MICROBIOLOGY 2 | VIROLOGY | MIDTERM | LESSON 2  CDC now recommends 11 to 12 year olds get two doses

of HPV vaccine – rather than the previously

Reference for this lesson:

PPT Presentation
recommended three doses – to protect against cancers
Chapter 29: CLINICAL VIROLOGY
caused by HPV.
DNA VIRUSES  The second dose should be given 6-12 months after the
A. Herpesviridae first dose.
B. Hepadnaviridae
C. Adenoviridae
D. Pappillomaviridae
E. Poxviridae
F. Parvoviridae
 Double stranded EXCEPT Parvovirus Genital warts Skin warts
 Naked EXCEPT Poxvirus, Hepadna, Herpes virus
 Nuclear replication EXCEPT Poxvirus FAMILY POLYOMAVIRIDAE
 Icosahedral EXCEPT Poxvirus POLYOMAVIRUS
 Polyomavirus (family Polyomaviridae), any of a
PAPOVAVIRUSES subgroup of minute oncogenic DNA viruses of the family
Small, naked icosahedral tumor inducing viruses with double Polyomaviridae.
stranded DNA. b. Genus Polyomavirus
 Replicate in the nucleus BK Virus – isolated from urine of renal transplant
 Includes: patients.
1. Papillomaviridae JC Virus – isolated from brains of patients with
2. Polyomaviridae progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
GENUS: (PML).
 Papilloma virus
 Polyoma virus BK VIRUS
HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS  A BK virus (BKV) infection is a common viral infection
 HPV is a group of more than 150 related viruses. that usually does not cause problems.
 Each HPV virus in this large group is given a number which  The BK virus may be spread if you have contact with
is called its HPV type. infected blood or body fluids, such as saliva (spit).
 HPV is named for warts (papilloma) some HPV types can  It can spread from one person to another during an organ
cause. transplant or from a mother to her baby during birth.
 Some other HPV types can lead to cancer.  Infection with BK virus may cause respiratory disease,
 Men and women can get cancer of mouth/throat, and whereas infection with JC virus can affect the respiratory
anus/rectum caused by HPV infections. system, the kidneys, or the brain.
 Men can also get penile HPV cancer. JC VIRUS
 In women, HPV infection can also cause cervical,  The JC virus, or John Cunningham virus, is a common
vaginal, and vulvar HPV cancers. germ.
 But there are vaccines that can prevent infection with the  The virus was first discovered in 1971. A doctor found it
types of HPV that most commonly cause cancer. in the brain of a man with Hodgkin’s lymphoma and
 Skin warts are the most common signs of infection with named the virus after him.
papillomavirus.  In people with very weak immune systems, the virus can
 In humans, warts may be of two types – flat (which are bring on a serious brain infection called Progressive
superficial and usually on the hands) or plantar (on the Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML damages
soles of the feet and on the toes). outer coating of your nerve cells. It can cause permanent
 Warts also commonly occur on the genitals disabilities and can even be deadly.
(condylomata acuminata)  People with HIV/AIDS are most at risk for PML. Those
 Some HPVs are linked to cancers. with Hodgkin’s disease, leukemia, or lymphoma are also
 HPV is transmitted through intimate skin-to-skin contact. at risk, as are people who take certain immune-
 It is most commonly spread during vaginal or anal sex. suppressing drugs because of multiple sclerosis (MS),
rheumatoid arthritis, or organ transplants.
 HPV can be passed even when an infected person has no
 More than half of all adults have been exposed to it. It
signs or symptoms. You can develop symptoms years after
being infected, making it hard to know when you first doesn’t cause problems for most people, but it can be
became infected. dangerous if you have a weak immune system.
 In most cases, HPV goes away on its own and does not cause
POXVIRUSES
any health problems.
 Poxviruses are the largest and most complex of viruses.
 But when HPV does not go away, it can cause health
problems like genital warts and cancer.  Composition: DNA (3%), Protein (90%), Lipid (5%)

Transcribed by: R. Guevarra & A. Ortencio

  Largest and most complex viruses; very resistant to
inactivation.
 Most of the poxviruses that can cause disease belong to
the genera:
 Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus Molluscum contagiosum
 Yatapoxvirus and Molluscipoxvirus
 Vaccinia virus the agent used for smallpox vaccination, a PARVOVIRIDAE
distinct specie of Orthopoxvirus.  Single stranded-DNA virus
 Parvoviruses are the simplest DNA animal viruses.
POXVIRUS – VARIOLA VIRUS
Because of the small coding capacity of their genome.
 The incubation period of
 Parvovirus B19 is pathogenic for humans and has a
variola (smallpox) is 10-14 days.
tropism for erythroid progenitor cells.
 Sudden onset
 Ex. Adeno associated-viruses – require coinfection with
 1-5 days of fever and malaise adenoviruses for replication.
preceded the appearance of the
 It is the cause of erythema infectiosum (“fifth disease”),
exanthems, which began as
a common childhood exanthema;
macules, then papules,
 Polyarthralgia-arthritis syndrome in normal adults;
then vesicles, and finally
 Aplastic crisis in patients with hemolytic disorders;
pustules.
 Chronic anemia in immunocompromised individuals;
and
 Smallpox was the first
 Fetal death
viral disease eradicated
from the world. PARVOVIRUS INFECTIONS IN HUMANS
DISEASES FIFTH DISEASE
Fifth disease (cutaneous rash) Targets red blood cell
Examples: progenitors
a. Variola major – causing smallpox Transient aplastic crisis Pain in joints
b. Variola minor – causing alastrim, a mild form of (severe acute anemia)
smallpox. Pure red cell aplasia (chronic Results in lysis of cells, thus
c. Cowpox – causing vesicular & pustular skin lesions in anemia) depleting source of mature red
humans. cells.
Hydrops fetalis (fatal fetal Anemia ensues
anemia)
POXVIRUSES
B19 virus most common Rarely fatal and without
d. Vaccinia agent – used for smallpox vaccination. complications
e. Orf virus – causing orf, ecthyma contagiosuma, contagious  Replication: Nucleus, dependent on functions of dividing
pustular dermatitis or scabby mouth. A disease of young
host cells.
sheeps or goats transmitted to humans by direct contact.
 Outstanding characteristics:
Orf virus infections in humans typically occur when broken skin
 Very simple viruses
comes into contact with the virus from infected animals or
 Human pathogen, B19, has tropism for red blood
contaminated equipment. Activities that may put you at risk for
cell progenitors.
infection include:
 One genus is replication-
 Bottle feeding, tube feeding, or shearing sheep or goats.
defective and requires a helper virus.
 Petting or having casual contact with infected animals.
 “Slapped cheek”. It is caused
 Handling infected equipment such as harness.
by the human parvovirus B19.
 Being bitten by an infected animal.
Sore mouth in a person with a weak immune system.
f. Sore mouth (also known as
“scabby mouth”, contagious
ecthyma, or orf) is caused by a germ HUMAN BOCAVIRUS
(virus) passed to people from sheep  A newly discovered
and goats. This disease can cause sore parvovirus, has been
on people’s hands, but not sores detected in respiratory
around the mouth like it does in specimens from children
animals. It cannot spread from person with acute respiratory
to person. disease, but a role in the disease is unproven.
g. Yaba monkey tumor virus – produces histiocytomas in  Human bocavirus (HBoV) is closely related to the bovine
monkeys and humans. parvovirus and canine minute virus.
h. Molluscum contagiosum – a benign epidermal whose
causative agent is an unclassified member of the poxvirus.

Transcribed by: R. Guevarra & A. Ortencio

 HEPADNA VIRUS
 Enveloped icosahedral nucleocapsids with double stranded
DNA.
 Replicate in nucleus
 Ex: Hepatitis B virus

Transcribed by: R. Guevarra & A. Ortencio