Wireless and Mobile

Communication Systems
Course Code:ECEg4283
Lecturer Getachew A.

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Jimma Institute of Technology
Jimma University

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Overview of Wireless and Mobile Communications
 Communication is one of the integral parts of science that has always been a
focus point for exchanging information at locations physically apart.

 Wireless communications is the fastest growing segment of the

communications industry.

 Similarly, the term ‘mobile' has completely revolutionized the communication

by opening up innovative applications .

 Mobile radio terminal means any radio terminal that could be moved during
its operation

 Today, mobile communication has become the backbone of the society.

 All the mobile system technologies have improved the way of living.

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Cont’d…

 Wireless communication systems is transfer of

information (i.e., voice, data, and multimedia) over a
distance without the use of electrical wires.
 Distances involved may be: Short, e.g., remote control
or large, e.g., satellite
 Information is transmitted using electromagnetic waves
It is a broadcast medium and system design is more
challenging than that of wired communication.
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 Wired vs. wireless
 Wired  Wireless
 Attenuation is low  Attenuation is high
 Interference is nil  Interference is high
 Costly, no mobility  No digging to lay cables
 Freedom from wires
 No cost of installing wires
and bunches of wires
 Global coverage……etc

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Examples of Wireless Communication Systems
 Cordless telephones :-use radio to connect a portable handset to a
dedicated base station over a distance of a few tens of meters.
 Paging systems :-Communication systems that broadcast a page
from every base station in the network and send brief messages to
a subscriber
 Cellular telephone systems:-provide a wireless connection to the
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) for any user location
within the radio range of a system.
 Garage car opener
 Remote controllers for home entertainment equipment,
 Hand-held walkie-talkies
 Wireless keyboard and mouse
 Wireless Lan router and adapter….

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Basic mobile communication structure

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Operational Channel
 There are four types of channels that take active part during a
mobile call. These are:
 Forward Voice Channel (FVC): This channel is used for the
voice transmission from the BS to the MS.
 Reverse Voice Channel (RVC): This is used for the voice
transmission from the MS to the BS.
 Forward Control Channel (FCC): Control channels are
generally used for controlling the activity of the call, i.e., they are
used for setting up calls and to divert the call to unused voice
channels. Hence these are also called setup channels.
 Reverse Control Channel (RCC): This is used for the call
control purpose from the MS to the BS. Control channels are
usually monitored by mobiles.
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 Basic Radio Transmission Techniques
a) Simplex:-One way
communication

b) Half Duplex:-Two way

communication. One at a
time

c) Full Duplex: Two way

communication
simultaneously

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Classification of Wireless Networks

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Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
• Network between devices carried or
worn by or near a person
• Examples
– Interconnection between a mobile phone and a
headset
– Interconnection between a laptop and projector
equipment
• Technologies
– InfraRed (IrDA)
– IEEE 802.15 radio standards
– Near Field Communication (NFC)

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 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
• Network between devices in home and
office environment; typically gives
access to a fixed infrastructure
• Examples:
– Interconnection of stationary and mobile devices
such as desktops, laptops, telephones, television,
etc.
– Internet access at public venues such as airports,
restaurants, conferences, etc.
• Technologies
– IEEE 802.11 radio standards (WiFi)
– Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephony (DECT)

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Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN)
• Network covering a city or
metropolitan area; alternative to
laying cables or optic fibers
• Examples
– Interconnecting operator network to WLANs
or end user devices, or interconnecting
several WLANs
– Broadband wireless solution for the ”last mile”
access to homes
• Technologies
– IEEE 802.16 radio standards (WiMax)

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Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN)
• Network covering a country, continent or entire globe;
typically interconnecting several WMANs and providing
anywhere, anytime access
• Examples:
– Cellular networks
– Satellite systems
• Technologies
– GSM, UMTS, HSDPA

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Satellite Systems
 Traditional Applications
 Weather satellite
 Radio and TV broadcasting
 Military satellites
 Satellites for navigation and localization (e.g., GPS)
 Telecommunication Applications
 Global telephone connections
 Backbone for global network
 Global mobile communication
 Advantages
 It is far away from the surface of the earth, can cover a wider area.

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History of Wireless Communication
 The first wireless networks were developed in the Pre-industrial age.
 These systems transmitted information over line-of-sight distances
using
 smoke signals,
 torch signaling,
 flashing mirrors,
 signal flares, or
 semaphore flags.
 An elaborate set of signal combinations was developed to convey
complex messages with these rudimentary signals.
 Observation stations were built on hilltops and along roads to relay
these messages over large distances.

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cont’d…
 These early communication networks were replaced first by the
telegraph network (invented by Samuel Morse in 1838) and later by
the telephone.
 In 1895, Marconi demonstrated the first radio transmission.
 Radio technology advanced rapidly to enable transmissions over
larger distances with
 better quality,
 less power, and
 Smaller & cheaper devices,
 thereby enabling public and private radio communications, television,
and wireless networking.

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Types of wireless communications
1. Infrared(IR) and Milimeter waves
 IR wireless communication communicates data or information in

devices or systems through infrared(IR) radiation.

 Widely used for millimeter waves – 30 GHz

 Unable to pass through solid objects

 Used for indoor Wireless LANs, not for outdoors – 10m range

 For IR communication to work, the system mostly operate in line-

of-sight mode.e.g. Television remote control.

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Cont’d…
2. Light-wave transmission
 Unguided optical signal, such as laser

 Connect two LANs in two buildings via laser mounted on the

roofs

 Unidirectional, easy to install, don’t require license

Problems

 Unable to penetrate rain or thick fog

 Laser beam can be easily diverted by turbulent air

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Cont’d…
3. Broadcast Radio
 Basically an audio broadcasting service, Broadcasts sound

through the air as radio waves.

 It uses a transmitter to transmit radio waves to a receiving

antenna.

 To broadcast, stations are linked to the radio networks.

 Radio waves are electromagnetic signals transmitted by an

antenna.

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Cont’d….
 Radio waves have different frequency
segments, and you will be able to pick up an
audio signal by tuning into a specific
frequency segment. < 30 KHz VLF
 Easily generated, 30-300KHz LF
300KHz – 3MHz MF
 Omni-directionally travel long distances, and
3 MH – 30MH HF
 easily penetrate buildings 30MHz – 300MHz VHF
 Problems 300 MHz – 3GHz UHF
 Frequency-dependent 3-30GHz SHF
> 30 GHz EHF
 Relative low-bandwidth for data
communication
 Tightly licensed by governments

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Cont’d…

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Cont’d…
4. Microwave Radio
 Microwave transmission involves the transfer of voice and

data through the atmosphere as super high-frequency radio

waves.

 Microwave transmission is mainly used to transmit messages

between ground-based stations and satellite communications

systems.

 Antennas used in microwave transmissions are of convenient

sizes and shapes.

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 Cont’d…
 Each antenna is built with a fitted repeater to regenerate the

signal before passing it on to the next antenna in line.

 The ideal distance between each antenna is approximately 25

miles.

Problems
 Don’t pass through building well – LOS Communication
 Weather and frequency-dependent

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Cont’d…
5. Communication Satellites
 A communication satellite is an artificial satellite used specifically
as a communication transmitter/receiver in orbit.
 It behaves like a radio relay station above the earth to receive,
amplify, and redirect analog and digital signals carried on a specific
radio frequency.

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Cont’d….
 Data is passed through a satellite using a transponder which is
a signal path.
 Most satellites have between 24 to 72 transponders, with a
single transponder capable of transmitting and receiving 155
million bits of information per second.
 Satellites transmit information by using frequency bands
known as C-band and the higher Ku-band.
 In the near future, the use of a much higher frequency band
known as Ka-band is expected to increase.
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1st Generation Cellular Systems and Services
First generation: 1980’s
Several competing standards in different countries
 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), adopted in most of Europe

 TACS (Total Access Communication Systems), starts in 1985 UK

standard; A few of Europe, Asia, Japan

 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) US standard

 C-Netz (Only in Germany)

 Radiocom 2000 (Only in France)

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Cont’d…
Analog transmission

 Frequency modulation

Various bands were defined in different countries, areas:

 NMT: 450 MHz first, 900 MHz later

 TACS: 900 MHz and 1230 bidirectional channels (25KHz each)

 AMPS: 800 MHz

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2nd Generation Cellular Systems and Services
4 systems
Global System for Mobile (GSM)

Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), US

Code Division Multiple Access (IS-95- Interim Standard 95) US

Personal Digital Cellular (PDC),Japan

GSM by far the dominant one

Originally pan-European

Deployed worldwide
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Cont’d…
Basic bands:
 900 MHz

 1800 MHz (Digital Cellular System: DCS-1800)

 1900 MHz (Personal Communication System:PCS-1900,US

only)

Today, GSM is by far the most popular TDMA standard in the

world.

GSM counts for over 70% of the global mobile market.

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2.5 Generation Cellular Systems and Services
High speed circuit switched data (HSCSD)

Circuit switched data communication

Uses up to 4 slots (1 slot = 9.6 or 14.4 Kbps)

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

Made a transition from circuit-switched data that are used in

GSM to packet-switched data.

Packet data (use spectrum only when needed!)

dial-up comparable speed

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Cont’d…
Enhanced Data-rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) or Enhanced
Data for GSM Evolution

 Higher data rate available on radio interface

• Up to 384 Kbps (8 slots)

• new modulation scheme (8PSK)

• May coexist with old GMSK

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3rd Generation Cellular Systems and Services
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)

ITU standard: IMT-2000 (International Mobile

Telecommunication – 2000)

UMTS forum created in 1996

Later on 3GPP forum (bears most of standardization activities)

Wideband CDMA radio interface

But several other proposals accepted as “compatible”

Radio spectrum: 1885-2025 & 2110-2200 MHz

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Cont’d…
Important Component of IMT-2000 is ability to provide high
bearer rate capabilities:

2 Mbps for fixed environment;

384 Kbps for indoor/outdoor and walk environments;

144 kbps for vehicular environment.

Scheduled Service:

Started in October 2001 in Japan (W-CDMA)

Now in China(W-CDMA/TD-SCDMA/CDMA2000)
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Brief Introductions to Beyond 3G/4G
Developing Beyond 3G/4G standards: (IMT-Advanced)

IEEE802.16, WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for

Microwave Access)

3GPP LTE(Long Term Evolution), LTE-Advanced

3GPP2 UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband)

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