1999

Jerusalem: Some Legal Aspects

Ruth Lapidoth

,-

ISSN 033-8681

,1997

20 , 92186

1997, The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies

The Hay Elyachar House
20a Radak St., 92186 Jerusalem



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Senior Visiting Fellow at St. Antony's
.College, Oxford
,
, , , ,
, . ^St. Antony's College
.
, .
, :
(1994),

Ruth Lapidoth, "Jerusalem and the Peace Process", 2 8 I s r a e l L a w Review

I n t e r n a t i o n a l e de

pp. 402- 434; Jerusalem Past, Present and Future", 4 8 Revue

(1996), pp. 9-33; "Jerusalem Some Jurisprudential Aspects", 4 5

(1996), pp. 661-686
.1

of A m e r i c a L a w Review

compare

droit

. C a t h o l i c University
) ,

, ,(1988 , .15
.2

-?

, ,1978- .30-8
.3

- , , , ,45-35:
(1929, reprinted in 1980 by Ariel Publishing House,

L.G.A. Cust, The Status

Places

in the Holy

Quo

); Izhak Englard, "The Legal Status of the Holy Places in Jerusalem", 28Jerusalem
(1994), pp.

589-600

I s r a e l L a w Review

591-593.

pp,

- : ,
. :
.1

.2

,:
; ,
.

.4

Selected

and its Resolution:

R Lapidoth and M. Hirsch, The A r a b - I s r a e l Conflict

(Dordrecht, Nijhoff, 1992), p. 20

) Documents : ,

(.

28

 ,.25-325.
)() ( ,1924 , ,
)( , ) ,(1934 .2806-2805
K I D7. . G A O R , 2nd session 1947, pp. 131-151-n18,

, ,4 .54-33

1948 (U.N. Doc. T/118/Rev. 2)8.

1950 G A O R , 5th Session, 1950, Supp. 9 (A/1286), -
Annex 2, pp. 19-27 R. Lapidoth and M . Hirsch,:
(Dordrecht,

Selected

Documents

and Its Resolution:

Question

eds., The Jerusalem

,Nijhoff and the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 1994), at pp. 117-134:
.

G A O R , 2nd session, 1947, Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question, pp. .9

12-19 ,

, .56-55

Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question,p

,2.ibi

; ,

, . 60- 57

.11 , ,1 ,2-1 .14.5.1948 ,

of 25May,U.N.Doc

/ 3 0 I 5 , ,

, ,4

.67-66
.13 - , ,3 ,1
37 ,

, .93-87

.14 , ,12 .67-66 : ,

,1 .1
.15 , , ) 23 ( , ,61 .22.9.1948
.16

, , ,3 , ;226-220 , .287-281

23 ,1950

/ , ,4 ,

,615-602 .615
29

6.

Department of State, .
1963), Vol. 2, pp

, 147-145
p

, ,

, .131-117

.19 , 4 9 9) , (28.6.1967 .74

.20 , 4 9 9) , (28.6.1967 .74
.21 ) ,(1 ,1967- , 2 0 6 4 ) ,(28.6.1967
.2690
.22 ] [ , ,1970 , , .138
, , ).424 (2

.23 282/88 .

.24 , -
of T e r r i t o r y by F o r c e

The Acquisition

pp.

Sharon Korman, The R i g h t of Conquest:

General Assembly Resolution 2253(ES-V) of 4 July 1967, G A O R , 5th ,

;Emergency Special Session, 1967, Resolutions, Supp. 1 (A/6978), p. 4

, .170

5th Emergency Special Sess., 1967, U.N. Doc. .26

;A/6753 - S/8052 ,
1 9 4 7 - 1 9 7 4 , Vol. .27

Documents,

- Selected

(Jerusalem, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1976), pp.

.

Letter of 10 July 1967, GAOR,

, .173-171

F o r e i g n Relations

M. Medzini (ed), Israel's

, .164-163
2

30

. 141 (

, , S C O R , 22nd year, Resolutions and Decisions, pp. 8-9 .30

- .135-134 ,

Adnan Abu Odeh, Nabil , , , .

Elaraby, Meir Rosenne, Dennis Ross, Eugene Rostow, Vernon Turner, UN
C o u c i l Resolution

2 4 2 : The B u i l d i n g Block

of Peacemaking

Security

(The Washington

Institute for Near East Policy, 1993); Ruth Lapidoth, "Security Council Resolution
242 at Twenty Five", 2 6 I s r a e l L a w Review

(1992), pp. 295-318.

, , S C O R , 28th year, Resolutions and Decisions, pp. 10-11 .31

.145 ,
.

2
.

.
Ruth Lapidoth, "The Autonomy ,

Self-Government

Negotiations: A Stock-Taking", 75 M i d d l e East Review

Sicherman, Palestinian

(1983), pp. 35-43; Harvey

( A u t o n o m y ) : Its Past

and Its F u t u r e

.(Washington D.C., The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1991)
, .186 , (5.8.1980) , 9 8 0 .36

, , ,

,(1988- , , , ) 1 9 8 7 - 1 9 6 7
New York Law, 276-246

ptember23

1980
,

, , .37

, , 461-450 ,1 ,(1991 , ,- )
Claude Klein, Constitutional Law 58-35 ,(1994 , , ):3
of Israel, in R. Blanpain, ed., I n t e r n a t i o n a l Encyclopaedia

of Laws
.

(The Hague,
t

p.

: 1995 9
)

,6821/93

31

Jour

27!

, : .( -
. - ,
th year35, SCOR, .
.257-256 ,

,! Resolutions, p. 14

361-358 ,

, .39

UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural .40
.Heritage, I n t e r n a t i o n a l L e g a l M a t e r i a l s (1972), pp. 1358- 1366
Silvio Ferrari, "The Religious Significance of Jerusalem in the Middle ,

East Peace Process: Some Legal Implications", 4 5 The C a t h o l i c University

. A m e r i c a L a w Review

of

( \ 9 9 6 ) , pp. 733-743, at p. 741

I n t e r n a t i o n a l L e g a l M a t e r i a l s (1982), p. 1199 .42

.2 95-287 ,

.343-33927! , ,

296 , ,

Internation

I n t e r n a t i o n a l L e g a l M a t e r i a l s (1988), p. 1637 .44

.356-344 , ,; UN. Doc. A/43/827-S/20278. of 18 November 1988 .45

James Crawford, "The Creation of the State of Palestine: Too Much Too Soon?", .46
7 E u r o p e a n J o u r n a l of I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w (1990), pp. 307-313; Ruth Lapidoth and
N. Karin Calvo-Goller, "Les lments constitutifs de l'Etat et la dclaration du
Conceil National Palestinien du 15 Novembre 1988", Revue
i n t e r n a t i o n a l public,

gnrale

de

droit

1992, pp. 777-809. See also the U.S. case of Klinghoffer

v.

A c h i l l e L a u r o , 937 F. 2D 44-54, at 47 (2nd Cir., 1991), discussed in Joel Singer,

"Aspects of Foreign Relations under the Israeli-Palestinian Agreements on Interim
Self-Government Arrangements for the West Bank and Gaza", 2 8 I s r a e l
: . 11-7 ,Review

Law

(1994), pp. 268-296

Francis A. Boyle, "The Creation of the State of Palestine: Too Much Too Soon?",
7 E u r o p e a n J o u r n a l of I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w (1990), pp. 301- 306; Jean Salmon,
"Declaration of the State of Palestine", 5 Palestine

Yearbook

of I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w
.(1989), pp. 48-82

32

.354-350 , (1992 , - ,- ), , .47

A m e r i c a n F o r e i g n Policy:

C u r r e n t Documents,

1990, p. 567 (Washignton,

.48

.Department of State, 1991)

A m e r i c a n ,199049. 22 , -
F o r e i g n Policy:

C u r r e n t Documents,

1990 (Washington D.C., Department of State,

.1991) p. 568

.470-455 ,

.50

Security Council Resolution 672, of 12 October 1990, S C O R , 45th year, 1990,

.51

.376-375 ,

, ,Resolutions, p. 7

Security Council Resolution 673, of 24 October 1990, S C O R , 45th year, 1990,

.377 ,

.52

,; Resolutions, p. 7

: .Public Law 104-45 [S. 1322]; November 8, 1995; 109 Statutes at Large 398 .53
Geoffrey R. Watson, "The Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995", 4 5 C a t h o l i c
of A m e r i c a L a w Review

University

(1996), pp. 837-850; Ruth Levush, "Moving the Unifed

States Embassy to Jerusalem A Legal Analysis", World

L a w Insight,

September

1995; Malvina Halberstam, "Can Congress Move an Embassy?", L e g a l

Times,

.October 9, 1995
- ,
)

, -

, ,-

, 15-11 ( 1994 ,

,(1994 , ! )
.18-12 ,
: ,144-25 , , , .
Alisa Ginio, "Plans for the Solution of the Jerusalem Problem", in Joel L. Kraemer,
ed., Jerusalem:

Problems

Naomi Chazan, Negotiating

I s r a e l i - P a l e s t i n i a n Settlement

and Prospects

(New York, Praeger, 1980), pp. 41-71;

the N o n - N e g o t i a b l e : Jerusalem

in the F r a m e w o r k of a n

(International Security Studies Program, American

Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, MA, Occasional Paper No. 7, March
1991); Gershon Baskin, Jerusalem
Jerusalem's

of Peace

- Sovereignty

and T e r r i t o r y in

F u t u r e (Jerusalem, Israel/Palestine Center for Research and

33

.54

Information, 1994); Dore Gold, Jerusalem

Palestinians,

- F i n a l Status

Issues:

Israel-

Study No. 7 (Tel Aviv, The Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel

,; Aviv University, 1995)

22.2.1996 , ,-! 1995 20,

.3 ,2 ,1
Elihu Lauterpacht, Jerusalem

and the Holy

Places

(London, The :

Anglo-Israel Association, 1968, reprinted 1980); Julius Stone, I s r a e l and

- Assault

on the L a w of Nations

Palestine

(Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press,

1981), at pp. 116-118; Stephen Schwebel, "What Weight to Conquest?"

64;

A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l of I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w (1970), p. 344

M.I. Gruhin, "Jerusalem: Legal and Political Dimensions

.in a Search for Peace", 12 Case Western

J o u r n a l of I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w (1980) 169

HRH Crown Prince Hassan bin Talal, A Study

on Jerusalem

(London, Longman, .56

1979), at pp. 24-27. See also G.I.A.D. Draper, "The Status of Jerusalem as a
Question of International Law", in: Hans Koechler, ed., The L e g a l Aspects
Palestinian

Problem

with

Special

Regard

to the Question

of Jerusalem

of the
(Wien,

.Braumller, 1981), at pp. 154-163

Henry Cattan, Jerusalem
id., Palestine

(New York, St. Martin's.Press, 1981), pp. 104 and 107; .57

and I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w , 2nd ed. (London, Longman, 1976), at pp.

112-121; id., The Palestine

Question

(London, Longman, 1988), at pp. 324-326;

John Quigley, "Sovereignty in Jerusalem", 4 5 C a t h o l i c University

.Review
The Status

of Jerusalem

of A m e r i c a L a w
(1996), pp. 765-780

(New York, United Nations, 1979), prepared for the .58

Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People;

Sally V. Mallison and W. Thomas Mallison, "The Jerusalem Problem in Public
International Law: Juridical Status and a Start Towards Solution", in Hans
Koechler, ed., supra

note 50, pp. 98-119, at p. 107; Antonio Cassese, "Legal

Considerations on the International Status of Jerusalem", ibid.,

pp. 144-153, at pp.

.149 and 151

Shlomo Slomin, "The United States and the Status :

.of Jerusalem, 1947-1984", 1 9 I s r a e l L a w Review

.
(1985) 179

34

 .60 ,208/52 ) ,(1952/53 ;455

) ,(1958 ;20 ,157/53 ),(1953/54

:
1953

20

Reports,

International L a w
391-405.

.61 , , 27 ,1950
,

, ;148-147 Janet G.

,Mullins , ,Lee H. Hamilton

, , 29 6-
,1989 , , .449-447
.62 , , , .449
.63 .55
.64 .57 :
Michael van Dsen, "Jerusalem, the Occupied Territories and the Refugees", in
Problems

in I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w

Majid Khadduri, ed., M a j o r M i d d l e Eastern

(Washington D.C., American Enterprise Institute,\1978), p. 51; John Quigley, "Old

J o u r n a l of I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w and

Policy

Jerusalem: Whose to Govern", 2 0 Denver

.(1991), pp. 145, 164-166

of Autonomy

(New .65

Yoram Dinstein, "Autonomy", in Y. Dinstein, ed., Models

.Brunswick, Transaction Books, 1981), pp. 291-303, at p. 300 ,

, .17
.44
' , ,
Melinda Crane, "Middle East: Status of Jerusalem", 2 1 H a r v a r d :
. I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a w J o u r n a l (1980), pp. 784-793 ,
1948 1949
1967 -) .(791

, .1988
.

35

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a. the system of elections;
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personal composition; and
c. rules and regulations regarding election campain, including agreed
arrangements for the organizing of mass media, and the possibility of licensing
a broadcasting and TV station.
3.

The future status of displaced Palestinians who were registered on 4th June
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42

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