Wireless Communications and Mobile computing

Lecture One
Introduction

BY Basha K |Faculty of Computing and Software Engineering |AMIT | AMU

Objectives of the courses
 To provide an overview of Wireless Communication networks area and its
applications in communication engineering.
 To appreciate the contribution of Wireless Communication networks to overall
technological growth.
 To explain the various terminology, principles, devices, schemes, concepts, algorithms
and different methodologies used in Wireless Communication Networks.
 To enable students to compare and contrast multiple division techniques, mobile
communication systems, and existing wireless network
 To provide an overview on Trends, issues and challenges on Mobile computing
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 Topics Covered

 Introduction Wireless communication and Mobile Computing

 History of wireless communications
 Types of services
 wireless vs mobile
 Applications

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Introduction
 What will computers look like in ten years?
 No one can make a wholly accurate prediction, but as a general feature, most computers will certainly
be portable.
 How will users access networks with the help of computers or other communication devices?
 An ever-increasing number without any wires, i.e., wireless.

 How will people spend much of their time at work, during vacation?
 Many people will be mobile – already one of the key characteristics of today’s society.
 Think, for example, of an aircraft with 800 seats. Modern aircraft already offer limited
network access to passengers, and aircraft of the next generation will offer easy Internet
access. 5
Introduction…
 In this scenario, a mobile network moving at high speed above ground with a
wireless link will be the only means of transporting data to and from
passengers.
 Think of cars with Internet access and billions of embedded processors that
have to communicate with, for instance, cameras, mobile phones, CD-players,
headsets, keyboards, intelligent traffic signs and sensors.
 This plethora of devices and applications show the great importance of mobile
communications today.

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Introduction… User mobility and device portability
 User mobility
 Refers to a user who has access to the same or similar telecommunication services at
different places,
 i.e., the user can be mobile, and the services will follow him or her.
 Examples for mechanisms supporting user mobility are
 Simple call-forwarding solutions known from the telephone
 Computer desktops supporting roaming
 i.e., the desktop looks the same no matter which computer a user uses to log into the
network.
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Introduction… User mobility and device portability
 Device portability

The communication device moves (with or without user).
 Many mechanisms in the network and inside the device have to make sure that
communication is still possible while the device is moving.
 A typical example for systems supporting device portability
 Is the mobile phone system, where the system itself hands the device from one radio
transmitter (also called a base station) to the next if the signal becomes too weak

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Introduction…

 Mobile computing systems are computing systems that may be easily moved physically and
whose computing capabilities may be used while they are being moved.
 Examples:
 Laptops,
 Personal digital assistants (PDAs), and
 Pocket computers
 Notepad
 Mobile phones etc.

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Communication System
 Communication Systems can be Wired or Wireless and
 The medium used for communication can be Guided or Unguided.
 In Wired Communication, the medium is a physical path like
 Co-axial Cables,

 Twisted Pair Cables and

 Optical Fiber Links etc.

 Which guides the signal to propagate from one point to other. So called Guided
 In Wireless Communication doesn’t require any physical medium but propagates the signal
through space.
 Since, space only allows for signal transmission without any guidance, the medium used in
Wireless Communication is called Unguided Medium
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Communication System….
 If there is no physical medium, then how does wireless communication
transmit signals?
 Even though there are no cables used in wireless communication, the
transmission and reception of signals is accomplished with Antennas.
 Antennas are electrical devices that transform the electrical signals to radio
signals in the form of Electromagnetic (EM) Waves and vice versa
 (to couple the energy from the transmitter to the out side world and,
in reverse, from the outside world to the receiver).
 These Electromagnetic Waves propagates through space.
 Hence, both transmitter and receiver consists of an antenna.

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What is Electromagnetic Wave (EM)?

 EM Waves carry the electromagnetic energy of electromagnetic

field through space.
 Electromagnetic Waves include
 Gamma Rays (γ – Rays), X – Rays, Ultraviolet Rays, Visible Light, Infrared Rays,
Microwave Rays and Radio Waves.

 Electromagnetic Waves (usually Radio Waves) are used in wireless

communication to carry the signals.
 An Electromagnetic Wave consists of both electric and magnetic
fields in the form of time varying sinusoidal waves.
 Both these fields are oscillating perpendicular to each other
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Introduction… Wireless communication ???

 Wireless communication involves the process of sending/receiving information through

invisible waves in the air.
 Information such as text, voice, and video are carried through the radio frequency of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
 This is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and
communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless
communication technologies and devices

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14
Why Wireless Communication?
 When wired communication can do most of the tasks that a wireless communication can, why do we need
Wireless Communication? Enabling us stay connected
—every where
 The primary and important benefit of wireless communication is mobility. —every times
 Also offers flexibility and ease of use, which makes it increasingly popular day – by – day
 Wireless Communication like mobile telephony can be made anywhere and anytime with a considerably high throughput
performance.

 The setup and installation of infrastructure for wired communication systems is an expensive and time
consuming job.
 The infrastructure for wireless communication can be installed easily and low cost

 In emergency situations and remote locations, where the setup of wired communication is difficult,
wireless communication is a viable option
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Why Wireless Communication?...
 During the past three decades, the world has seen significant changes in the telecommunications industry.
 There have been some remarkable aspects to the rapid growth in wireless communications, as seen by the large expansion
in mobile systems.
 Wireless systems consist of
 Wireless Wide-Area Networks (WWAN) [i.e., cellular systems]
 Wireless Local rea Networks (WLAN) and
 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)

 The handsets used in all of these systems possess complex functionality, yet they have become small, low power consuming
devices that are mass produced at a low cost, which has in turn accelerated their widespread use.
 The recent advancements in Internet technology have increased network traffic considerably, resulting in a rapid growth of
data rates.
 This phenomenon has also had an impact on mobile systems, resulting in the extraordinary growth of the mobile Internet

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Why Wireless Communication?...
 Wireless data offerings are now evolving to suit consumers due to the simple reason that the Internet has
become an everyday tool and users demand data mobility.
 Currently, wireless data represents about 15 to 20% of all air time.

 While success has been concentrated in vertical markets such as public safety, health care, and
transportation, the horizontal market (i.e., consumers) for wireless data is growing.
 In 2005, more than 20 million people were using wireless e-mail.
 The Internet has changed user expectations of what data access means.
 The ability to retrieve information via the Internet has been “an amplifier of demand” for wireless data applications
 Such keen interest in both industries is prompting user demand for converged services.


With more than a billion Internet users expected by 2050, the potential market for Internet-related wireless data
services is quite large
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 Why Wireless Communication?... So

 Cellular systems have experienced exponential growth over the last decade and there are currently about two
billion users worldwide.
 Cellular phones have become a critical business tool and part of everyday life in most developed countries, and
they are rapidly supplanting antiquated wireline systems in many developing countries
 WLANs currently replace wired networks in many homes, businesses, and campuses.
 Many new applications – including wireless sensor networks, automated highways and factories, smart homes
and appliances, and remote telemedicine – are emerging from research ideas to concrete systems.
 The explosive growth of wireless systems coupled with the proliferation of laptop and palmtop computers
suggests a bright future for wireless networks, both as stand-alone systems and as part of the larger
networking infrastructure.
However, many technical challenges remain in designing robust wireless networks that deliver the performance necessary to support emerging applications.
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Why Wireless Communication?
 Wireless communications is, by any measure, the fastest growing segment of the communications industry.
As such, it has captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

Advantages of Wireless Communication

 There are numerous advantage of Wireless Communication Technology, Wireless Networking and
Wireless Systems over Wired Communication like
 Cost effectiveness
 Mobility
 Flexibility
 Scalability
 Ease of Installation, etc.
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Why Wireless Communication?...
Disadvantages of Wireless Communication
 Even though wireless communication has a
number of advantages over wired communication,
there are a few disadvantages as well.
 Health.
 Continuous exposure to any type of radiation can be
hazardous
 The most concerning disadvantages are  Even though the levels of RF energy that can cause the
 Interference, damage are not accurately established,
 The best example is Bluetooth and Wi-Fi (WLAN).  Speed:
 Both these technologies use the 2.4GHz frequency for
communication and when both of these devices are active at the
 Wireless network can be slower than wired
same time, there is a chance of interference  Because bandwidth shared by all users

 Security
 Range:
 Wireless network has limited range
 It is possible that an intruder can intercept the signals  Users can only connect to the network if they are within a
and copy sensitive information. Vulnerable than wired certain distance of the access points

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Introduction … sample

 Large number of applications have been

developed,
 Wireless sensor networks monitor factories,
 Wireless links replace the cables between
 Computers and keyboards, mouse and
other peripheral devices
 Wireless positioning systems monitor the
location of trucks, any objects

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1.2. History of Wireless Communications
 The first wireless networks were developed in the pre-industrial age.
 Traditional communication methods over distances
 These systems transmitted information over line-of-sight distances (later extended by
telescopes) using smoke signals, torch signaling, flashing mirrors, signal flares, or semaphore
flags.
 An elaborate set of signal combinations was developed to convey complex messages with
these rudimentary signals.

 Observation stations were built on hilltops and along roads to relay these
messages over large distances.
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History : How wireless started
 Ancient Systems –
 Shouts and jungle drums ,smoke signals, light ,Carrier
Pigeons,…….

 The foundation of wireless communications

 Began around the time that James Clerk Maxwell predicted and
proved the existence of EM waves in the 1860s, and
 This led to the invention of wireless telegraphy and
wireless communications

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History : How wireless started
 Then – practical applications of wireless communication emerged
 By harnessing the properties of EM waves scientists have been able to transmit and
receive information over long distances

 Especially
 Marconi succeeded & invented the wireless telegraph in 1896.

 By encoding alphanumeric characters in analog signals, he sent

successfully telegraphic radio signals across the Atlantic Ocean in the
form of morse code in early 1900s
 This led to a great many developments in wireless communication
networks that support radio, television, mobile telephone, and satellite
systems that have changed our lives.
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History : How wireless started
 These early communication networks were replaced first by the telegraph network
 Invented by Samuel Morse in 1838 and
 Later in 1844 the 1st telegraph line was established b/n DC and Baltimore. Then telephone started

 In 1895, a few decades after the telephone was invented, Marconi demonstrated the first radio
transmission from the Isle of Wight to a tugboat 18 miles away, and radio communications was
born.
 Radio technology advanced rapidly to enable transmissions over larger distances with better
quality, less power, and smaller, cheaper devices, thereby enabling public and private radio
communications, television, and wireless networking.

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History : How wireless started
 Early radio systems transmitted analog signals.
 Today most radio systems transmit digital signals composed of binary bits.
 A digital radio can transmit a continuous bit stream or it can group the bits into packets.
 The latter type of radio is called a packet radio.
 The first wireless network based on packet radio, ALOHANET, was developed at the University of Hawaii
in 1971.
 This network enabled computer sites at seven campuses spread out over four islands to communicate with
a central computer on Oahu via radio transmission.
 The network architecture used a star topology with the central computer at its hub.

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History : How wireless started
 Wired Ethernets today offer data rates of 1 Gbps, and the performance gap between
wired and wireless LANs is likely to increase over time without additional spectrum
allocation.
 Despite their lower data rates, wireless LANs are becoming the preferred Internet access method in
many homes, offices, and campus environments owing to their convenience and freedom from wires.

 The challenge for future wireless LANs will be to support many users simultaneously with
bandwidth-intensive and delay-constrained applications such as video.
 Range extension is also a critical goal for future wireless LAN systems

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History : How wireless started
 By far the most successful application of wireless networking has been the cellular telephone
system.
 The roots of this system began in 1915, when wireless voice transmission between NewYork and
San Francisco was first established. When in Ethiopia??

 In 1946, public mobile telephone service was introduced in 25 cities across the United States.
 Severely limited the system capacity: thirty years after the introduction of mobile telephone service, the New
York system could support only 543 users.

 A solution to this capacity problem emerged during the 1950s and 1960s as researchers at
AT&T Bell Laboratories developed the cellular concept

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History : The First Systems
 Unidirectional information transmission
 Was done for entertainment broadcasting.
 By the late 1930s,
 The need for bidirectional wireless mobile
communications emerged.
 Military ,police departments ,fire station….
 Many sophisticated military radio systems were
developed during and after WW2

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History :The First Systems…

 1946, the first mobile telephone system Called Mobile Telephone Service (MTS)—for car

 have an interface to the Public Switched Telephone

Network (PSTN),
 this interface was not automated, but rather
consisted of human telephone operators. Calls were
switched manually
 Has a total of six speech channels for the whole city,
the system soon met its limits.

 This Led to investigations of how the number of users could be increased?.

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Cont…
 During WWII, the appearance of early radio phones was limited to military use, and not
available for civilian or commercial use.
 These were AM radio phones, that functioned as Walkie-Talkies

 The car phones that were

 first commercialized in 1946 in USA by Bell System, and
 Continued to be improved and popularized in the 1960’s
 Made used of Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) which was still connected on the landline network,
also known as Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN) although mobility was supported to some extent.
 This was an example of a radio telephone network, which was considered as pre-1G, or 0G technology

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 History :The First Systems…
 Researchers at AT&T’s Bell Labs found the answer:
 The cellular principle, where the geographical area is divided
into cells; different cells might use the same frequencies.
 To this day, this principle forms the basis for the majority of
wireless comm
 In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite (Sputnik).
 The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach
ball (58 cm or 22.8 inches in diameter)
 And the U.S.A. soon followed.
 NASA/Bell Laboratories’ Echo-1 in 1960
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 History: Analog Cellular Systems
 The first cellular network efforts began at Bell Labs and with research
conducted at Motorola.
 Motorola had long produced mobile telephones for automobiles, but these large and heavy
models consumed too much power to allow their use without the automobile’s engine
running

 While Motorola was developing a cellular phone, from 1968 to 1983 Bell Labs
worked out a system called Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) (IG),
which became the first cellular network standard in the United States
 In 1983 Motorola introduced the DynaTAC 8000x, the first commercially
available cellular phone small enough to be easily carried.
 He later introduced the so-called Bag Phone
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History: Analog Cellular Systems…
 Even though the US based BELL lab introduced the cellular
principle, the Nordic countries were the first to introduce
cellular services for commercial use with the introduction
of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) in 1981.
 So what was so great about NMT? Well, NMT had a
superior range compared to other systems.
 Even if you were far away from a pole, you could still place
a call.

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History: Analog Cellular Systems…
 1970s saw a revived interest in cellular communications
 Device shrinking made the vision of “portable” devices more
realistic.
 Motorola, AT&T, Ericson
 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system
 Use digital switching technology that allowed them to
combine different cells in a large area into a single network
 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).
 Analog phone standards in the U.S.A
 Is a first-generation cellular technology that uses separate
frequencies, or “channels”, for each conversation
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History: GSM and the Worldwide Cellular Revolution
 Analog phones have a bad spectral efficiency and due to the rapid growth of the cellular market, operators had a high
interest in making room for more customers
 1st generation analog cellular standards (such as AMPS, NMT)
 Poor voice quality , Large phone size, Poor battery life, No security
 Suffer from interference problem
 Limited capacity, Poor hand-off reliability, Very slow speed
 The shortcomings of these systems signaled the need for a more efficient cellular technology that could also be
used internationally.
 Many of the first-generation cellular systems in Europe were incompatible, and In 1990s, the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) group came up with a uniform standard for second-generation (2G) digital systems called GSM.
 Global System for Mobile communications (GSM).

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History: GSM and the Worldwide Cellular Revolution…
 GSM is a digital mobile network that is widely used by mobile phone users in Europe
and other parts of the world
 GSM got wide acceptance with short period
 Better speech quality, support for hand-held devices, low service cost, support for
new services and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) capability and the
possibility for secure communications.
 By the year 2000, market penetration in Western Europe and Japan had exceeded
50% growth rates were spectacular

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Overview of Cellular communication Systems
 1G: Basic mobile telephony service
 Based on analog cellular technology
 American Mobile Phone (AMPS) and NMT in Europe
• Used Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• At the introduction of 1G services, the mobile device was large in size,
and would only fi t in the trunk of a car.

 2G: mobile telephony services for mass users with encryption and efficient utilization of the radio spectrum
 Digital cellular technology……… GSM and CDMA • Improve voice quality and provide a set of rich voice features.
 2.5G: Mobile Internet/data services together with voice services
 Packet switching technology adding into 2G
 Providing mobile data services over 2G networks
 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE

 3G: enhanced 2.5G services with improved mobile internet services and emerging new applications
 CDMA2000 and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)

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Basic Elements of a Wireless Communication System
 A typical Wireless Communication System can be divided into three elements:
1. The Transmitter,
2. The Channel and
3. The Receiver

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Cont…
 The Transmission Path
 Consists of
 Encoder: converts the signal in to a suitable form for applying signal processing techniques.
 Encryption: the signal and the information is secured and doesn’t allow any unauthorized access
 Modulation: the signal is modulated using a suitable Modulation Technique (like PSK, FSK and
QPSK etc.) , so that the signal can be easily transmitted using antenna.
 Multiplexing: The modulated signal is then multiplexed with other signals using different
Multiplexing Techniques like Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) or Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM) to share the valuable bandwidth

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Cont…
 The Channel
 The channel in Wireless Communication indicates the medium of transmission of the signal
i.e. open space.

 The Reception Path

 The job of the Receiver is to collect the signal from the channel and reproduce it as the
source signal.
 The reception path of a Wireless Communication System comprises of Demultiplexing ,
Demodulation, Channel Decoding, Decryption and Source Decoding

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Types of Services

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Types of Services
 Broadcast
 The first wireless service was broadcast radio.
 Properties
 information is only sent in one direction
 transmitted information is the same for all users.
 information is transmitted continuously.
 Simple
 Transmitter does not need to have any knowledge or consideration about the receivers
 Simplex
 No. of users does not matter
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Cont…

 Paging
 Unidirectional wireless communications systems.
 As a very simple receiver, a pager can only display short text messages, has a tiny display, and cannot
send any messages.
 Properties
 User can only receive information, but cannot transmit.
 The information is intended for, and received by, only a single user.
 The amount of transmitted information is very small.
 Used by..doctors , police allowing them to react to emergencies in shorter time.
 Better area coverage
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Cont…
 Cellular Telephony
 Most important form of wireless communications.
 Properties
 Information flow is bidirectional.(full duplex)

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50
Cont…
 Trunking radio
 There is no connection between the wireless system and the PSTN;
 It allows the communications of closed user groups.
 Obvious applications include police departments, fire departments, taxis, and similar
 Services
 Group calls: several users simultaneously, or several conference call between multiple users of the system.
 Call priorities: enable the prioritization of calls and allow dropping a low-priority call in favor of a high-priority
one.
 Relay networks: the range of the network can be extended by using each Mobile Station (MS) as a relay station for
other MSs .

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Cont…
 Cordless telephony
 Originally designed to provide a low-cost, low-mobility wireless connection to the PSTN, that is, a short
wireless link to replace the cord connecting a telephone base unit and its handset.
 Describes a wireless link between a handset and a BS that is directly connected to the public telephone
system.
 Main difference from a cellphone
 Is associated with, and can communicate with, only a single BS

 Thus no mobile switching center; rather, the BS is directly connected to the PSTN.

 Properties
 No need to find out the location of the MS.

 Similarly, there is no need to provide for handover between different BSs.

 There is no central system, there is no need for (and no possibility for) frequency planning.

 There are no network operators that can charge fees for connections from the MS to the BS; rather,
the only occurring fees are the fees from the BS into the PSTN.
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Cont…
 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
 Very similar to that of cordless phones
 Connecting a single mobile user device to a public landline system. Laptop -to-Internet.
 Main advantage is convenience for the user, allowing mobility.
 WLANs can even be used for connecting fixed-location computers (desktops)
 A major difference between wireless LANs and cordless phones is the required data rate

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Cont…
 Personal area network(PAN)
 Coverage area even smaller than that of WLANs,
 Number of standards for PANs have been developed by the IEEE 802.15 group
 Intended for simple “cable replacement” duties.
 For example, Bluetooth standard allow to connect a hands-free headset to a phone without
requiring a cable; in that case, the distance between the two devices is less than a meter.
 In such applications, data rates are fairly low (<1Mbit/s).

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PAN…

 Recently, wireless communications between

 DVD player to TV,
 Computer and peripheral devices (printer, mouse), and
 Similar applications have gained importance . data rates in excess of 100Mbit/s are used.

 Networks for even smaller distances like Body Area Networks (BANs), which
enable communications between devices located on various parts of a user’s
body.
 Monitoring of patients’ health and of medical devices(e.g., pacemakers).
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Services…
 Fixed Wireless Access
 Essentially replacing a dedicated cable connection between the user and the public landline
system.
 No mobility of the user devices
 The distances bridged by fixed wireless access devices are much larger (between 100m and
several tens of kilometers).
 Its main market for covering rural areas, and for establishing connections in developing
countries that do not have any wired infrastructure in place.

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Services..

 Ad hoc Networks and Sensor Networks

 Up to now, we have dealt with “infrastructure-based” wireless communications,

 where certain components (base stations, TV transmitters, etc.) are intended by design to
be in a fixed location, to control over the network and interface with other networks.
 An alternative in which there is only one type of equipment, and those devices, all of which may be
mobile, organize themselves into a network according to their location and according to necessity.
 Such networks are called ad hoc networks
 There can still be “controllers” in an ad hoc network, but the choice of which device acts as master and
which as slave is done opportunistically whenever a network is formed .

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Satellite Systems
 Commercial satellite systems are another major component of the wireless communications infrastructure
 The most appealing use for a satellite system is the broadcast of video and audio over large geographic
regions.
 Distance several hundred kilometers
 The transmit powers need to be larger,
 High-gain antennas need to be used
 Communications from within buildings is almost impossible
 Costs of setting up a satellite – are much higher

 Global Positioning System (GPS) use growing

 Satellite signals used to pinpoint location 60
Low-Cost, Low-Power Radios: Bluetooth and ZigBee

 As radios decrease their cost and power consumption, it becomes feasible to

embed them into more types of electronic devices, which can be used to create
smart homes, sensor networks, and other compelling applications.
 Two radios have emerged to support this trend: Bluetooth and ZigBee.

 Bluetooth radios provide short-range connections between wireless devices along with
rudimentary networking capabilities.
 The Bluetooth standard is based on a tiny microchip incorporating a radio transceiver that is built into
digital devices.
 Mainly for short-range communications.
 Its normal range of operation is 10 m (at 1-mW transmit power), 61
…
 A communication device can exhibit any one of the following characteristics:
 Fixed and wired
 Example the typical desktop computer in an office.
 Neither weight nor power consumption of the devices allow for mobile usage.
 The devices use fixed networks for performance reasons.
 Mobile and wired:
 Many of yesterday’s laptops fall into this category; users carry the laptop from one hotel to the next,
reconnecting to the company’s network via the telephone network and a modem.

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…
 Fixed and wireless:
 This mode is used for installing networks, e.g., in historical buildings to avoid damage by installing
wires, or at trade shows to ensure fast network setup.

 Mobile and wireless:

 This is the most interesting case.
 No cable restricts the user, who can roam between different wireless networks.
 Most technologies discussed in this course deal with this type of device and the networks
supporting them.
 Today’s most successful example for this category is GSM with more than 4 Billion users.

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Summary Service ?
 What are the different types of
wireless services that we have seen
on the previous class?
 Broadcast
 Paging
 Cellular Telephony
 Trunking Radio
 Cordless Telephony
 Wireless LAN,PAN,BAN
 Fixed wireless access
 Ad hoc and sensor Nets
 Satellite services
 Low-Cost, Low-Power Radios
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Requirements criteria…which services is best ?

 Data rate
 Range & no of users
 Mobility
 Different applications have different  Energy consumption
requirements?  Use of spectrum
 Direction of transmissions
 Service Quality

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Economic and social aspects of these services

 Strength
 Social & cultural factor
 Mobile life style (Anytime Anywhere)
 Increase of social communication
 Increase revenue & productivity
 Ease of setup
 Less expensive
 Development in mobile devices(dynamic)

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Cont…

 Weakness and issues

 Social issue
 Weakness…
 Technology issues
 Privacy
 Lack of standards
 Security (easy to tap)
 High cost of technology
 Health issues (Brain cancer)
 Quality of service
 Noise pollution (irritation in classroom)  Device limitation
 Accident (use of cellphone while  Low data rates
driving)

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List some wireless system applications in different areas of
our life?

69
Applications
 Although many applications can benefit from wireless networks and mobile communications, particular
application environments seem to be predestined for their use
 Music, news, road conditions, weather reports, and other broadcast infor are received via digital audio broadcasting
 Vehicles
global positioning system (GPS).
 An ambulance with a high-quality wireless connection to a hospital.
 Emergencies  Vital information about injured persons can be sent to the hospital from the scene of the accident.

 Business  A travelling salesman today needs instant access to the company’s database: to ensure that files on his
or her laptop reflect the current situation,

 Agriculture

 Replacement of wired networks e.g., remote sensors, for tradeshows, or in historic buildings.

 Infotainment and more Internet everywhere? Not without wireless networks! Imagine a travel guide for a city.
It is important for an application to ‘know’ something about the location or the user might need location
 Location dependent services information for further activities. Location aware services 70
At Home
WiFi

satellite WiFi 802.11g/n

WiFi
UWB

bluetooth
WiFi

cellular

71
On the Move

Source: http://www.ece.uah.edu/~jovanov/whrms/
72
On the Move: Context-Aware

Source: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~aura/docdir/sensay_iswc.pdf
73
On the Road

GSM/UMTS, c
cdmaOne/cdma2000, ho
ad
WLAN, GPS
DAB, TETRA, ...

road
road condition,
condition,
weather,
weather,
location-based
location-based services,
services,
emergency
emergency
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Future Wireless Networks
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices

Next-generation Cellular
Wireless Internet Access
Wireless Multimedia
Sensor Networks
Smart Homes/Spaces
Automated Highways
In-Body Networks
All this and more …
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THE END!
Q?

76
 Assignment 1(5%)---Deadline next classes
 In this introductory chapter students must :
 Briefly review the history of wireless networks from the smoke signals of the pre-industrial
age to the cellular, satellite, and other wireless networks of today.
 Then discuss the wireless vision in more detail, including the technical challenges that must
still be overcome.
 Describe current wireless systems along with emerging systems and standards.
 Explains the gap between current and emerging systems and the vision for future wireless
applications indicates that much work remains to be done to make this vision a reality.

77