16
Cont’d …
 During WWII, the appearance of early radio phones was limited to military
use, and not available for civilian or commercial use.
 These were AM radio phones, that functioned as Walkie-Talkies
 The car phones that were first commercialized in 1946 in USA by Bell
System, and continued to be improved and popularized in the 1960’s made
used of Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) which was still
connected on the landline network, also known as Public Switched
Telephone Networks (PSTN) although mobility was supported to some
extent.
 This was an example of a radio telephone network, which was considered
as pre-1G, or 0G technology

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Cont’d …

 Researchers at AT&T’s Bell Labs found the answer:

 The cellular principle, where the geographical area is
divided into cells; different cells might use the same
frequencies.
 To this day, this principle forms the basis for the majority
of wireless communications
 In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite
(Sputnik). The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a
beach ball (58 cm.or 22.8 inches in diameter)

 and the U.S.A. soon followed. 18

History: Analog Cellular Systems
 The first cellular network efforts began at Bell Labs and with
research conducted at Motorola.
 Motorola had long produced mobile telephones for automobiles,
but these large and heavy models consumed too much power to
allow their use without the automobile’s engine running
 While Motorola was developing a cellular phone, from 1968 to
1983 Bell Labs worked out a system called Advanced Mobile
Phone System (AMPS), which became the first cellular network
standard in the United States
 In 1983 Motorola introduced the DynaTAC 8000x, the first
commercially available cellular phone small enough to be easily
carried. He later introduced the so-called Bag Phone
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History: Analog Cellular Systems…
 Even though the US based BELL lab introduced the
cellular principle, the Nordic countries were the first
to introduce cellular services for commercial use
with the introduction of the Nordic Mobile
Telephone (NMT) in 1981
 So what was so great about NMT? Well, NMT had a
superior range compared to other systems. Even if
you were far away from a mast(pole), you could still
place a call.

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History: Analog Cellular Systems…
 1970s saw a revived interest in cellular communications
 Device shrinking made the vision of “portable” devices
more realistic.
 Motorola, AT&T, Ericson
 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system
 use digital switching technology that allowed them to
combine different cells in a large area into a single
network
 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).
 analog phone standards in the U.S.A
 is a first-generation cellular technology that uses separate
frequencies, or “channels”, for each conversation 21
Cont’d

 Be remind that at these time device is

portable but don’t handheld
 They all called carphones
 Due to they specifically designed for
and fitted into an automobile.

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Cont…

 1980s, the phones were “portable,” but definitely not handheld.

 In most languages, they were just called “carphones,”.
 But at the end of the 1980s, handheld phones with good speech quality
and quite acceptable battery lifetime flourish.
 The quality had become so good that in some markets digital phones
had difficulty establishing themselves.

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History: GSM and the Worldwide Cellular Revolution
 Analog phones have a bad spectral efficiency and due to the rapid growth of the cellular market, operators had
a high interest in making room for more customers
 1st generation analog cellular standards (such as AMPS, NMT)
 Poor voice quality , Large phone size, Poor battery life, No security
 It makes use of the mobile phone with the analog signal more difficult and this signal are suffer from
interference problem
 Limited capacity, Poor hand-off reliability, Very slow speed
 The shortcomings of these systems signaled the need for a more efficient cellular technology that could
also be used internationally.
 In 1990s, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) group came up with a digital cellular
standard that would become mandatory throughout Europe and was later adopted in most parts of the world:
 Global System for Mobile communications (GSM).
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History: GSM and the Worldwide Cellular Revolution…

 GSM is a digital mobile network that is widely used by mobile phone users in Europe
and other parts of the world
 GSM got wide acceptance with short period
 better speech quality, support for hand-held devices, low service cost, support for
new services and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) capability and the
possibility for secure communications.
 By the year 2000, market penetration in Western Europe and Japan had exceeded
50% growth rates were spectacular

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Overview of Cellular communication Systems

 1G: Basic mobile telephony service

 Based on analog cellular technology
 American Mobile Phone (AMPS) and NMT in Europe

 2G: mobile telephony services for mass users with encryption and efficient utilization of the radio
spectrum
 Digital cellular technology……… GSM and CDMA

 2.5G: Mobile Internet/data services together with voice services

 Packet switching technology adding into 2G
 Providing mobile data services over 2G networks
 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE

 3G: enhanced 2.5G services with improved mobile internet services and emerging new applications
 CDMA2000 and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)
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Types of Services
 Broadcast
 The first wireless service was broadcast radio.
 Properties
 information is only sent in one direction
 transmitted information is the same for all users.
 information is transmitted continuously.
 Simple
 Transmitter does not need to have any knowledge or consideration about the receivers
 Simplex
 No. of users does not matter
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Cont’d…

 Paging
 unidirectional wireless communications systems.
 Properties
 user can only receive information, but cannot transmit.
 The information is intended for, and received by, only a single user.
 The amount of transmitted information is very small.
 used by..doctors , police allowing them to react to emergencies in shorter time.
 better area coverage

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Cont’d
 Cellular Telephony
 most important form of wireless communications.
 Properties
 information flow is bidirectional.(full duplex)

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Con’t’d …

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Cont’d …
 Trunking radio
 a control channel that assigns the frequency channel dynamically and allowing a large number of
user radios in multiple talk groups to share multiple channels or frequencies without conversations
interfering with each other.
 It enhances the efficiency of utilizing scarce frequency resources.
 Services
 Group calls: several users simultaneously, or several conference call between multiple users of the
system.
 Call priorities: enable the prioritization of calls and allow dropping a low-priority call in favor of a
high-priority one.
 Relay networks: the range of the network can be extended by using each Mobile Station (MS) as a
relay station for other MSs . 33
 Cont’d …
 Cordless telephony
 describes a wireless link between a handset and a BS that is directly connected to the public telephone
system.
 main difference from a cellphone
 is associated with, and can communicate with, only a single BS
 thus no mobile switching center; rather, the BS is directly connected to the PSTN.
 Properties
 no need to find out the location of the MS. Similarly, there is no need to provide for handover between
different BSs.
 There is no central system, there is no need for (and no possibility for) frequency planning.
 there are no network operators that can charge fees for connections from the MS to the BS; rather, the only
occurring fees are the fees from the BS into the PSTN. 34
Cont’d …
 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
 very similar to that of cordless phones
 connecting a single mobile user device to a public landline system. Laptop -to-Internet.

 Main advantage
 convenience for the user,
 allowing mobility.
 WLANs can even be used for connecting fixed-location computers (desktops)
 A major difference between wireless LANs and cordless phones is the required data rate

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Cont’d…
 Cordless 64kbps more than 700kbps for WLAN
 a number of standards have been developed for WLAN, all of which carry the identifier
IEEE 802.11.
 The original IEEE 802.11 standard 1Mbit/s,
 the very popular 802.11b standard (also known under the name WiFi) allows up to
11Mbit/s and the 802.11a standard extends that to 55Mbit/s.
 Even higher rates are realized by the 802.11n standard that was introduced in 2008/2009.
 WLAN devices can, in principle, connect to any BS (access point) that uses the same
standard.

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Cont’d…
 Personal area network(PAN)
 coverage area even smaller than that of WLANs,
 number of standards for PANs have been developed by the IEEE 802.15 group
 intended for simple “cable replacement” duties.
 For example, Bluetooth standard allow to connect a hands-free headset to a phone without
requiring a cable; in that case, the distance between the two devices is less than a meter.
 In such applications, data rates are fairly low (<1Mbit/s).

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PAN…
 Recently, wireless communications between (DVD player to TV), between computer and
peripheral devices (printer, mouse), and similar applications have gained importance .
 data rates in excess of 100Mbit/s are used.
 Networks for even smaller distances like Body Area Networks (BANs), which enable
communications between devices located on various parts of a user’s body.
 monitoring of patients’ health and of medical devices(e.g., pacemakers).

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Services…

 Fixed Wireless Access

 essentially replacing a dedicated cable connection between the user and the public landline
system.
 no mobility of the user devices
 the distances bridged by fixed wireless access devices are much larger (between 100m and
several tens of kilometers).
 its main market for covering rural areas, and for establishing connections in developing
countries that do not have any wired infrastructure in place.

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Services..

 Ad hoc Networks and Sensor Networks

 Up to now, we have dealt with “infrastructure-based” wireless communications,

 where certain components (base stations, TV transmitters, etc.) are intended by

design to be in a fixed location, to control over the network and interface with
other networks.
 an alternative in which there is only one type of equipment, and those devices, all of which may
be mobile, organize themselves into a network according to their location and according to
necessity. Such networks are called ad hoc networks
 There can still be “controllers” in an ad hoc network, but the choice of which device acts as
master and which as slave is done opportunistically whenever a network is formed .
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Cont’d …
 The advantages of ad hoc networks
 low costs (because no infrastructure is required),
 high flexibility.
 The drawbacks
 reduced efficiency, smaller communication range, and restrictions on the number of
devices that can be included in a network.
 Ad hoc networks play a major role in the recent abundance of sensor networks, which
allow communications between machines for the purpose of building control (controlling
air conditioning, lighting, etc., based on sensor data), factory automation, surveillance, etc.
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Satellite Systems

 Cover very large areas

 Distance several hundred kilometers
 the transmit powers need to be larger,
 high-gain antennas need to be used
 communications from within buildings is
almost impossible
 costs of setting up a satellite – are much
higher

 Global Positioning System (GPS) use 42

Cont’d ….

Is wireless mobile?
or
Is mobile wireless?

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Cont’d…
 A communication device can exhibit any one of the following characteristics:
 Fixed and wired
 Example the typical desktop computer in an office.
 Neither weight nor power consumption of the devices allow for mobile usage.
 The devices use fixed networks for performance reasons.

 Mobile and wired:

 Many of yesterday’s laptops fall into this category; users carry the laptop from one hotel to the
next, reconnecting to the company’s network via the telephone network and a modem.

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 Cont’d…
 Fixed and wireless:
 This mode is used for installing networks, e.g., in historical buildings to avoid damage by installing
wires, or
 at trade shows to ensure fast network setup.

 Mobile and wireless:

 This is the most interesting case.
 No cable restricts the user, who can roam between different wireless networks.
 Most technologies deal with this type of device and the networks supporting them.
 Today’s most successful example for this category is GSM with more than 4 Billion users.

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 Service ?
 What are the different
types of wireless services
that we have seen on the
previous class ?
 Broadcast
 Paging
 Cellular Telephony
 Trunking Radio
 Cordless Telephony
 Wireless LAN,PAN,BAN
 Fixed wireless access
 Ad hoc and sensor Nets
 Satellite services
 Requirements..
 Different applications have
different requirements
 Data rate
 Range & no of users
 Mobility
 Energy consumption
 Use of spectrum
 Direction of transmissions
 Service Quality
Economic and social aspects

 Strength
 Social & cultural factor
 Mobile life style (Anytime Anywhere)
 Increase of social communication
 Increase revenue & productivity
 Ease of setup
 Less expensive
 Development in mobile devices(dynamic)

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Cont…

 Weakness and issues  Weakness…

 Social issue  Technology issues

 Privacy
 Lack of standards
 High cost of technology
 Security (easy to tap)
 Quality of service
 Health issues (Brain cancer)
 Device limitation
 Noise pollution ,(irritation in classroom)
 Low data rates
 Accident (use of cell phone while
driving)

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Cont’d …

 List some wireless system applications in different

areas of our life?

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At Home
WiFi

satellite WiFi 802.11g/n

WiFi
UWB

bluetooth
WiFi

cellular

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On the Move

Source: http://www.ece.uah.edu/~jovanov/whrms/
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On the Move: Context-Aware

Source: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~aura/docdir/sensay_iswc.pdf
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On the Road

GSM/UMTS, c
cdmaOne/cdma2000, ho
ad
WLAN, GPS
DAB, TETRA, ...

road
road condition,
condition,
weather,
weather,
location-based
location-based services,
services,
emergency
emergency
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Applications
 Vehicles
 Emergencies
 Business
 Agriculture
 Replacement of wired networks
 Infotainment and more
 Location dependent services

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Future Wireless Networks
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices

Next-generation Cellular
Wireless Internet Access
Wireless Multimedia
Sensor Networks
Smart Homes/Spaces
Automated Highways
In-Body Networks
All this and more …
 Mobile computing

 Mobile computing systems are computing systems that may be easily

moved physically and whose computing capabilities may be used while
they are being moved.
 Examples are
 Laptops,
 Personal digital assistants (PDAs), and
 Mobile phones

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