SNC4M UNIT TEST – PATHOGENS AND DISEASE

Duration-75 minutes Marks – K/U= /31

A= /14

Total= /45

NAME_______________________________ DATE_______________

Part A K/U [10 marks]

Multiple Choice: Select the correct answer from the given choices.

1. Which of the following is not a bacterial shape?

a. spherical
b. rod
c. polyhedral
d. spiral

2. Bacteria reproduce asexually through a process called:

a. binary fission
b. conjugation
c. spore formation
d. lysis

3. All viruses consist of:

a. nucleic acids, ribosomes, capsid, and mitochondria
b. nucleic acids, capsid, chloroplasts, and cell membrane
c. nucleic acids and capsid
d. nucleic acids

4. A retrovirus is a virus that

a. is made up of double stranded DNA.
b. is made up of single stranded DNA.
c. is made up of single stranded RNA.
d. is made up of double stranded RNA.

5. Which statement best describes the lytic reproductive cycle?

a. Viral DNA enters the host cell and uses the resources of the host cell to produce new viruses.
b. Viral DNA enters the host cell and becomes part of the host cell’s genome.
c. Viral DNA enters the host cell and transforms the host cell into a virus.
d. None of the above
6. Which of the following scenarios does not create antibiotic resistant bacteria?
a. Not taking the medication for the entire duration of treatment.
b. Taking antibiotics when they are not prescribed.
c. Taking antiviral medication for a viral infection.
d. Disposing of antibiotics down the drain.

7. Which of the following refers to the total number of individuals infected in a population at any
one time?
a. Morbidity rate
b. Prevalence rate
c Mortality rate
d. Epidemic rate

8. Immunizations attempt to
a. increase the effectiveness of immune cells.
b. prevent the onset of bacterial infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
c. provide immunity against all types of viral and bacterial infections.
d. control the spreading of pathogens in industrialized nations.

9. What type of disease transmission is most likely represented by the graph shown below?

a. Person to person
b. Food borne
c. Airborne
d. Airborne and Food borne
10. Macrophages are specialized types of white blood cells that destroy pathogens by
a. injecting enzymes onto the surface of the pathogen which makes it easily detected by immune
cells.
b. engulfing the pathogen and using enzymes to destroy both cells.
c. attaching to the outside surface of the pathogen and then destroying the pathogen using
enzymes.
d. attaching to pathogens and guiding them into the lymph nodes so they can pass into the blood.

Part B: Indicate whether the sentence is True or False. Also correct the false statement.
K/U [5 marks]

______1. Koch’s postulates are a sequence of steps that determines a bacterium’s resistance.

_____ 2. At the clinic, tests performed by your doctor’s office come back indicating that you
have Staphylococcus infection. This means that the bacteria infecting you occur in clumps.

______3. Bacteria like Clostridium are aerobic bacteria and can only grow in the absence of
oxygen.

_____ 4. Gram stains divide bacteria into two major groups – gram positive and gram negative.

______5. The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus inhabits the internal organs.

Part C : Matching: Select the best answer from Column B that matches the term in
Column A. Place the letter (answer) in the middle column. K/U [5marks]

Column A Answers (Letter) Column B

1. Endotoxin A. A disease present in a significant
number of individuals in a
population or area.
2. Coccus B. Something that can cause disease;
for example, a bacterium or a virus.
3. Endemic C. A naturally or synthetically
produced substance that kills or
inactivates bacteria, but has no
effect against viruses; used as a
medication.

4. Pathogen D. A substance produced within some

bacteria that are released only when
the bacteria disintegrate.

5. Antibiotic E. A spherical-shaped bacterium.

Part D: Short Answer:

1. Describe the Enterobius vermicularis OR Trichinella spiralis life cycle. K/U[4 marks]

2. Describe the differences between artificially acquired active and passive immunity.
K/U[2 marks]
3.The image below shows a Petri dish that contains streptococcus, the bacteria that causes strep
throat. Three different antibiotics are being tested to determine which one is the most effective
at destroying the pathogen.

a. Use your knowledge of bacteria and antibiotic to explain which disc is most effective?
A [2 marks]

b. In which disc has the streptococcus built up resistance? Explain your answer A[2 marks]
Ryan’s Well Foundation

Stephen Lewis Foundation

World Health Organization

Doctors Without Borders

Oxfam

3. Describe one of the following non-governmental agencies that help prevent diseases.
K/U[2 marks]
4. Choose any three steps and Describe what is happening in each one of them.
K/U[3marks]

Part E : Essay Questions A [10 marks]

Answer ONLY ONE of the three choices of essay questions.

1. You are the Director of the Middlesex London Health Unit and there is a serious flu outbreak
in London. Use your knowledge of pathogens and disease to develop a plan to control the
outbreak.

2. The development of antibodies such as penicillin and sulfa in the twentieth century saved
many lives. However, overuse and improper use of antibiotics has contributed to the
development of antibiotic-resistant forms of bacteria that threaten public health. How does the
irradiation of food reduce the incidence of food-borne illness? Why is the use of this technology
controversial? Discuss the positive and negative effects of technological advances intended to
prevent the spread of illness and disease.

SNC4M UNIT TEST – PATHOGENS AND DISEASE Answer Copy

Duration-75 minutes Marks – K/U= /31

A= /14

Total= /45

NAME_______________________________ DATE_______________

Part A K/U [10 marks]

Multiple Choice: Select the correct answer from the given choices.

1. Which of the following is not a bacterial shape?

a. spherical
b. rod
c. polyhedral
d. spiral

2. Bacteria reproduce asexually through a process called:

a. binary fission
b. conjugation
c. spore formation
d. lysis

3. All viruses consist of:

a. nucleic acids, ribosomes, capsid, and mitochondria
b. nucleic acids, capsid, chloroplasts, and cell membrane
c. nucleic acids and capsid
d. nucleic acids

4. A retrovirus is a virus that

a. is made up of double stranded DNA.
b. is made up of single stranded DNA.
c. is made up of single stranded RNA.
d. is made up of double stranded RNA.

5. Which statement best describes the lytic reproductive cycle?

a. Viral DNA enters the host cell and uses the resources of the host cell to produce new viruses.
b. Viral DNA enters the host cell and becomes part of the host cell’s genome.
c. Viral DNA enters the host cell and transforms the host cell into a virus.
d. None of the above
6. Which of the following scenarios does not create antibiotic resistant bacteria?
a. Not taking the medication for the entire duration of treatment.
b. Taking antibiotics when they are not prescribed.
c. Taking antiviral medication for a viral infection.
d. Disposing of antibiotics down the drain.

7. Which of the following refers to the total number of individuals infected in a population at any
one time?
a. Morbidity rate
b. Prevalence rate
c Mortality rate
d. Epidemic rate

8. Immunizations attempt to
a. increase the effectiveness of immune cells.
b. prevent the onset of bacterial infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
c. provide immunity against all types of viral and bacterial infections.
d. control the spreading of pathogens in industrialized nations.

9. What type of disease transmission is most likely represented by the graph shown below?

a. Person to person
b. Food borne
c. Airborne
d. Airborne and Food borne

Explanation: The graph shows that the disease spreads slowly at first, then rapidly, and slowly at
the end. This pattern of transmission is most characteristic of a disease spread from one person to
the next. When only one person has the disease, the rate of transmission is slow because that
person may only meet a few others. But as the number of people with the disease increases, the
number of meetings that spread the disease also increase. At this time, the disease can spread
very rapidly. The disease spreads more slowly again when there are only a few people remaining
that do not have the disease. With foodborne and airborne diseases, the rate of disease spread is
most rapid when the disease first arises and the greatest number of possible victims are available.
Graphs of foodborne and airborne transmission show the greatest rate of disease spread at the
start of the outbreak.

10. Macrophages are specialized types of white blood cells that destroy pathogens by
a. injecting enzymes onto the surface of the pathogen which makes it easily detected by immune
cells.
b. engulfing the pathogen and using enzymes to destroy both cells.
c. attaching to the outside surface of the pathogen and then destroying the pathogen using
enzymes.
d. attaching to pathogens and guiding them into the lymph nodes so they can pass into the blood.

Part B: Indicate whether the sentence is True or False. Also correct the false statement.
K/U [5 marks]

__F___1. “Koch’s Postulates” are a sequence of steps that determines a bacterium’s resistance.

Correct- "Koch's Postulates" determines a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a
disease

___T__ 2. At the clinic, tests performed by your doctor’s office come back indicating that you
have Staphylococcus infection. This means that the bacteria infecting you occur in clumps.

___F___3. Bacteria like Clostridium are aerobic bacteria and can only grow in the absence of
oxygen.

Correct- . Bacteria like Clostridium are anaerobic bacteria and can only grow in the absence of
oxygen.

___T__ 4. Gram stains divide bacteria into two major groups – gram positive and gram negative.

___F___5. The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus inhabits the internal organs.

Correct- The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus inhabits skin mostly. Sometimes nose and
vagina.

Part C : Matching: Select the best answer from Column B that matches the term in
Column A. Place the letter (answer) in the middle column. K/U [5marks]
 Column A Answers (Letter) Column B
6. Endotoxin D F. A disease present in a significant
number of individuals in a
population or area.
7. Coccus E G. Something that can cause disease;
for example, a bacterium or a virus.

8. Endemic A H. A naturally or synthetically

produced substance that kills or
inactivates bacteria, but has no
effect against viruses; used as a
medication.

9. Pathogen B I. A substance produced within some

bacteria that are released only when
the bacteria disintegrate.

10. Antibiotic C J. A spherical-shaped bacterium.

Part D: Short Answer:

1. Describe the Enterobius vermicularis OR Trichinella spiralis life cycle. K/U[4marks]

Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)

Eggs are often introduced into the body from fingers or contaminated food. Larvae hatch in the
intestine and the adults establish themselves in the colon. The females migrate nocturnally
outside the anus and deposit their eggs. Eggs are deposited in the anus. Self infection occurs
when eggs are transferred to the mouth with hands that have scratched their anus.

Trichenella spiralis:

Trichinellosis is acquired by ingesting raw or undercooked meat containing cysts (encysted

larvae) of Trichinella. after exposure to gastric acid and pepsin in the stomach, the larvae are
released from the cysts and invade the small bowel mucosa where they develop into adult
worms. The adult worms shed newborn larvae that enter the lymph or blood vessels. The larvae
can enter the skeletal muscle

2. Describe the differences between artificially acquired active and passive immunity.
K/U [2 marks]
 Active: Antigens that are weakened, dead, or fragments of microbes are introduced in
vaccines. The body produces the antibodies.

Passive: Antibodies in an immune serum are introduced into the body by injection (e.g.
antivenom for a snake bite). The body does not produce antibodies.

3.The image below shows a Petri dish that contains streptococcus, the bacteria that causes strep
throat. Three different antibiotics are being tested to determine which one is the most effective
at destroying the pathogen.

a. Use your knowledge of bacteria and antibiotic to explain which disc is most effective?
A [2 marks]

Disc 1 is most effective. It has the largest zone of inhibition. The strep bacterium is not able to
grow in areas around disc 1.

b. In which disc has the streptococcus built up resistance? Explain your answer. A[2 marks]

Disc 2 has the smallest zone of inhibition. This means that it is not able to destroy the bacteria.
It also implies that the bacterium is resistant to the antibiotic.
Ryan’s Well Foundation
Works with local partners to provide access to safe water supply and sanitation.

Stephen Lewis Foundation

Supports community-based organizations working to help women, grandmothers, orphans, and other
people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa

World Health Organization

Directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations’ system and provides leadership
on global health issues

Doctors Without Borders

Assist health care in developing and war torn countries no matter what race, creed, or religion.

Oxfam

Works with allies in Canada and around the world to change the policies and practices that perpetuate
human suffering and support basic rights.

3. Describe one of the following non-governmental agencies that help prevent diseases.
K/U[2 marks]

4.Choose any three steps and describe what is happening in each one of them.
K/U[3 marks]
Step 1: The bacteriophage attaches itself to a host cell, and inserts its nucleic acid and some
enzymes into the bacterium.

Step 2: Bacteriophage DNA enters the lytic or lysogenic life cycle.

Step 3: Viral components are produced and assembled by the host cell machinery.

Step 4: The host cell bursts and new phages emerge to infect new cells.

Step 5: A prophage forms when DNA integrates into the bacterial DNA.

Step 6: Lysogenic bacterium reproduces normally.

Step 7: Prophages are replicated and can excise from the cell to enter the lytic cycle.

Part E : Essay Questions A [10 marks]

Answer ONLY ONE of the three choices of essay questions.
1. You are the Director of the Middlesex London Health Unit and there is a serious flu outbreak
in London. Use your knowledge of pathogens and disease to develop a plan to control the
outbreak.

Answers will vary.

Student mentions , monitoring and reporting technology, hygiene measures, personal control
measures, (i.e., engineering and administrative controls, vaccines and use of personal protective
equipment) to assist employers and enable employees of healthcare organizations to perform
their duties in an environment that minimizes their risk of exposure to hazards, including
infectious agents.

2. The development of antibodies such as penicillin and sulfa in the twentieth century saved
many lives. However, overuse and improper use of antibiotics has contributed to the
development of antibiotic-resistant forms of bacteria that threaten public health. How does the
irradiation of food reduce the incidence of food-borne illness? Why is the use of this technology
controversial? Discuss the positive and negative effects of technological advances intended to
prevent the spread of illness and disease.

Answers will vary.

Irradiation kills organisms that cause food borne illness. Electron radiation breaks up the
bacteria's DNA, making it impossible for the bacteria to reproduce or continue living.

Controversy--- short- and long-term effects of food irradiation on human health, destroys
vitamins, nutrients and essential fatty acids, presence of carcinogenic toxins in irradiated foods,
process can slightly alter a food's taste and color.