UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

Tagum College

Department of Criminal Justice

Education

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed

Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: CRI 311 – FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

AND TOXICOLOGY

Name of Teacher: Aimee M. Aya-ay, RCrim.

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT

FOR REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF
ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE
USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY
ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Table of Contents
page

Part 1. Course Outline and Policies ...................................................... 1

Part 2. Instruction Delivery
CC’s Voice ............................................................................…….. 5
Course Outcomes .......................................................................... 5
Big Picture A: Unit Learning Outcomes ....................................... 6
Big Picture in Focus:ULOa ……………………………………………. 6
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 6
Essential Knowledge ............................................................... 6
Self-Help .................................................................................... 9
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 10
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 10
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 12
Q&A List .................................................................................... 14
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 14
Big Picture in Focus:ULOb …………………………………………… 15
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 15
Essential Knowledge ............................................................... 15
Self-Help .................................................................................... 16
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 16
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 16
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 17
Q&A List .................................................................................... 19
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 19
Big Picture in Focus:ULOc …………………………………………… 20
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 20
Essential Knowledge ............................................................... 20
Self-Help .................................................................................... 22
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 23
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 23

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 24
Q&A List .................................................................................... 25
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 26

Big Picture B: Unit Learning Outcomes ............................................. 26

Big Picture in Focus:ULOa ……………………………………………… 26
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 26
Essential Knowledge ............................................................... 27
Self-Help .................................................................................... 46
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 46
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 46
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 48
Q&A List .................................................................................... 49
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 50

Big Picture C: Unit Learning Outcomes ......................................... 50

Big Picture in Focus:ULOa ……………………………………………… 50
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 51
Essential Knowledge ............................................................... 51
Self-Help .................................................................................... 56
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 56
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 57
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 58
Q&A List .................................................................................... 58
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 59

Big Picture D: Unit Learning Outcomes ......................................... 59

Big Picture in Focus:ULOa ……………………………………………… 59
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 60
Essential Knowledge ............................................................... 60
Self-Help .................................................................................... 63

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Let’s Check .................................................................................... 64

Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 64
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 65
Q&A List .................................................................................... 65
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 66

Part 3. Course Schedule ......................................................................... 67

Online Code of Conduct .............................................................. 68
Monitoring of OBD and DED............................................................ 69

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Course Coordinators : Aimee M. Aya-ay, RCrim.

Email : aimeeayaay.19@gmail.com
Student Consultation : by appointment
Mobile Number 09127041619
Date of Effectivity : August 2020
Mode of Delivery : Online Blended Delivery
Time Frame : 54 Hours
Student Workload : Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites : None
Credit : 3-unit Lecture
Attendance Requirements : Minimum of 95% attendance in all scheduled
virtual or face to face sessions and the Learning
Management System (LMS)

Areas of Concern Details

Contact and This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is designed
Non-contact Hours for blended learning mode of instructional delivery with
scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The
expected number of hours will be 54, including the face
to face or virtual meetings. A Learning Management
System (LMS), Quipper, will be used to facilitate your
learning. Other sessions may also be conducted
through online communication channels such as
Facebook, Messenger, WhatsApp, Viber, E-mail, Line,
Zoom, Skype, or any other similar applications. You
may also contact the course coordinator through a
mobile number or telephone.
Assessment Task Submission of assessment tasks shall be on the 3rd, 5th,
Submission 7th, and 9th week of the term. The assessment paper
shall be attached with a cover page indicating the title
of the assessment task (if the task is a performance),
the name of the course coordinator, date of
submission, and the name of the student. The
document should be e-mailed to the course

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

coordinator. It is also expected that you already paid

your tuition and other fees before the submission of the
assessment task.
If the assessment task is done in real-time through the
features in the Learning Management System, the
schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by the
course coordinator.
Turnitin submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment
(if necessary) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the students
will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain in writing
addressed to the course coordinator the reasons for the
similarity. Also, if the document has reached a more than
30% similarity index, the student may be called for
disciplinary action following the University’s OPM on
Intellectual and Academic Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating
and commissioning other students or people to
complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).

Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments / designated time on the due date, without an approved
Assessments extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day
that the assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of the assessment paper
has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
pieces of evidence.
Return of Assignments / Assessment tasks will be returned to you within two (2)
Assessments weeks after the submission. This will be returned
through e-mail or via the Quipper.
For group assessment tasks, the course coordinatorwill
require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment You should request in writing addressed to the course
Resubmission coordinator your intention to resubmit an assessment

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

task. The resubmission is premised on the student’s

failure to comply with the similarity index and other
reasonable grounds such as academic literacy three
(3) standards or other reasonable circumstances, e.g.,
illness, accident financial constraints.
Re-marking of You should request in writing addressed to the course
Assessment Papers and coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the score
Appeal given to an assessment task. The letter should explicitly
explain the reasons/points to contest the grade. The
course coordinator shall communicate with you on the
approval and disapproval of the request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can
elevate your case to the program head or the dean with
the original letter of request. The final decision will
come from the dean of the college.
Grading System Your grades will be based on the following:
Examinations
First to Third 30%
Final 30% = 60%
Class Participations
Quizzes 10%
Assignments 5%
Research/Requirements 15%
Oral Recitation 10% = 40%
Total = 100%

Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

University system and procedures.
Preferred Referencing Use the general practice of the APA 6th Edition.
Style
Student Communication You are required to have an e-mail account, which is a
requirement to access the LMS portal. Then, the course
coordinator shall enroll the students to have access to
the materials and resources of the course.
You may call or send SMS to your course coordinator
through his/her phone number. Online communication
channels, such as those stated above, may be used.
You can also meet the course coordinator in person
through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.
Contact Details of the Dr. Gina Fe G. Israel
Dean Dean of College
E-mail: deansofficetagum@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 0915 832 5092 / 0909 994 2314

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Marck Lester L. Navales, CPA, MBA

Assistant Dean
E-mail: navalesmarck@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 0975 0517 851
Contact Details of the Jun Mark A. Asis, MSCrim
Program Head Email: makoyasis@gmail.com
Phone: 0938 493 1993
Students with Special Students with special needs shall communicate with
Needs the course coordinator about the nature of his or her
special needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the
course coordinator with the approval of the program
head may provide alternative assessment tasks or
extension of the deadline for submission of assessment
tasks. However, the alternative assessment tasks
should still be in the service of
achieving the desired course learning outcomes.
Library Contact Details Clarissa R. Donayre, MSLS
E-mail: lictagum@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 0927 395 1639
Well-being Welfare Rochen D. Yntig, RGC
Support Help Desk GSTC Head
Contact Details E-mail: chenny.yntig@gmail.com
Phone: 0932 771 7219

Mersun Faith A. Delco, RPm

Psychometrician
E-mail: mersunfaithdelco@gmail.com
Phone: 0927 608 6037

Alfred Joshua M. Navarro

Facilitator
E-mail: is40fotb@gmail.com
Phone: 0977 341 6064

CC’s Voice: Hello there! Good day! Welcome to this course

FORENSIC CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY. As a
criminology student it is very important to know the
scientific approach in solving crime. Moreover, this subject
will deepen your knowledge on the different evidences

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 that usually found or encounter in crime scene, through this
subject you will know how to process and examinethis
different evidences. In addition, in this subject you will
experience on how to become an investigator and at the
same time a forensic chemist. So seat back, relax, and
enjoy every page of this module.

CO As a student of this course you are expected to expoundthe

concept of forensic chemistry in the identification and
examination of physical evidences that include collection,
handling and preservation; study and examination of blood,
semen and other body fluids; dangerous drugs, gunpowder
and explosives; trace evidence, chemical aspects and
examination of documents, glass fractures, soil, metals,
DNA, and photography as applied to crime investigation;
study of the nature of chemical and physical properties,
treatment and detection of poisons.
Let us begin!

BIG PICTURE B

Week 4-5: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to

Explain the gunshot residue.

To discuss the process on explosive, explosion and to explain fire, arson
investigation.

Metalanguage
The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying this
unit. Please refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will encounter
difficulty in understanding the explain the gunshot residue.

GUNSHOT RESIDUE. Basically, gunshot residue comes from the powder

component of bullet, elements from cartridge cases and gun barrel where the bullet
passes.

Paraffin test. To determine whether a person has discharged a firearm, the paraffin-
diphenylamine test is used.

1. Bullet comparison. A type of examination using a microscope which is

commonly used in comparison of an empty shell obtaining characteristics
marks from groves of the gun barrel and firing pin of specific firearm used.
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Essential Knowledge

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

The following are the general principle of gunshot residue

and explosive and explosion.

1. GUNSHOT RESIDUE. basically, gunshot residue

comes from the powder component of bullet,
elements from cartridge cases and gun barrel
where the bullet passes. When these components
are burned, certain products of combustion are
formed which includes partially burned and
unburned particles. These particles are deposited
on the target as definite pattern depending upon
the distance between the muzzle of the gun and
the target at the time of discharge.
gunpowder residue may be found on the skin or clothing
of the person who discharged the gun, on the
entrance bullet hole of garment or wound of the
victim, or on other target materials at the scene.

2. GUNPOWDER. A granular, explosive mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur

and charcoal, formerly used as gun propellant and for blasting in mines,
quarries, and construction projects. Beginning about 1875, gunpowder was
gradually replaced by safer, more powerful explosives. Now called black
powder, it is used principally to ignite the main propellant charge in artillery
ammunition.

3. COMPONENTS OF GUNSHOT RESIDUE

primer or lead residue
gunpowder residue
elemental components from cartridge cases residues

4. COMPOSITION OF PRIMER
major primer elemental composition :lead (pb), barium
(Ba) or antimony (Sb)
trace element : aluminum (Al), sulfur (S), tin (Sn), or
calcium (Ca), potassium (K), chlorine (CI), or
silicon ( Si).
inorganic compound: mercury fulminates (present in
most ammunition manufactured in Eastern Europe
and used in middle East).

*in addition, these residues gradually adhere to the

discharged bullets. Thus, primer residue can be found in
targets or wounds at considerable distance from the muzzle
up to 200 meters.

5. COMPOSITION OF GUNPOWDER
contain up to 23 organic compounds (carbon)
nitrocellulose is virtually always present along with nitrate and nitrogen containing

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

compound such as Diphenylamine or DPA (stabilizer in the

powder)(nitrating agent)

6. TYPES OF GUNPOWDER
SINGLE BASE - when the basic ingredient is
nitrocellulose.(originally known as guncotton, formula:
[C6H7(NO2)3O5]n, flashpoint:4.4°C (39.9°F).
DOUBLE BASED - nitrocellulose + 1 to 40% nitroglycerine
(nitric acid), produced by nitrating glycerol, formula:
C3H5N3O9.
TRIPLE BASED - nitrocellulose + nitroglycerine +
nitroguanidine.(colorless, crystalline solid that melts at
232°C and decomposes at 250°C, formula: CH4N4O2

7. COMPOSITION OF CARTRIDGE CASE, BULLET COATING AND

METAL JACKET
cartridge and primer case; BRASS (7:3 COPPER-ZINC)
bullet cores: lead, antimony and few iron alloy.
bullet jackets: brass (9:1 copper-zinc), some are iron or aluminum alloy. Some
contain nickel.

8. GUNSHOT RESIDUE EXAMINATIONS

PURPOSE: to help the investigators in determining whether a person has discharged
a gun or not; whether a firearm was discharged or not; and the possible gunshot
range or the distance of the shooter to the victim.
OBJECTIVE - to determine the presence of gunpowder nitrates on both hands of the
suspect, victim, firearm and clothing of the victim.

9. TYPES OF POWDER USED IN THE AMMUNITION OF SMALL

FIREARMS
BLACK POWDER (Europeans) – the standard
ingredients are: Potassium nitrate 75%, Sulphur 10%
and Charcoal 15%.Aluminum is added to enhance the
burning property.When this powder is burned,
combustion reaction takes place, 2KNO3 + 2o2 + S + C
CO2 +
SO2 +
K202 + 2NO2
SMOKELESS POWDER- is
the propellant used in guns and
small solid-propellant rockets. It is not a “powder” in
the sense of being finely divided. Instead, it is made in the

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

form of disks, cylinders, cords, spheres, or plates of varying sizes. The term
“smokeless powder” is used to differentiate it from the earlier black powder, which
was quite smoky. Cellulose or glycerol nitrate combine with some stabilizers
(nitrobenzene or graphite nitrates, dichromate and oxalates)cellulose nitrate:
C12H14O4(NO3)6 + 6H2O+3N2+4CO2+8CO+H2 and glycerol nitrate:
C3H5(N)3)3+ CO2 +H2O + N2 +02.

10. PRIMERS. To explode a low explosive, a flame is required. In guns, the

flame is applied by means of a primer. Primer produces flame on percussion.
This component is the basis for examination of gunshot residue particularly
primer residues for distance determination.

11. DETECTION OF GUNSHOT

RESIDUE. Paraffin test, lead
residue (detection limit: up to 30
feet and always present on the
opposite sides of the penetrated
target), gunpowder residue
examination (detection limit:highly
variable up to 20 cm, and up to 21
inches is common).

12. PARAFFIN TEST

Paraffin wax is a white, translucent, tasteless, odourless solid consisting of a mixture
of solid hydrocarbons of high molecular weight. It is insoluble in water and acids
and soluble in benzene, ligroin, warm alcohol, chloroform, turpentine, carbon
disulfide and olive oil. Combustible, auto ignition temperature 473F (245degcel)
Other names of Paraffin Test: is lunge’s test, diphenylamine test, dermal nitrate
test, gonzales test - named improved the test

13. Materials and Apparatus:Paraffin wax, Absorbent cotton

Bond paper, Burner, Beaker or casserole, tong
Procedure:
1st - heating the wax( melting point)
2nd – cleansing of the hands of the alleged suspect
3rd – pouring the paraffin wax to the suspect’s hands placed on the clean
bond paper
4th – reinforcing the wax by placing a cotton
5th – add another layer
6th – wait for the wax to dry, cool and solidify.
7th – removing the hands
8th – labeling
9th – placing another paper on top of the paraffin cast and staple together
10th - sealing
Upon application of the Diphenylamine reagent on the paraffin casts, the
appearance of the tailing “blue specks” indicates the presence of the
gunpowder nitrates.
Take note ( at the time of reaction) Number and characteristics of blue and minute

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

specks, the location and the character of the blue specks and distribution and
location.

14. History. Was originated from Cuba when Dr. Gonzalo Iturrios first used
paraffin for collecting gunpowder residues from discharged firearm. In 1933,
Teodoro Gonzales of Criminal Identification Laboratory, Mexico City
introduced the test in US. This test the hands were coated with a layer of
melted paraffin.
14.1. FACTS with regard PARAFFIN TEST
Nitrates can’t easily be removed by ordinary washing of the hands
Because it is embedded to the skin it will stay for 72 hours
PT must be conducted within 72 hours
Appearance of tailing of blue specks
it is considered as a corroborative evidence
It is not conclusive
14.2. Consider:
Substances that provides a FALSE Positive Results
Fertilizers,explosives,tabacco,urine, cosmetics, food samples and cigarettes.
14.3. will these substances not give positive result for paraffin test?
if the hands of the subject person are contaminated with nitrates other than from
gunpowder, one will expect to find smudges or just a smear of blue color or a
conglomeration of blue specks. But nitrates from gunpowder appear blue specks
with tailings, because these particles were embedded into the hands with force.
14.4. False Negative results
Factors:
types of the caliber ammunition
Use of gloves
Length of the barrel
Age and efficiency of the gun
Direction of firing
Wind direction and velocity
Humidity
Lapsed of 72 hours

TYPES OF CALIBER OF AMMUNITION

a hand discharging a revolver is more likely to give a positive result for gunpowder
nitrates compared to that of a hand discharging a pistol.
in an automatic pistol, the chamber is an integral part of the barrel, whereas in the
revolver, the chamber is located in the cylinder and separated from the barrel
with airspace.
thus, leakage of powder in a revolver is more likely to occur.

FALSE POSITIVE RESULT

contamination or tansfer of gunshot residue to the body by mishandling, or when
the body is heavily contaminated with GSR from previous shooting.
washing of hands where samples are collected
type of ammunition such as riffle and shot gun

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

LENGTH OF BARREL’
a weapon of 2 inch barrel will deposit residue over a larger area than a weapon of 5
inch barrel (even if they are discharged from the same distance with the same
type of ammunition)
in a longer barrel, the hand is farther away from the
muzzle end of the gun .
it takes a bullet to travel in more time, thus using
up/burning up more, if not all, of the nitrates

DIRECTION OF FIRING
more powder residues will be obtained when the gun is
discharged pointing upward than downward
gunpowder residues have weight and will naturally fall down because of gravity.

AGE OF THE GUN/EFFICIENCY OF MECHANISM

complete combustion or the conversion of all nitrates into
its end product is more likely to occur in new weapon
compared to an old one.
besides, leakage of gunpowder is more likely to happen
in the old weapon where the breech mechanism isno
longer tightly fitted.

WIND DIRECTION
in high velocity (strong wind), the powder residues will be
blown in the direction of the wind.
one is more likely to be positive for gunpowder nitrates if
there is no wind, or the wind direction is towards the
shooter.

HUMIDITY/PERCENTAGE MOISTURE IN AIR. humidity lessens the extent

of combustion yielding more gunpowder nitrates.

14.5. False positive Reaction

Failure to find traces of the nitrate on the hand of the person does not mean he/she
didn’t fire a gun.
also founding a actual traces of the nitrates at the hands of the subject does not
conclusively determine that he or she has discharged a firearm.

15. DPA reagent is applied to cotton swabbing of the barrel and chambers of
the guns to determine if the firearm was discharged.

16. Check on these:

The forensic chemist on case shall be the one to conduct the GPR examination
without any delay.
after the conducted examination, the firearm shall be returned to the representative
of the requesting unit if the request is solely for GPR examination, or submitted
to the FIREARM IDENTIFICATION DIVISION (FAID) of the FBI. If ballistic
examination is required.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

17. GUNSHOT RANGE.

Gunshot Range (GSR)
Determination or gunshot
distance determination.
when a firearm is discharged,
gunpowder residue may also
be deposited on the clothing of
the victim.
the size and density of the pattern

of gunpowder residue found on the clothing are the main factors considered in
determining the approximate distance of the shooter to the victim.
as the distance to the victim increases, the size of the pattern expands while
density decreases and vice-versa.

18. Distance Determination. - Is the method employed to determine the

distance between and FIREARM and the TARGET.
applicable within 36 inches
the greater the distance, the larger the dispersal powder burns
the larger the dispersal, the less densely packed the powder burns.

19. IMPORTANCE OF DIsTANCE DETERMINATION

Self defense claim
Determine if murder or homicide

20. ENTRANCE AND EXIT HOLE

FACTS:
Entrance hole contains gunpowder residue and it is slightly burned.
The diameter of entrance hole is SMALLER than the
exit hole.
The exit hole is frayed OUTWARD while entrance hole
is INWARD.
Exit hole
do not contain GPR
not burned
diameter is bigger than the entrance
frayed outward
always negative in paraffin

OTHER ENTRANCE HOLE CHARACTERISTICS

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

angled bullet entrance hole has elongated hole

contact fires have uneven margins but all entrance holes typically have even
margins.
grazing bullet hole (several small holes created from a folded garment)

GUNPOWDER TEST ON FIREARMS. Cotton swabbing of the barrel and the

chamber of the Gun. Deep blue reaction indicates presence of gunshot residue
particularly.
Rules :
It is a MUST that the FORENSIC CHEMIST on case shall conduct the GPR without
any delay.
After the examination
the firearm shall
be returned to the
representative of
the requestingunit
if the request is
solely for GPR
examination

22.
CLASSIFICATION OF GUNSHOT DISTANCE
22.1. DIRECT/CONTACT WOUND. visible wound due to the flame of the
muzzle, gaping hole where
cloth is torn, blackening of
the area and presence of
partially burned powder in
entrance hole

22.2. Wounds inflicted at

a distance from 2-36
inches. if the gun is discharged closely to the body of the victim, two types
of discoloration will be observed around the hole of entrance
-smudging
-powder tattooing

SMUDGING. is produced when the gun is held from

about 2 inches to the maximum of 8 inches. The
smoke and soot from the burned pores are
deposited around the hole of the entrance producing a dirty
appearance.

Size of the smudge depends on the ff:

Length of the barrel. a weapon of 2 inch barrel will deposit
residue over a larger area than a weapon of 5 inch
barrel in a longer barrel the hand is farther away from
the muzzle end of the gun, it takes a bullet to travel in
more time, thus, using up/burning up more, if not all, of
the nitrates.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Age of the gun/efficiency of mechanism. Complete combustion or the conversion

of all nitrates into its end product is more likely to occur in a new weapon
compared to an old one.
Direction of firing. More powder residues will be obtained when the gun is fired
upward than downward. Gunpowder residues have weight and will naturally fall
down because of gravity.
Wind direction and velocity. in high velocity the powder residues will be blown in
the direction of the wind. One is more likely to be positive for gunpowder nitrates
if there is no wind, or the direction is away from the body.
Humidity. Humidity lessens the extent of combustion yielding more gun powder
nitrates.

Tattooing( black coarsely peppered pattern). The area of blackening

around the perforation will be found to diminish in size as the muzzle of the
gun is held further.

Tattooing depends on the ff:

Caliber
Powder charge
Distance of firing

22.3. 36 inches or more. Tattooing is seldom present and nitrates found is not
sufficient for GSR examination.

22.4. BULLET COMPARISON. Used for comparison of an empty shell containing

marks from groves of the gun barrel and firing pin on a specific firearm used.

22.5. Other methods of examination

Ferrozine spray – presence of iron traces
Hydroguinoline test
Color orange brown in suicide victims hand upon contact with the barrel.
Latent fingerprint- (cartride)

22.6. FIREARM EXAMINATION

1. Lucas test- smell
2. Hydrogen sulfide- odor (lead acetate
paper, breech of the gun- 2-3 hrs, sulfide-
4-5 hrs to 10 hrs.
3. Odor of the barrel (rusting)
4. Cotton swabbing
5. Dermal nitrates test (DPA)
6. SCORCHING AND SINGEING

22.7. COLLECTION, PRESERVATION AND TRANSIT OF SPECIMEN.

clothing removed from the victim should be cautiously and carefully handled to
prevent powder residues from becoming dislodged
do not wad the specimen or pack it loosely for shipment
secure the area to be tested between two layers of heavy cardboard fastened
together tightly to prevent the specimen from becoming postlude about the

14
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

transit.
each specimen should be wrapped tightly and marked
clothing heavily smeared with blood should be dried thoroughly before packing
gun recovered from the scene of the crime and ammunition available should be
preserved
person suspected to have discharged a firearm should be subjected to a paraffin
test.

Cañete, A. (2010). Essential of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology. Wiseman’s

Book Trading Inc., Quezon City, Philippines.
Let’s Check

Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this unit.

Activity 1. Multiple choice. Choose the correct answer. (2 points each).

Paraffin test can be done on any of the following situations:

On a victim of a crime who has been embalmed.
On a victim or suspect provided that 72 hours limit has not yet expired.
On a suspect provided he has not washed his hands after the crime.
To prove that a person fired or did not fire a gun.

2. Chemical reagent that is made to react with traces of gunpowder in the

hands of a person:
a. Sulfuric acid b. Diphenylamine solution
c. Hydrogen peroxide d. Benzidine

3. Paraffin is applied to allow the skin pores to open and release the nitrates
that may be present if a person fired a gun. Nitrates contain what chemical
element:
a. Nitrogen b. Potassium
c. Chlorine d. Phosphorus

4. Primer ignites when the firing pin hits the fire cartridge. The action is
known as:
a. Oxidation b. Explosion
c. Percussion d. Contact

5. The paraffin test can give false positive results or false negative results.
False negative results can happen when:

15
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

a. A person thoroughly washes his hands with soap and water within the 72
hour period following the firing of a gun.
b. A person fired a gun with his hands protected by gloves.
c. A person handles substances such as fertilizers, cosmetics or tobacco.
d. A personal actually fired a gun.

6. A false positive paraffin test can happen when:

A person handled substances such as fertilizers.
A person actually fired a gun.
A person did not fire a gun.
A person fired a gun with his hands protected by gloves.

One is able to establish that a case of shooting is suicide from the following
findings, except;
The gun is found in the hand of the victim.
The wound of the victim is at the back of the head, particularly the nape.
The wound of the victim exhibited heavy gunpowder burns.
The amount of gunpowder in the hands of the victim indicate that the gun was fired
at close range.

8. Brass is used for cartridge and primer case. Brass is made up of the
following metallic elements:
a. Copper and zinc b. Aluminom and iron
c. Copper and aluminom d. Aluminom and zinc

When an autopsy was performed on a victim of shooting, it was found that there
were two entrance holes but one exit hole. This can be interpreted as:
Two bullets have entered the victim and exited at the same hole.
Two bullets have entered the victim but only one bullet was able to exit.
One bullet created two entrance holes in the victim
None of the above

10. A test for gunpowder is the reagent DPA. This stands for.
a. Diphenylalanine b. Diphynolamine
c. Diphenylamine d. dipyridoxineamine

Let’s Analyze

Let us try the following activities to know how deep your understanding about
the topics of this unit. At this juncture, you will be required to ELABORATE
your answers about the following questions: (10 points each)

16
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

1. Why do you have to wash the hands of the subject prior to obtaining the cast?

2. What is the purpose of the cotton layer added during paraffin wax casting?

Is the Diphenylamine test a conclusive test? Support your answer.

17
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

In a Nutshell

Please refer to laboratory manual in Forensic Chemistry

Experiment number 9. Diphenylamine Paraffin test

Experiment number 20. Determination of the probable gunshot range

Q&A List

You are free to list down all the emerging questions or issues in the provided
spaces below. These questions or concerns may also be raised in the LMS or other
modes. You may answer these questions on your own after clarification. The Q&A
portion helps in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Questions/Issues Answers

Keywords Index

Gunshot residue Gunshot range

determination
Paraffin test smudging
Bullet comparison Tattooing
primer Black powder
DPA Metal jacket
gunpowder Single base
Smokeless powder Double base
Paraffin wax Triple base
ammunition

18
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Metalanguage
The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying this
unit. Please refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will encounter
difficulty in understanding the process of explosives, explosion and to explain fire and
arson investigation.

1. COMBUSTION. is a burning reaction in which a substance with a gas.

2. GLOWING. Absence of fire but presence of very hot materials on surface

on which combustion is proceeding.

3. Conduction - Transfer by contact between moving molecules from hot to

cold areas.

Essential Knowledge
The following are the general principle of explosive, explosion and to explain
fire and arson investigation.

Explosive. is any substance that may cause explosion by its sudden decomposition
or combustion. Reactive substance that contains a great amount of potential energy
that can produce explosion. Accompanied by light, heat, soundand pressure.
Potential energy. chemical energy (nitroglycerin or grain dust), pressurized gas (gas
cylinder or aerosol can) and nuclear energy (fissile isotopes).

Explosion. Is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme

manner, usually with the generation of high temperature and the release of gases.
Explosion may incorporate with:
Detonation. is a type of combustion involving a supersonic exothermic front
accelerating through a medium that eventually drives a shock front propagating
directly in front of it. (speed of sound).
Deflagration. Is subsonic combustion propagating through heat transfer; hot burning
material heats the next layer of cold material and ignites it.
Shock wave. It is this sudden buildup of gas pressure that constitutes the nature of
an explosion. The speed at which explosives decompose permits their
classification as high or low explosives.

4. COMMON COMPOSITION OF EXPLOSIVE. nitroglycerin (C3H5N3O9)

mostly dynamite
Gunpowder. The most widely used explosives in the low explosive group are black

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

powder and smokeless powder. Burn rate is less than 3000 ft/second. Black
powder is a mixture of potassium or sodium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur.
Smokeless powder consists of nitrated cotton (nitrocellulose) or nitroglycerin and
nitrocellulose.
Among the high explosives, primary explosives are ultra-sensitive to heat, shock, or
friction and provide the major ingredients found in blasting caps or primers used
to detonate other explosives. Examples are DDNP (diazodinitrophenol),and lead
azide. Burn rates are 3000 –9000 ft/second.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES
ACCORDING TO THE VELOCITY OF REACTION INVOLVED. the speed
of chemical reaction or detonation of the explosive determines the
classification of explosive. Low, primary and initiating and high explosive
LOW EXPLOSIVES - no detonation, low burning and used mainly as propellants like
black and smokeless powder, the rate of decomposition is a relatively slow
process and the wave produced is less than the speed of sound, launching
rockets, projectiles from guns and missile systems.
CLASSES OF LOW EXPLOSIVES.
Primer. An explosive (generally lead azide, mercury fulminate or
pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) this upon detonation releases a great deal
of energy in a very short time.
Igniter. In gun propellants and safety blasting fuels, signal and distress
rockets and in firecrackers are used in mining and low power explosives.
when fired, the igniter will produce the equivalent of a match igniting,
exhausting through the hole. Compostion 1. potassium nitrate (KNO3) +
charcoal + sulfur 2. sodium nitrate (NaNo3) + charcoal +sulfur 3. sulfurless
black powder = KNO3
+charcoal 4. pyrodex = KNO3 + potassium perchlorate 5. (KclO4 potassium
perchlorate) + charcoal + sulfur + cyanoguanidine
Propellant (gunpowder). Are used in launching projectiles from guns,
rockets and missile system. Mixture of one more energetic materials (main
charger), plasticizers to improve processing characteristics, stabilizers to
increase storage life and inorganic additives to facilitate handling ignitability
and decrease muzzle mesh.
Kinds of Propellants
smokeless powder. The most widely used propellant is based on
nitrocellulose (NC). double NITROGLYCERINE (NG) + NC. triple NC + NG +
NITROGUANIDINE
Single base. nitrocellulose (NC) + diphenylamine (DPA) + dinitrotoluenee
(DNT) + dibutyl phtalate, NC + DPA + potassium sulfate (K2SO4), NC +
DPA + K2SO4 +DNT
Double base. NC + nitroguanidine (NG) + potassium nitrate (KNO3) + rthyl
centralite + graphite, NC + NG + KNO3 + et centralite + diethyl phtalate, NC
+ NG + et centralite + triacetin + Pb salicylate + pb stearate, NC + NG +
diethyl phtalate + 2-nitroDPA + lead salts + wax
Triple base. NC + NG + nitroguanidine + NaAIF (sodium, aluminum,
flouride) +Et centralite, NC + NG + nitroguanidine +NaAlF + dibutyl phtalate
+ 2-nitroDPA

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

6. NITRATES/NITRITES (found in blackpowder). Salts of nitrates, such as

KNO3, is used as ingredient in fireworks, gunpowder, blasting powders,
matches (improve burning prop). Used to impregnate candlewicks (pabilo).

7. PRIMARY AND INITIATING EXPLOSIVE. this kind of explosive is

extremely sensitive to detonation by heat, shock, friction and impact. It
detonates without burning, like lead azide and mercury fulminate. This is used
primarily to start an explosion. Explode with sudden violence.
example: initiators, blasting caps, shock primer and stab, small explosive
device use to detonate a large explosive.

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES. Can be initiated by a

mechanical shock, primary explosives are friction and heat sensitive
materials, readily ignited when comes in contact with flame or sparks.
Example mechanical shock use to ignite an explosive charge machine or tool.

9. High Explosives. These explosives have very fast or high detonating rate
like dynamites, TNT (trinitrotoluene) and Cyclonite (RDX). TNT flammable
used as high explosive and in chemical synthesis.

10. FIRE ARSON AND INVESTIGATION.

10.1. Fire. is defined as a chemical reaction (rapid oxidation) that produces
physical effects with evolution of heat and light (combustion).

10.2. Fire investigation is the comprehensive analytical approach by

understanding the fundamental property of fire by determining the chemistry
of fires, fuels, and combustion. It is advantageous for an investigator and
lawyer on case if they have at least basic knowledge about fire.

10.3. Fire triangle. Heat, fuel and oxygen.

10.4. COMBUSTION. Is a burning reaction in which a substance with gas.

Combustion is heat plus light with gas.

10.5. 2 Types of Combustion. FLAMING. Destructive and gaseous

combustion where both fuel and oxidizer are gases. GLOWING. Absence of
fire but presence of very hot materials on surface on which combustion is
proceeding.

10.6. 2 Kinds of Combustion. Complete and incomplete combustion.

10.7. Basic Combustion Condition

Presence of combustible material
Oxidizer
Energy ignition
Interaction of Fuel and oxidizer to sustain chain reaction

MATTER: elements and compounds

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

10.8.
Matter: atoms (molecules)
Air: 21 % Oxygen and nitrogen 75%
Oxidation: combination of elements and compound with oxygen producing stable
substances.(flammable substance and combustion)
Flaming: gaseous reaction where plume of hot gases rises by convection when air
and its oxygen is maintained by solid liquid in a close room.
Pyrolisis: decomposition of material

10.9. COLOR TEMPERATURE

DARK RED 500-600 degree Celsius
Dull red 600-800 Deg C
Bright cherry red 8OO to 1000 thousand
Orange 1200 deg C
Bright yellow 1200-1400 deg C
White 1400-1600 Deg C

10.10. TRANSFER OF HEAT

Conduction - transfer by contact between moving
molecules from hot to cold areas.
Convection - distribution of heat by circulating medium
Radiation - critical where it aids fire to spread and promotes
ignition of other fuels.

10.11. TYPES OF HEAT REACTION.

Exothermic - Heat is released from the system.
Endothermic - Heat is absorbed to the system.

10.12. Fire Investigation. Is the comprehensive analytical approach by

understanding the fundamental property of fire by determining the chemistry
of fires, fuels, and combustion.

10.13. Objectives of Fire Investigation

To save lives and prevent injuries
To determine the origin and cause of fire
To provide proof of fact during trial
To prepare and defend those conclusion in rational and logical manner supported
by the scientific valid data

10.14. Classification of Fire. Natural, Accidental, Unknown Origin,

Suspicious, Incendiary

10.15. INCENDIARY FIRE. Largest and most obvious fire of all. Setting of fire
with intention to destroy the property.

10.16. Issues in FI. Lack of time, mis-identification of Fire, intentionally made

to avoid complication of identifying a fire as a fire as a criminal act.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

10.17. LAW ON DESTRUCTIVE ARSON. Art. 320, Revised Penal Code

Reclusion temporal-reclusion perpetua. It was signed into law on December
19, 2008 by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.

10.18. ARSON. It is a crime against persons and property. It is the willful and
malicious burning of another’s property or the burning of one’s own property
with intent to injure or defraud the insurer of that property. It is the burning of
all kinds of buildings, structures, aircraft, watercraft, crops, forest land and
personal property.

10.19. BASIC STEPS IN FIRE SCENE EXAMINATION

observe
search systematically - make plan
take photograph
work by the process of elimination
check and verify
take notes

10.20. INDICATORS FOR ARSON FIRE

BURN FAST AND LARGE
CONSIST OF MULTIPLE POINTS OF ORIGIN
ACCELERANTS
TIME DELAY DEVICE
FOUND CANS AND CONTAINER NEAR AT THE CRIME SCENE

*REMEMBER to prove the body of the crime, it is necessary to show:

that the building is questioned
it was burned as a result of intentional criminal act of the accused and
to continue burning, there must be some burning or charring that is the fiber of the
wood MUST BE DESTROYED, ITS IDENTITY CHANGE. It is not necessary that
the building be seriously damage. A mere smoking, scorching or discoloration of
the wood is not sufficient.

Cañete, A. (2010). Essential of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology.

Wiseman’s Book Trading Inc., Quezon City, Philippines.

Let’s Check

Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this unit.

Activity 1. Multiple choice. Choose the correct answer. (2 points each).

Fire and arson have the same elements. They differ only in that:
In fire it can be accidental, intentional, or natural.
Arson is the intent to bring damage to life and property with the use of fire.
None of the above.

23
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

The elements of fire are: combustible material, oxygen, and source of initial ignition.
To successfully put out a fire one must perform the following actions except;
Remove combustible material from the fire.
Use powerful equipment to deliver a big volume of water because water will
dissipate the heat which is an element of fire.
Deliver a supply of oxygen to the fire.
Ensure that the fire does not spread to surrounding flammable materials.

To determine if a fire is arson, one must have the following except;

Knowledge of the properties of fire.
Knowledge of spontaneous combustion
Training in crime scene investigation
Knowledge of police operations

A. An empty container that smells of gasoline in the crime scene is indicative of

accidental fire.
B. During the investigation, it was established that the building has been insured for
P20M, a good motive to commit arson.
A and B are false
A and B are true
A is false and B is true
A is true and B is false

To catch crowd means:

Make arrests from the crowd.
To observe for suspicious spectators because arsonists often stay around to watch.
To jail as many suspects from the crowd.
To serve warrants of arrest to people in the crowd.

A. Investigation reveals that there are multiple areas of origin of the fire.
B. Investigation show the presence of accelerants in the crime scene.
A and B are indicative of arson.
Only A is indicative of arson
Only B is indicative of arson
A and B are not indicative of arson

Combustible materials are anything that contain what element:

Carbon b. Oxygen c. Hydrogen d. Sulfur

For fire and arson investigation, the following are good working technique except:
Always work in pairs
Use trained accelerant detection dogs

24
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Look for residuals among the burned and not burned sections of the structure.
Depend on trained dogs to perform all the work.

When there are fatalities in a fire, it is a good practice to presume that these victims
died in the fire:
True b. False c. It depends

An ideal protection gear when inside a damaged building and performing

investigation:
a. Safety shoes b. Hard hat c. Surgical gloves d. mask

Let’s Analyze

Let us try the following activities to know how deep your understanding about
the topics of this unit. At this juncture, you will be required to ELABORATE
your answers about the following questions: (10 points each)

1. What is the preferred container for packing and preserving remnants of a bomb
explosion? Why?

2. Is the explosive analyzed a black powder or not? Explain

25
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

In a Nutshell

Please refer to laboratory manual in Forensic Chemistry

Experiment number 18. Explosive

Q&A List

You are free to list down all the emerging questions or issues in the provided
spaces below. These questions or concerns may also be raised in the LMS or other
modes. You may answer these questions on your own after clarification. The Q&A
portion helps in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Questions/Issues Answers

Keywords Index

combustion glowing Conduction

Explosive Potential energy Explosion
Detonation Deflagration Shock wave
Gunpowder Low explosive Fire
High explosive Exothermic Endothermic
Convection Arson Flaming
Pyrolisis Fire investigation Fire triangle

26
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Online Code of Conduct

All teachers/Course Coordinators and students are expected to abide by an honor
code of conduct, and thus everyone and all are exhorted to exercise self-
management and self-regulation.
Faculty members are guided by utmost professional conduct as learning
facilitators in holding DED conduct. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with
properly under existing guidelines, specifically on social media conduct (OPM
21.15) and personnel discipline (OPM 21.11).
All students are likewise guided by professional conduct as learners in attending
DED courses. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with properly under existing
guidelines, specifically in Section 7 (Student Discipline) in the Student Handbook.
Professional conduct refers to the embodiment and exercise of the University’s
Core Values, specifically in the adherence to intellectual honesty and integrity;
academic excellence by giving due diligence in virtual class participation in all
lectures and activities, as well as fidelity in doing and submitting performance
tasks and assignments; personal discipline in complying with all deadlines; and
observance of data privacy.

27
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Plagiarism is a serious intellectual crime and shall be dealt with accordingly. The
University shall institute monitoring mechanisms online to detect and penalize
plagiarism.
All borrowed materials uploaded by the teachers/Course Coordinators shall be
properly acknowledged and cited; the teachers/Course Coordinators shall be
professionally and personally responsible for all the materials uploaded in the
online classes or published in SIM/SDL manuals.
Teachers/Course Coordinators shall devote time to handle DED courses and shall
honestly exercise due assessment of student performance.
Teachers/Course Coordinators shall never engage in quarrels with students
online. While contentions intellectual discussions are allowed, the
teachers/Course Coordinators shall take the higher ground in facilitating and
moderating these discussions. Foul, lewd, vulgar and discriminatory languages
are absolutely prohibited.
Students shall independently and honestly take examinations and do
assignments, unless collaboration is clearly required or permitted. Students shall
not resort to dishonesty to improve the result of their assessments (e.g.
examinations, assignments).
Students shall not allow anyone else to access their personal LMS account.
Students shall not post or share their answers, assignment or examinations to
others to further academic fraudulence online.
By handling DED courses, teachers/Course Coordinators agree and abide by all
the provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and
protocols in handling online courses.
By enrolling in DED courses, students agree and abide by all the provisions of the
Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and protocols in handling
online courses.

Monitoring of OBD and DED

The Deans, Asst. Deans, Discipline Chairs and Program Heads shall be
responsible in monitoring the conduct of their respective DED classes through the
LMS. The LMS monitoring protocols shall be followed, i.e. monitoring of the
conduct of Teacher Activities (Views and Posts) with generated utilization graphs
and data. Individual faculty PDF utilization reports shall be generated and
consolidated by program and by department.
The Academic Affairs and Academic Planning & Services shall monitor the
conduct of LMS sessions. The Academic Vice Presidents and the Deans shall
collaborate to conduct virtual CETA by randomly joining LMS classes to check
and review online the status and interaction of the faculty and the students.
For DED, the Deans and Program Heads shall come up with monitoring
instruments, taking into consideration how the programs go about the conduct of
DED classes. Consolidated reports shall be submitted to Academic Affairs for
endorsement to the Chief Operating Officer.

Course prepared by:

REX LORD V. RANALAN, MSE

28
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Course Coordinators

Course reviewed by:

MARCK LESTER L. NAVALES, CPA, MBA

Assistant Dean

Approved by:

GINA FE G. ISRAEL, EdD

Dean of College

29
 DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION EDUCATION
Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management Program
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Work Plan for Lecture

Days
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday F
Modality Synchronous Asynchronous Synchronous Asynchronous Syn
Teacher to
Type of Learner to  Learner to  Learner to  Teach
Learner
interaction Content Learner Content
Uploading of Utilization of SIM Group Sharing Utilization of SIM Discussio
Learning Collab (Clarifi
Materials Videos Forum Videos New le
Zoom Collab
Discussion Self-directed Self-directed Forum
Collab Activities Consultation Activities Zoom
Forum
Suggested Zoom Supplem
Activities Activiti
Giving of
Formative Quiz
Assessment
Consulta
Giving of
Performance
Task

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

Approved by:

AIMEE M. AYA-AY, RCrim. MARCK LESTER L. NAVALES,

CPA, MBA GINA FE G. ISRAEL, EdD
Course Teacher Assistant Dean
Dean of College

30