Nucleic Acid Composition – classification of viruses
infection can be reactivated
RSV – common viral respiratory disease in infants and children
Coxsackie B – most common in pericarditis, myocarditis and
pleurodynia
EBV and CMV – cause of infectious mononucleosis
Influenza and Adenovirus – most common cause of viral
pneumonia in adults
Rotavirus – retroviridae group, gastroenteritis in infants and
young children; asymptomatic in adults
Parvovirus B19 – fifth childhood disease after rubeola, rubella,
varicella and roseola
Acupuncture, Tattoos, Sex – Hepatitis B transmission
Norwalk-like virus – adult gastroenteritis; ingestion of shellfish
Papillomavirus – venereal and respiratory tract warts; lesions of
skin and mucous membranes
Hemagglutination, Hemadsorption, Viral Antigen Detection –
detection and identification of viral infections
Western blot assay – confirmation of infection with HIV
Direct immunofluorescence test for viral antigen in vesicle
fluid – most rapid definitive diagnosis of HSV-2
VZV – young father of two small children with chickenpox
RT-PCR is more sensitive for early detection – HIV-1 positive,
Western blot negative
BK virus – urine – hemorrhagic cystitis
Inhibits bacterial and fungal growth – viral transport medium
with penicillin, gentamycin and amphotericin
Intranuclear inclusions – presence of viral infection in tissue
smears/biopsies
Nasopharyngeal aspirate – RSV is best isolated by…
Incubate the culture tubes for 2-3 weeks longer – CMV, human
fibroblast tissue culture tubes
Papillomavirus – anogenital warts, cervical dysplasia and
neoplasia
HSV – most commonly associated with encephalitis
Adenovirus – most associated with colds and other respiratory
diseases
Burkitt lymphoma – EBV is associated
Capsid – a protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid
As the virion buds from a host cell membrane – how viral
envelopes are acquired
Infectious protein with no associated nucleic acid – prions
Viral genome – viral nucleocapsid
Noroviruses – thought to predominately cause gastroenteritis
Coronavirus – contain SARS virus
Virion – mature virus containing a nucleic acid core surrounded
by protein coat with or without envelope
DNA and RNA – characterization of viruses
Poxvirus – largest DNA virus
Enterovirus – smallest RNA virus
Uncoating – first step on replication cycle of a virus
Square or round – virus capsid morphology
Nucleus or cytoplasm – part of virus where the envelope is
acquired; site of virion assembly
Herpesviridae – DNA virus
Pseudomyxoviridae – RNA virus
4°C – temperature for virus isolation should be kept at…
-70°C – temperature for when transport takes days
Herpesviridae – individual can become latently infected and the
Human embryonic fibroblasts – CMV isolation
Rabies – cause acute central nervous system disease in humans
and animals
Stool, throat swab and CSF – specimen for suspected
enteroviral meningitis
Hemadsorption assay – Influenza A virus can be detected in cell
cultures by…
Monkey kidney cells and embryonated hen’s eggs – best host
systems for influenza virus isolation
Hexon – common antigen cross-reactive in all human
adenoviruses
Segmented RNA genome – not similar in both influenza and
parainfluenza viruses
Neuramidase and hemagglutinin – myxoviridae virus envelope
contains…
Poxvirus – eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions are elementary
bodies
Rubella virus – German measles
Mild form of smallpox – alastrim infection
Solid-phase RIA and ELISA – most routine detection of HBV in
blood donors
Direct electron microscopy – most rapid diagnosis of viral
infection
Throat swab – influenza virus specimen collection
Reovirus – double stranded segmented RNA genome
Acid resistance – differentiation of enteroviruses from
rhinoviruses
Rotavirus – gastroenteritis in children during winter
Herpesviruses – not resistant to ether treatment
Negative staining – most common method for rapid electron
microscopy
Morphology – differentiate negatively stained specimens
SITUATIONAL
CMV - A dehydrated 25-year-old male patient was admitted to the
hospital with symptoms similar to those of chronic fatigue
syndrome.
Immediately test the patient and the student for HIV using an
EIA or ELISA test - A nursing student working in the emergency
department accidentally stuck herself with a needle after removing
it from an intravenous set taken from a suspected drug user.
Herpes simplex testing - A 30-year-old female patient
complained of vaginal irritation and symptoms (fever, dysuria, and
inguinal lymphadenopathy) associated with sexually transmitted
disease (STD).
Request immunofluorescent test for antigen in cutaneous
nerves obtained by nuchal biopsy of the patient – 13 year old
boy, viral encephalitis
(all) – 65 year old woman, acute respiratory distress, Influenza
A/B is suspected
EBV – 20 year old female with sore throat and extreme fatigue
West Nile Virus – 60 year old male gardener from New York, flu-
like symptoms and encephalitis
Hantavirus – 30 year old male contractor and building inspector
Rotavirus – 3 year old female vomiting and diarrhea after 2-day
visit with relatives
(all) – 25 year old male diagnosed with HIV-1 by enzyme
immunoassay
RSV- 6 month old male infant with respiratory infection; apnea and
bronchiolitis
Molecular technique and cell culture – 40 year old female with
respiratory infection from China; SARS
HSV – 25 year old female with genital lesions delivered a
premature newborn
Rabies – organs of 65 year old male; three recipients died
Norwalk or Norwalk-like virus – 7 day cruise to Vancouver and
Alaska; vomiting and nausea
Hepatitis B – a pregnant woman with flulike illness during 2nd
trimester; 90% transplacental
Administration of hyperimmune antirabies globulin and
rabies vaccine – a young male hunter bitten by wild fox