CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of related to literature. It concerns on the

theoritical understanding as the references register, gamer, and Point Blank online.

2.1 Register

The level of formality used when speaking and writing. Most speakers of a

language know how to use many dialects, using one with friends, another when on

a job interview or presenting a report in class, and another with talking with

family. These are situational dialects, also called registers or styles. According to

Holmes (2001:246), the language of groups of people with common interests or

jobs, or the language used in situations associated with such groups. The examples

of different registers can be seen in the language used by journalist, legalist,

auctioneers, race-callers, sports commentator, airline pilots, criminals, financiers,

politicians, disc jockeys and also the language used in the courtroom and the

classroom. One example mentioned by Holmes (2001:247) in her book the

language used by people who describe a sporting event which can be

distinguished easily from language used in other contexts especially in the

vocabulary. In cricket, people describe positions by using terms like silly mid on,

square leg, the covers and gully and describe deliveries by using terms like off-

break, googly and leg break.

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2.2 Language Varieties

People use different linguistic forms on different occasions. Different

speakers of a language will say the similar thing in different ways. Furthermore,

many varieties of language are utilized by people in different occupations or

backgrounds. It is possible to have more than one language. Languages used in

accordance with the circumstances of life development. Each social level has a

dissimilar language. The higher level develops more complex language. In

addition, sex, age, status, and grade result as the variety of languages; those

variations are influenced by the people conducting creativities due to improving

the language.

2.3 Online Game

An online game is a video game that is either partially or primarily played

through the Internet or another computer network. Online games are ubiquitous on

modern gaming platforms, including PCs, consoles and mobile devices, and span

many genres, including first-person shooters, strategy games and massively

multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG).

The history of online games dates back to the early days of packet-based

computer networking in the 1970s, An early example of online games are MUD,

including the first, MUD1, which was created in 1978 and originally confined to an

internal network before becoming connected to ARPANet in 1980. Commercial

games followed in the next decade, with Islands of Kesmai, the first commercial

online role-playing game, debuting in 1984, as well as more graphical games, such as

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the MSX LINKS action games in 1986, the flight simulator Air Warrior in 1987, and

the Famicom Modem's online Go game in 1987. The rapid availability of the Internet

in the 1990s led to an expansion of online games, with notable titles including Nexus:

The Kingdom of the Winds (1996), Quakeworld (1996), Ultima Online (1997),

Lineage (1998), Starcraft (1998), Counter-Strike (1999) and EverQuest (1999). Video

game consoles also began to receive online networking features, such as the Famicom

Modem (1987), Sega Meganet (1990), Satellaview (1995), SegaNet (1996),

PlayStation 2 (2000) and Xbox (2001).[7][8] Following improvements in connection

speeds, more recent developments include the popularization of new genres, such as

social games, and new platforms, such as mobile games.

Online game sessions are hosted by a game server, which can be a

dedicated computer managed by the game company or a gamer organization, or

the computer of one of the players. The design of online games can range from

simple text-based environments to the incorporation of complex graphics and

virtual worlds. The prominence of online components within a game can range

from being minor features, such as an online leaderboard, to being part of core

gameplay, such as directly playing against other players. Many online games,

especially MMORPG, create their own online communities, while other games,

especially social games, integrate the players' existing real-life communities.

Traditionally, researchers thought of motivations to use computer systems to be

primarily driven by extrinsic purposes and have designed these systems accordingly;

however, use of online games is by intrinsic motivations such as fun, relaxation,

competition, achievement and learning, which considerations must drive their design.

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 Online game culture sometimes faces criticisms for an environment that

might promote cyberbullying, violence, and xenophobia. Some gamers are also

concerned about gaming addiction or social stigma. Online games have attracted

players from a variety of ages, nationalities, and occupations. Online game

content can also be studied in scientific field, especially gamers' interactions

within virtual societies in relation to the behavior and social phenomena of

everyday life.

2.3.1 The Kind of FPS (First Person Shooter) Game

During the 1990s, online games started to move from a wide variety of

LAN protocols (such as IPX) and onto the Internet using the TCP/IP protocol.

Doom popularized the concept of deathmatch, where multiple players battle each

other head-to-head, as a new form of online game. Since Doom, many first-person

shooter games contain online components to allow deathmatch or arena style play.

And by popularity, first person shooter games are becoming more and more

widespread around the world. And FPS (First Person Shooter) games are now

becoming more of an art form because of the required skills and strategy with

teammates. More first person shooter competitions are formed to give players a

chance to showcase their talents individually or on a team.

The kind of games that are played at the more popular competitions are

Counter Strike, Point Blank, Call of Duty.

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 1. Counter Strike

Counter-Strike (also known as Half-Life: Counter-Strike) is a first-person

shooter video game developed by Valve Corporation. It was initially developed and

released as a Half-Life modification by Minh "Gooseman" Le and Jess Cliffe in 1999,

before Le and Cliffe were hired and the game's intellectual property acquired. Counter-

Strike was first released by Valve on the Microsoft Windows platform in 2000.

The game later spawned a franchise, and is the first installment in the

Counter-Strike series. Several remakes and Ports of Counter-Strike have been

released on the Xbox console, as well as OS X and Linux. It is sometimes referred

to as Counter-Strike 1.6 to distinguish it from other titles of the series, 1.6 being

the final major software update the game received.

2. Call of Duty

Call of Duty is a first-person shooter video game franchise. The series

began on Microsoft Windows, and later expanded to consoles and handhelds.

Several spin-off games have been released. The earlier games in the series are set

primarily in World War II, including Call of Duty, Call of Duty 2, and Call of

Duty 3. Beginning with Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, which is set in modern

times, the series has shifted focus away from World War II. Modern Warfare,

released November 2007, was followed by World at War and Modern Warfare 2.

Black Ops, released November 2010, takes place in the Cold War, while Modern

Warfare 3, released November 2011, takes place in a near-future setting. Black

Ops II, released November 2012, takes place mainly in the year 2025. Call of

Duty: Ghosts was released in November 2013. In May 2014, Advanced Warfare

was announced. In November 6, 2015, Black Ops 3 was released.

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 3. Point Blank

Point Blank 1.5 was released in Singapore and Malaysia in January 2014,

published by Garena Online. Each local edition has different weapons, skins, and

options to meet local tastes. For instance, the North American variant has a different

backstory and is called Project Blackout. The available weapons lists are different for

each version and developers add or drop weapons depending on popularity. Russia

(by INNOVA, December 2009), Brazil (published by On Game, August 2010), China

(by Shanda in 4th Qt., 2010), North America (in December 2010, transferred in

2014), Turkey (by Infinity games in August 2010) and Italy (by Accelon Italy in

April, 2011). The latest version of the game brings about some gameplay changes as

well as new features, including a new skill and avatar system.

Point Blank is a fast-paced online first-person shooter, which is very similar

in terms of gameplay to Counter-Strike. It also features destructible and dynamic

environments, as well as deeper character and skill customization options. In Point

Blank, players join either the Free Rebels or CT-Force team (the Free Rebels are

based on the Terrorists from Counter-Strike, while CT-Force is based on the Counter-

Terrorists). Each team attempts to complete their mission objective and/or eliminate

the opposing team. Each round starts with the two teams spawning simultaneously,

usually at opposite ends of the map from each other.

A player can choose to play as one of four different default character

models (Acid and Keen Eyes for CT-Force, and Red Bull and Tarantula for the

Free Rebels). There are four purchasable deluxe character models: Fennec and Pit

Viper for CT-Force or Cheshire and Shadow for the Free Rebels. Players are

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generally given a few seconds before the round begins, or before respawning, to

change weapons and/or equipment. Game points and experience are awarded for

winning a round, losing a round, killing enemies, and completing mini missions.

2.4 Gamer

A gamer is someone who plays interactive games, such as video games or

tabletop games. The term includes those who do not necessarily consider

themselves to be gamers as well as those who spend a significant part of their

leisure time playing or learning about games. It also describes people who work

on methods to gamify technologies relevant to gameplay.

2.4.1 Type of Gamer

Arthur Kabrick (2013) proposed that gamer is classified into 4 types based

on motivation of the gamer as follows:

1. The Casual Gamer

Their motivation towards relaxation over "challenge" means that they may

be drawn to simpler games and systems with additional features. Many of them

are drawn to devices where gaming is not the focus but rather a bonus feature,

such as smart phones. This is the audience who bought the Wii for Wii Sports,

Wii Fit, and not much else. From what we have seen of it (so far) this is the

audience the Xbox One is hoping to attract with their TV features. It is, however,

unclear how successful this strategy will be for Microsoft, since casual gamers

tend to be fickle with what they will support with their money.

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 2. The Social Gamer

A social gamer is one who is motivated by connecting with other people

through the medium of gaming. Their gaming habits are determined by their

social circle more than by what is generally popular in society. These are, by and

large, the kinds of people you will find almost exclusively playing multiplayer

games ranging from first person shooters like Call of Duty, MMO like World of

Warcraft, MOBA like League of Legends, and cooperative world builders like

Minecraft. Any game with a strong online community is very attractive to them.

3. The Specialist Gamer

Professional gamers play video games and deeply study the game to

master it and usually to play in competitions. Professional gamers don't

necessarily play for money or earn a salary, but many do. A professional gamer

may also be another type of gamer, such as a hardcore gamer, if he or she meets

the additional criteria for that gamer type. In countries of Asia, particularly South

Korea and Japan, professional gamers are sponsored by large companies and can

earn more than $100,000USD a year. In the United States, Major League Gaming

has contracted electronic sports gamers with $250,000USD yearly deals.

4. The Expert Gamer

The expert gamer is not specifically someone who is highly skilled at

games. Instead they are characterized by a wide range of tastes and a desire to

enjoy new gaming experiences. They probably enjoy reading about games,

researching games, and following the video game industry. Gaming is quite likely

a topic of conversation in their group of friends. Unlike the social gamer,

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however, their gaming habits expand beyond just what their friends play. They

try a little bit of everything and have their own tastes, rather than going along with

the group. They likely have strong opinions but also educated ones with facts and

research to back them up.

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