Unit 2 spectroscopy

1. What is IR spectra

Ans:

2. What is fluorescence ?

Ans: When a beam of light is incident on certain substances, they emit visible light or radiations.
This phenomenon is known as Fluorescence and the substances showing this phenomenon are
called Fluorescent substances.

3. What is phosphorescence?

Ans: When a beam of light is incident on certain substances, they emit visible light or radiations
continuously even after the incident light is cut off.

4. What is qualitative analysis?

Ans: Qualitative analysis ruses subjective judgment based on "soft" or non-quantifiable data.

Qualitative analysis deals with intangible and inexact information that can be difficult to collect
and measure.

5. What is quantitative analysis?

Ans: Quantitative analysis (QA) is a technique that uses mathematical and statistical
modeling, measurement, and research to understand behavior.

6. Give two advantages of nernst glower

Ans: Causes light production similar to blackbody radiation.

 Operated at temperatures from 1500-2000K.

 Operates best in wavelengths from 2 to 14 micrometers.
 Lasts a lifetime
 Operates in air
7. Give two advantages of Glober rod

Ans: Silicon Carbide (Globar) Heating Elements are the most cost-effective and versatile heating
element on the market.

Economical, dependable, clean, quiet, and safe

Efficiently handle a wide range of products and atmospheres

Elements that operate at 600F, up to 3000F

8. Enlist the sources of infrared radiation
Ans: radiation source , carbon dioxide laser source, glober rod
9. What is UV vis spectrophotometry?
Ans: Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry is a technique used to measure light
absorbance across the ultraviolet and visible ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum.
10. What are the limitations in the use of IR spectroscopy for quantitative analysis?
Ans: 1. Molecular weight of substance is not determined by this technique.
2. it is frequently non adherence to beers law of complexity spectra.
3. narrowness of spectra and effect of stray ray radiations make the measurements of
absorbance upon slit width and wavelength setting.
11. How can Infrared spectroscopy be used for Quantitative analysis?
Ans:

12. How can Infrared spectroscopy be used for Qualitative analysis?

Ans:

13. Enlist sample preparation methods for infrared spectroscopy

14. Explain the advantages of IR

15. What are the differences between 1H and 13C NMR?

Ans: The main difference between 1H NMR and 13C NMR is that 1H NMR is used to determine
the types and number of hydrogen atoms present in a molecule whereas 13C NMR is used to
determine the type and number of carbon atoms in a molecule.

16. Explain the disadvantages of IR

Ans: Sample Constraint: Infrared spectroscopy is not applicable to the sample that contains
water since this solvent strongly absorb IR light.

Spectrum Complication: The IR spectrum is very complicated and the interpretation depends on
lots of experience. Sometimes, we cannot definitely clarify the structure of the compound just
based on one single IR spectrum. Other spectroscopy methods, such as ( Mass Spectrometry) MS
and ( Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) NMR, are still needed to further interpret the specific
structure.

Quantification: Infrared spectroscopy works well for the qualitative analysis of a large variety of
samples, but quantitative analysis may be limited under certain conditions such as very high and
low concentrations.

17. Explain the applications of NMR

Ans: NMR spectroscopy is used to determine structure of proteins, aminoacid profile,

carotenoids, organic acids, lipid fractions, the mobility of the water in foods. NMR
spectroscopy is also used to identify and quantify the metabolites in foods.
 18. What is Beer Lambert's law? Explain its applicability in UV Vis spectrophotometry

Ans: The Beer-Lambert law is a linear relationship between the absorbance and the concentration,
molar absorption coefficient and optical coefficient of a solution: The molar absorption coefficient
is a sample dependent property and is a measure of how strong an absorber the sample is at a
particular wavelength of light.

UV-Vis spectroscopy refers to measurement of absorption or reflectance in ultra violet, visible and
near infra red (IR) region, as a function of wave-length λ of absorbed/reflected electromagnetic
radiation (EMR). Absorption in this region directly affects colours of chemicals and is governed by
Beer-Lambert Law.

19. Compare the differences in working and principles of GCMS and LCMS

20. Compare Glober rod with Nernst glower

Ans: assignmet 3

21. Compare and contrast Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

Ans : assignment 3

22. Describe different types of sample preparation methods for IR.

23. What precautions are necessary during sample preparation for IR?

Ans: precaution

The powder sample and KBr must be crushed to reduce the particle size. Otherwise , large
particles scatter the infrared beam and cause a sloping baseline of the spectrum.

Do not crush potassium bromide to too finely powder as reduce particle size or fine powder of
potassium bromide gain moisture from the environmental due to its hygroscopic nature and
forms the bands in certain IR region.
 Avoid touching the faces of the disk.

The spectrum quality is affected by the quality of the disk. The flatness of the baseline is
dependant on the particle size and dispersion of the sample in the KBr powder.

A good KBr pellet is thin and transparent

Opaque pellets give poor spectra, because little beam passes through them.

White spots in a pellet indicate that the powder is not ground well enough , or is not dispersed
properly in the pellets.

24. Write a note on molar extinction coefficient.

25. Write a note on structural elucidation of Organic molecules by IR spectra

26. Explain the principle behind the UV Vis spectroscopy and how it can be used for quantitative
analysis?
Ans:

How it can be used for quantitative analysis:

27. Why is a line source more preferred than continuous source in AA?

28. Describe qualitative and quantitative applications of IR. What are the advantages and
disadvantages for quantitative applications of IR?

Ans asiignment 3

29. Write a note on tandem mass spectroscopy

Ans : assignment 4
30. Explain the laws of spectrophotometer and derive the units of molar extinction coefficient.
Ans: assignment 3
31. Describe Electromagnetic spectra explaining its different regions and their significance.

Ans: assignment 3