EJERCICIOS RESUELTOS DE FRACCIONES, POTENCIAS Y LOGARITMOS

1. Operaciones con fracciones:

 8  24   1
−3 − − − 50 ⋅ 1 −  −3 − −4 − 50 ⋅ 
 2  25   25  −3 −[−6 ] 3  7 6
a) = = = = 3 : −  = −
1   1 1 7  2 7
−4 −  − 1 −4 − −  −4 + −
2   2 2 2

 1  1   1 5  6
3 − − − 5 ⋅ 1 −  3 − − −  3 − − 
 2  2   2 2   2  3 + 3 6 12
b) = = = = =−
1 7 7 7 7 7
−4 + − − − −
2 2 2 2 2

1 10 − 1 9 9 9
1−
c) 1− 10 = 1− 10 = 1− 10 = 1− 10 = 1− 10 =
1 1 1 10 9 − 10
1− 1− 1− 1−
1 10 − 1 9 9 9
1−
10 10 10

9
9 1 81 10 + 81 91
= 1− 10 = 1+ : = 1+ = =
−1 10 9 10 10 10
9

2 1 3 11 3
+ 3−
3 4⋅ 2 12 ⋅ 2
3 1 1 1 11 11 ⋅ 4 3 ⋅ 5
− 2+ ⋅
d) 4 2 5 = 4 5 = 12 2 ⋅ 11 = 11 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 = 1
1 5 5 12 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 11 ⋅ 5
5⋅
2 2 2

2. Operaciones con potencias:

−2 3 1
a) 16−2 ⋅ 4 3 = ( 2 4 ) ⋅ ( 2 2 ) = 2−8 ⋅ 2 6 = 2−8+6 = 2−2 =
4
2 3 2
4 2 ⋅ 12 3 ⋅ 152 (2 ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ 3) ⋅ (3 ⋅ 5)
2 2
2 4 ⋅ 2 6 ⋅ 33 ⋅ 32 ⋅ 5 2 2 10 ⋅ 35 ⋅ 52
b) 3 2 3
= 3 2 = 6 6 3
= 6 9
= 2 4 ⋅ 3−4 ⋅ 5 2
9 ⋅8 ⋅3 (3 ) ⋅ (2 ) ⋅ 3
2 3 3 3 ⋅2 ⋅3 2 ⋅3
4 3 2 −3
8 4 ⋅ 153 ⋅ 182 ⋅ 12−3 (2 ) ⋅ (3 ⋅ 5) ⋅ (2 ⋅ 3 ) ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ 3)
3 2 2

c) = 3 2 =
20 3 ⋅ 27 2 ⋅ 3−3 (2 2 ⋅ 5) ⋅(33 ) ⋅ 3−3
 2 12 ⋅ 3 3 ⋅ 5 3 ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 3 4 ⋅ 2−6 ⋅ 3−3 2 8 ⋅ 3 4 ⋅ 53
= 6 3 6 −3
= 6 3 3
= 2 2 ⋅ 3 = 12
2 ⋅5 ⋅3 ⋅3 2 ⋅3 ⋅5
−1
 23 
27 ⋅ 81 ⋅ 3 ⋅   ⋅ 2 3
−1 4
(33 )
−13 3
⋅ 3 4 ⋅ 34 ⋅
⋅2
 3  23 36
d) −2 = 2
= =1
 1  4 27 −2 2 2 2 2 33 36
36 ⋅   ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2 0 ) 3 ⋅2 ⋅3 ⋅ ⋅ 4 ⋅1
 3  3 16 3 2

3. Haz las siguientes operaciones con radicales:

3
4
27 4 3
3 (33 ) 39 3 3
a) 3
= = 12
4
= 12
4 8
= 12 4 = 12
18 3
2⋅ 3 2
(2 ⋅ 3 )
2 2 ⋅3 2 16

4 3 −4 24 ⋅ 5 24 5 2 4 53 53
b) −80 : 18 = =− = = 2⋅ 4 8 =
4
3
2 ⋅ 32 3
2 ⋅ 32 4 2 ⋅3
4
(2 ⋅ 32 )
4
2 4 3 75
= 2
⋅ 5 =
2 ⋅3 9
3 3
 1   1   1 
3
1 1 1
c) 15 −  = − 15 15 
 =−  5 =− 5 =− 3 =−
 243   3 5   3  3 15
3 27
2
d) 3
2 ⋅ 3 16 = 6 2 ⋅ 3 16 = 6 2 ⋅ 16 2 = 6 2 ⋅ (2 4 ) = 6 2 9 = 6 2 6 ⋅ 2 3 = 2 ⋅ 6 2 3 = 2 ⋅ 2

2
e) 3
2 ⋅ 3 16 = 6 2 ⋅ 3 16 = 6 2 ⋅ 16 2 = 6 2 ⋅ (2 4 ) = 6 2 9 = 6 2 6 ⋅ 2 3 = 2 ⋅ 6 2 3 = 2 ⋅ 2

3 2 32 ⋅ 2 1 32 ⋅ 2 1 4 32 ⋅ 2 1 4 9
f) = 2
= = =
8 2⋅2 2 22 2 22 2 2
2 6

g)
( ) ⋅( 3 )
4
32 3

=
4
3 4 ⋅ 3 36
=
3 ⋅ 32
=3
6
32
( 3) 12 4 12
3 24

4 2 3 5
( 3 ) ⋅( 3 )
5 3 5
3 4 ⋅ 3 32
15
(3 4 ) ⋅ (32 ) 15
312 ⋅ 310 15 22
3 322 15 1
h) 3
= = = = = 15 =
32 32 32 330 38
( ) 34 312

4
i) 3 4
64 4 = 3 4
(2 6 ) = 2⋅3⋅4 2 24 = 24 2 24 = 2

1 1 2
j) 8 − 50 − 98 = 2 2 ⋅ 2 − 2 ⋅ 52 − 7 ⋅ 2 = 2 2 − 5 2 − 7 2 = −10 2
2 2
 1 3 1 3 2 1 3⋅ 5
k) 3 − 12 − 75 = 3 − 22 ⋅ 3 − 5 ⋅3 = 3 −2 3 − 3=
2 4 2 4 2 4
1 15 21
= 3 −2 3 − 3 =− 3
2 4 4

21 21 2
xy 6
(xy) xy (xy) 1 (xy) 3
l) 9xy + + 3 3 = 3 xy − −6 6
= 3 xy − − 6 (xy) =
4xy xy 2 xy (x y )
3 3 2 xy
1 3
= 3 xy − xy − xy = xy
2 2

4. Racionaliza:

3 3
1 1 5 5 3 25 3 25
a) = = =
2⋅ 3 5 2⋅ 3 5 3
5 3
5 2⋅5 10

4
 4 1 
4 (x )5 
(x)
4 5 4 16
1 1  5 x 4    x 5 16
5
x 5 15
x ⋅ x x3 ⋅ 5 x 5 x
b) =   = = = 4 = 4 = = =
5 4 
x  5 x 4 
5
x4 x4 x4
5 4
x (x)
5 4 x x x

5 1 1
3
x x  6 x 5 
3
3 5
x 6 x5 ( ) x 3 ( x 5 )6
×5
x ⋅x
1
3
25
6
x
2+25
6
x
27
6
6
x 27 6
x3
c) =   = 6
= = = = 5 = 5 =
x 5  6 x 5  x5 x5 x5 x x x
( )
6
x5 6
6
x5

2 2 ⋅ ( 3 − 1) 2 ⋅ ( 3 − 1) 2 ⋅ ( 3 − 1) 2 ⋅ ( 3 − 1)
d) = = 2
= =
3 + 1 ( 3 + 1)⋅ ( 3 − 1) ( 3 ) − 12 3−1 2

2 2

e)
2+ 3
=
2+ 3 2+ 3
⋅ =
( 2 + 3)
=
( 2 + 3)
= −( 2 + 3 )
2
2 2
2− 3 2 − 3 2 + 3 ( 2 ) −( 3 ) 2−3

2 2
2 3 + 2 (2 3 + 2 )⋅ (2 3 + 2 ) (2 3 ) + 2 ⋅ 2 3 + ( 2 ) 4⋅ 3 + 4 3 + 2
f) = = 2 2
= =
2 3 − 2 (2 3 − 2 )⋅ (2 3 + 2 ) (2 3 ) − ( 2 ) 4⋅ 3− 2

7+2 6
=
5
5. Expresa mediante intervalos los siguientes conjuntos y represéntalos en la
recta real.

a) A = {x /x ∈ ℝ , −2 ≤ x ≤ 1}

Solución:

Intevalo Recta real

[−2, 1]
−2 1

b) B = {x /x ∈ ℝ , −∞ < x < 1}

Solución:

Intevalo Recta real

(−∞ , 1) −∞ 1

c) C = {x /x ∈ ℝ , −2 < x < 1}

Solución:

Intevalo Recta real

(−2, 1)
−2 1

d) D = {x /x ∈ ℝ , −2 ≤ x < ∞}

Solución:

Intevalo Recta real

[−2, ∞) −2 ∞

{ 1
e) E = x /x ∈ ℝ , ≤ x ≤ 2
2 }
Solución:
 Intevalo Recta real
1  1
 , 2 2
 2  2

f) F = {x /x ∈ ℝ , 2 ≤ x < 12}

Solución:

Intevalo Recta real

[ 2, 12)
2 12

6. Teniendo en cuenta los conjuntos anteriores, escribe como un solo intervalo:

a) A ∪ B y A ∩ B
Solución:
La unión de A y B son el conjunto de valores que pertenecen a A, a B o a
ambos, mientras que la intersección son el conjunto de valores comunes a A
y B. Entonces:

A ∪ B = (−∞ , 1]

A ∩ B = [−2, 1)

b) C ∪ D y C ∩ D
Solución:

C ∪ D = [−2, ∞)

C ∩ D = (−2, 1)

c) E ∪ F y E ∩ F
Solución:
1 

E ∪ F =  , 12
 2 

C∩D = 2
7. Halla el valor de los siguientes logaritmos

a) log 10000 = log 10 4 = 4 log 10 = 4

b) log 2 64 = log 2 2 6 = 6 log 2 2 = 6

c) log 3 27 = log 3 33 = 3 log 3 3 = 3

−3
 1  1
d) log 1 27 = log 1 33 = log 1   = −3 log 1   = −3
3 3 3 3
  3 3
 
1
1 3
1  1 2 − 3 3
e) log 5 = log 5  3  = log 5 (5−3 )2 = log 5 5 2 = − log 5 5 = −
125 5  2 2
1 1 3 1 1 3 1
log 2 − − −
log 2 3 2 − log 2 2 2 2 log 2 2 3 − log 2 2 4 log 2 2 2
f) − = 1
− 1
= 3 4− 2 =
log 2 2 1 − log 2 2 1 1
log 2 2 2 1 − log 2 2 4 1−
2 4
1 3 1
− −
3 4 2 1
= − =−
1 1 6
1−
2 4

8. Calcula el valor del dato desconocido:

a) log 3 81 = x ⇒ 3x = 81 ⇒ 3 x = 3 4 ⇒ x = 4

b) log 5 a = 4 ⇒ 5 4 = a ⇒ a = 625

c) log a 1000 = 4 ⇒ a 4 = 10000 ⇒ a 4 = 10 4 ⇒ a = 10

1
1 1
d) log 32 2 = x ⇒ 32 x = 2 ⇒ 2 5x = 2 2 ⇒ 5x = ⇒x=
2 10
1 1
e) log 9 = x ⇒ 9x = ⇒ 9 x = 9− 2 ⇒ x = − 2
81 81
−1 1 1 5 1
 1
f) log x 2 =   ⇒ log x 2 = 5 ⇒ x 5 = 2 ⇒ (x 5 )5 = 2 5 ⇒ x 5 = 2 5 ⇒ x = 5 2
 5
−3
 1
g) log 1 x = −3 ⇒   = x ⇒ x = 5 3 = 125
5
 5

9. Escribe las siguientes expresiones como un solo logaritmo:

  
2
 
x x  xy   y 3 
a) log (xy) − 2 log   = log (xy) − log    
= log  2  = log  
 y   y   x 
 x 2 
 y 
2
b) 2 ln (a − b) − ln (a 2 − b2 ) = ln (a − b) − ln (a + b)(a − b) =
2
2 (a − b)  a − b 
= ln (a − b) − ln (a + b)(a − b) = ln = ln  
(a + b) (a − b)  a + b 

1
4
a−b 1  a − b 
4  a − b   a − b 4  2
    
c) 4 log 2 − log 2 
 a 
 = log 2   − log 2 

  =
a 2  a   a 
 (a − b)2 
2 2    a 2 (a − b)2 
(a − b)  a − b   a4    = log  1  =
= log 2 − log 2   = log 2   = log 2  4 2 2 2
a 4
 a  2
 (a − b)   a (a − b)  a 
  
 a 2 
= log 2 (a−2 )

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