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David Luchins and Michael Lostumbo, M e m o r a n d u m for Senator M o y n i h a n : A Jerusalem
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;

19.5.1997, p. 5
.27.2.2002

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97

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. :
Zionist Organization of America, Anti-Defamation League of ETnai
Brith, American Jewish Congress, American Jewish Committee,
National Jewish Committee, Confrence of Prsidents of Major
American Jewish Organizations, National Jewish Community
Relations Advisory Council.

, .
98

,1984 ,
. ,
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.
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1984
, ,
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98 , 182 ,122 ) , ,(57 ,115 ,112-109 ,105
.129-119
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p,16.3.1984.185

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Facts

101 ) , ,(54 .456-455 ,453-449

67

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1976 1980
. ,
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,1980

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.
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'Candidates Back Israel', N e a r East Report 28(43), 29.10.1984, p. 178 104

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69

. ,
,
,
, . ,
, National Association of Arabs
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. ,
NAAA 1American-Arab Anti-T
, ,
National Board of Palestine Human RightsTH Discrimination Committee
Campaign.
1 0 6

,
,
.

.
107

,
.
,
.
108

,
,

106) , ;(64 ) , ,(57 ;80-79

185

) , ,(54 207 ,193 , ,Arab American instituted

.16.2.2001
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16.3.1984,
107
108 ,) , .(106

70

 : 1984 ,

.
, .
,
, :
National Council of the Churches of Christ, U.S. Catholic Conference, Friends Committee on National Legislation, Episcopal
Bishop of Washington, and the Standing Conference of Canonical
;)Bishops of America (Orthodox Church
, ,
, :
The Moral Majority, National Christian Leadership for Israel,
National Coalition of American Nuns, and The International
Christian Embassy.

. ,
,
,

109
.

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,1984

,
. ,
.

109 ) , ,(57 ; 119-112 ,102-100 ,94-93 ,89-87,79-78

) , ,(54 ;477 ,462 ,457 ,221 ,144 ,136 ,127 ,82 ) , ,(6
;253-252 , , .2001

71

, .21.2.1984
17 , , ,H.R. 4877
:
A BILL to require that the United States Embassy in Israel be located
in the city of Jerusalem: Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of
Representatives of the United States of America in Congress
assembled, that notwithstanding any other Act, the United States
Embassy in Israel and the residence of the American Ambassador in
Israel shall hereafter be located in the city of Jerusalem.
110

,
1984 :
) ,
( )
, ( . ,
,
. 27,
,
, .
, ,
.
111

. , ,
:
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111 ,16.5.1984,1.5.1984,10.4.1984:
;2.10.1984 ,20-21.6.1984 ) , ,(54 ;314-313 ) , ,(88
.116-115

72

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1984 .
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112

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116

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)Sense of
.(Congress
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117 , .289-288

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, ,25.3.1984 , 1) , .(109
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'Jordanian, Saudi Arms,' 1 9 8 4 C Q A l m a n a c , p. 117; (88 ,

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77

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. 6
, ,House Concurrent Resolution 352 :
Concurrent Resolution expressing the sense of the Congress that the
United States Embassy in Israel should be located in the city of
Jerusalem. Whereas each nation, under international law chooses its
own capital; whereas the State of Israel has selected Jerusalem as its
capital; and whereas the United states maintains its embassy in all
countries at the designated capitals of those countries except in the
case of our democratic friend and strategic ally, the State of Israel:
Now therefore, be it resolved by the House of Representatives (the
Senate concurring), that it is the sense of the Congress that the United
78

 : 1984 ,

States Embassy and the residence of the United States Ambassador in

Israel should be moved to Jerusalem at the earliest possible date in
accordance with international custom that Embassies are located in
the capital of the host nation.
121

,2.10.1984
,
.
, .
,
.
122

,
.
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. 13
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123

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121 Concurrent Resolution ,

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,concurrent Resolution House Concurrent
;Rsolution ) , ,(54 .334 ,313
122 , ; 319 ) , ,(88 .116
123 ) ,(54 , 332-328 ) , (88 .116-115
) ,
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,22.9.1983
.State Department Authorization 1}111
, .
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, 31.10.1983
,s.2031 .

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125

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, ,23.2.1984
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128

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127 , 129 ,1 ) , (71 ) , .(91

128 ) , ,(57 .76
1 9 8 4 ,19.10.1984,Facts on F
i
l
;

p,

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1984
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.1984

.

: 1994-1985
1984
,
.

, 1995
.
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,1988-1985 , .
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82

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1988-1985
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131

,1985
.Diplomatic Security Acrt
.
,
,
, . , 1986
,1987 .
, ,1988

.
132

1988 ^State Department Appropriation

,Act

Lucille Barnes, 'Election Watch: Still Stunned by 1994 Election Results, Israels Supporters 130
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134

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1988 ,

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135

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Congressional

Record, ;(6
133
Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 26.7.1988, p. S18794

134
,

, 29.12.1988 ) , 'Location of (6
U.S. Embassy in Israel', A m e r i c a n Foreign Policy: C u r r e n t Documents,
1 9 8 8 , p. 419
George Kurian (ed.), The Encyclopedia
of the Republican
Party, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 135
1996, p. 778; George Kurian (ed.), 771e Encyclopedia
of the Democratic
Party, New York,
M.E. Sharpe, 1996, pp. 829-830; Reuters, 'Senate Delays Move on New Israel Embassy',
The New York Times, 30.7.1988, Section 1, p. 26
;

84

 : 1984 ,

,
, , .

.
, 1988 ,
. 50 ,
) .(8. 2508 ,
.
) (,
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.
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6

,1992-1988 .
.
,
,1987
.

) 22.3.1990
,(24.4.1990 ,
.
137

, ,
1990 , .

1 9 8 8 , 136

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32(25), 20.6.1988, p. 103; Facts

Report

'Because Its Right', N e a r East

, p. 459 ) , ,(91 .524.6198

22.3.1990, pp. S5207-S5209; Congressional
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85

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138

1992
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( , ,
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,
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139

,

.1994
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.
, .

.6-5

138
139
23(1), Autumn 1993, p. 38

Donald Neff, 'Jerusalem in U.S. Policy', Journal

of 303
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86

 : 1984 ,

, ,1994
, ,:
House Concurrent Resolution 281: A concurrent resolution expressing the sens of the Congress that the United States Embassy
in Isral should, at the earliest possible date, be relocated to the city
of Jrusalem.
, , 40
.
,
.

, .


* .
0

) 1994 80% ( ,
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,1995 * .
1

11.8.1994, p. H7991, http:Hthomas.loc.gov ,Congressio

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141 ) , .(130

87

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: .
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, .
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. 93,
.20.3.1995
, .

Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, 'Another Time Bomb in Jerusalem', Washington
Post, 143
2.2.1995, p. A27
144

.OW

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) .(S. 770 ,
, )HouseResolution}. 1595
146

,
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1
4
5
Steven Greenhouse, 'Rebuffing Clinton, Senators Call for an Embassy in (57
Jerusalem', The New York Times, 4.2.1995, p. A3
House Resolution Katharine Q. Seelye, 'Relocating H . R .
146
Embassy in Israel: Move Could Backfire on Dole,' The New York Times, 18.5.1995, pp.
;

AI, A10

91

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147

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148

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Facts on File, 1 9 9 5 , 11.5.1995, pp. 339-340; C Q A l m a n a c , 1995 (Vol. 141), Washington 148
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Congressional
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Meets US Senate Leader on Israel Embassy', 13.9.1995

98

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100

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102

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3000 ,
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,13.10.1995 .

,1990 )Senate
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,
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168

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',
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;
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.1

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174

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175

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109

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.
176

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"... a bill that essentially expresses the sense-of-Congress that
Jerusalem should remain undivided and be the capital of Israel, and
that it should be the site of the United States Embassy at a date
certain, namely May 1999".

, .28961S-28966S

111

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180

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112

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.
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24.10.1995 ,8.1322
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186

. 1 8 5
'Senate Record Vote Analysis: Jerusalem Embassy/Final Passage', ! 1 8 6
httpjwww.senate.gov/ ~ rpc/rva/'1041
1041496. htm

114

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187

188

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189

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190

, 3000
, . , ,25.10.1995
,
,
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] [... ,

189
190

.1129145-1129146
0, A l m a n a c , 1995, pp. 11210, 11211 1129146-1129152

116

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191

, .
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192

,
,
. . ,
1995 .

.
: ,
, .

Stephen Labaton, 'Congress Backs Israel Embassy Switch, but ;(152

191
Gives Clinton an Out', The New York Times, 25.10.1995, p. A9
192 ) , .(158

117

.
,
.
, ,
.
193

,8.11.1995 , 8.1322
,11.11.1595 .

,
.
, ,
, .

193

'How Our Laws Are Made', (155

http://thomas.loc.gov/home/lawsmade.bysec/pres.action.html
;

118

,
2002-1996

. ,2002-1996 ,
,
) , ,
, (
.

1998-1996 ,
,1995
,1984
. ,
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, ,
.

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, ,
.
,1996

. 1984
) ,1984-1972
( . 1996
119

.
.
, ,
,
:
"We applaud the Republican Congress for enacting lgislation to
recognize Jrusalem as the undivided capital of Isral. A Republican
administration will ensure that the U.S. Embassy is moved to
Jrusalem by May 1999".
194

, , .
,
.
, .
,
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
) (.
195

James J. Zogby,'The Changing Jerusalem Debate', 26.7.1999, 194

http:Harabamerican.orglnewsandviewslwashingtonwatchj072699.thm
1996 Democratic Platform,

;http://www.democrats.org

http://www.rnc.org/policy/feedback/frame.htm

1996 Republican Platform,

,
15.1.1997 . ,
n State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office

){http://www.parliament.the-stationary-office.co.uk
195

) , (194 ,) , .(106
;

120

 : 2002-1996 ,

,1996
,
.1995 ,
,
,
.
, ,
,
, .
196

, ,1997 30 . ,
)Senate Concurrent
(Resolution 21, 20.5.1997 )House Concurrent
,(Resolution 60, 10.6.1997
, ,
.
.1995
197

,
,
, ,
, .
, , ,
,

Lena Winfrey Sayyed, 'Last Call for Jerusalem', Palestine

Times, Issue 73, July 1997, 196
http://www.ptimes.com/issue73/articleslhtm
Commemorating the 30th Anniversary of the Reunification of Jerusalem', Congressional
197
;Record, 11.6.1997, pp. S5497-S5500
'105th Congress, 1st Session, H. Con. Res. 60',
http://thomas.loc.gov
'105th Congress, 1st Session, S. Con. Res. 21',
http://thomas.loc.gov

121

, 17
.
198

. 14.6.1997
,
.
,

. ,
.
,

,
,
.
199

,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.

HADASSAH, 'Policy Statements; Jerusalem', http://www.hadassah.orglizaialziontextljr.thm

198
The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, 'Fall 1997 Board Resolution:
Jerusalem',
http:/!'www.jinsa.org/articles/articles...9/documentid/379/history!'3,648,149,379
Arab American Institute, 'Statement on U.S. House of Representatives Resolution and the
Status of Jerusalem', 16.6.1997; Al-Hewar Center, 'Thank the 17 Congressman who Voted
against Resolution on Jerusalem', Virginia, 1997; American Muslim Council, "17
Congressman Say 'No!' to U.S. Recognition of Jerusalem as 'Undivided Capital of
Israel'", 17.6.1997; Frank R. Wolf, letter to Nabil Aly Sadek, 18.7.1997
1997, 4.9.1997, p. 623 199

on File,

'Earlier Clashes', Facts

122

 : 2002-1996 ,

.1998 ,
,
.

.
,
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
,1995 ,
, .
, ,

:
,
,
,25.5.1998
.
200

, ,25.6.1998
,
,11.11.4181 ,
.
,

but doesnt stop',25.5.1998, 200 CNN, 'Gingrich views proposed site of American Embassy
http:llwwwxnnxomlWORLDImeastl9805l25jisrael.gingrichlindex.html
Americans for Peace Now, 'APN Update on Moving the US Embassy to Jerusalem',
http://peacenow.org/news/docs/embassy.htm

123

,
)
( .
, , 15 13 ,
) , ,
( . ,
,
.
, .
201

,
,
, .
,
.

1999 ,
1995
) ,(31.5.1999 .
)
( .

, .

. , 1998
. ,
- 1999

201

'Jerusalem and Berlin Embassy Relocation Act of 1998', h t t p : H l h o m a s . l o c . g o v

124

 : 2002-1996 ,

,

. 1999
,
.
,
. ,
, .17.3.1999
, ,

. :.

.
, ,
.
.
;

202

,
, , ,
. .
.
, .

.
,
,
. ,

Hillel Kuttler and Danna Harman, 'Moynihan: Make temporary US Embassy in 202
David Luchins, O
Moynihan, 1999

; 28.3.1999, h t t p : H w w w . j p o s t . c o m

- M e m o r a n d u m for Senator

Post,

Jerusalem', The Jerusalem

!Jerusalem

125

.

.
203

,
.
,
. ) ,
1995 , ( ,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
.
204

,

.

.
) , ( .
, ,
,

Arabic Media Internet Network, 'US Unilateral Initiative Reveals Prejudice on Final 203
Thomas W.

;Status of Jerusalem', http:Hwww.amin.org/En/eyejrs/9906/06lfree05.htm

Lippman, U.S. Embassy in Israel to Remain in Tel-Aviv; Clinton Cites Peace Talks,
Post, 19.6.1999,

National Security in Decision to Waive Relocation Law', The Washington

p. A14; United States Information Agency: Foreign Press Centers, 'U.S. Middle East
Policy and the Mideast Peace Process: Martin Indyk, Assistant Secretary of State for Near
http://www.fpc.org
Post, 2.6.1999, 204

Eastern Affairs',
Hillel Kuttler, 'Senators urge Clinton to relocate Embassy', The Jerusalem

p. 3 , ) , .(202
;

126

 : 2002-1996 ,

,
.

205

. 15 ,
,1995
.
1999 .
,

2 0 6

, .
, ,NAAATI
.

2 0 7

,
, .
,
,1999 18.6.1999 :

"Pursuant to the authority vested in me as President by the

Constitution and the laws of the United States, including section

'Reform Leaders Criticized for Backing Down on Jerusalem Embassy Issue', 15.6.1999, 205
http:llwwwMurjeritsalemxomldocumentsjfebmay99l0616docs.htm,
B'nai B'rith, 'Its Time
to Move the Embassy to Jerusalem, B'nai B'rith Urges President Clinton', 28.5.1999,
;http:Hwww.bnaibrith.orglprlusembassy6199.html
Americans for Peace Now, Urgent
Action
A l e r t - Senate may block Presidential
waiver on Jerusalem
Embassy Move, 12.5.1999
Churches for Middle East Peace, letter to President Clinton, 5.5.1999; Churches for 206
Middle East Peace, letter to Spencer Abraham, 7.5.1999; Churches for Middle East Peace,
Urgent Action
Alert: Senators
trying to block Presidential
waiver on embassy move to
18.5.1999

Jerusalem,

National Association of Arab Americans, Action Alert: Oppose Congressional

Efforts to 207
Move the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem,
7.5.1999; Americans Muslims for Jerusalem, 'No US
Embassy in Jerusalem',
http:Hwww.amjerusalem.orglaction%20alertslnoembassy.html

127

7(a) of the Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995,1 hereby determine that it

is necessary to protect the national security interests of the United
States to suspend for a period of 6 months the limitation set forth in
"section 3(b) of the Act...
2 0 8

,


. ,
. ,

,
.
209

:
.1
.
.1995 ,
.
210

.2 84 13.7.1999
.
211

.3 ,

208

209

210
211

The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 'Memorandum for the Secretary of State:
Suspension of Limitation Under the Jerusalem Embassy Act', 18.6.1999
http.i/ www.pub.
whitehouse.gov
Hillel Kuttler, 'Clinton waives moving embassy, to Jerusalem', The Jerusalem
Post,
20.6.1999, p. A l ; The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 'White House Statement
on Jerusalem Embassy Act Waiver, June 18', 18.6.1999,
http:Husembassy-amman.org.jol6JerEmb2.html
'Statement of Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D-NY) on the Waiver of the Jerusalem
Embassy Act', 18.6.1999,
http://www.senate.gov/~moynihan/pressljerusemb.htm
Churches for Middle East Peace, Action Alert: Oppose Congressional
Action on Jerusalem,
1.10.1999

128

 : 2002-1996 ,

H.R,2529.),2584.H.R.2515,H . R
.
, . 2 7 6 8 , H.R(H.R.2785

;31.12.1999


; .20001.9.1999
House Subcommittee on Internationale
,Operations and Human Rights
106 .2000

212

.
) ,
, (
) ( .
, : 1999
.
40%
, 26% .
51%
, 29% .
64%
.
213

212

http:IJthomas.loc.gov

Israel Wire, 'ZOA Condemns Clinton's Refusal to Implement US Law on Jerusalem 213
http:llwww.israelwire.com/New/990624l9906244.html
),
Arabic

;Embassy', 24.6.1999, ,

Israel Wire, 'Gallup poll: 63.6% US Embassy move doesn't hurt ;(203
;peace prospects', 9.8.1999, http://www.israelwire.com/New/990809/99080921.html

News.com, 'US voters support divided Jerusalem', 19.8.1999,

http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/990819/1999081946.html

129

.
. .
1999 ,
, ,
.
. ,
,
. ,
)
, , ( ,
. .
,

) 15.2.2001
( .

.
,
.
214

American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, 'More Moves ; (211

214

in Congress to Move Embassy to Jerusalem', 16.7.1999,

;http:Hwww.adc.org/actionlI999l6jul99.htm
Israel Wire, 'Barak favors moving US Embassy to Jerusalem',
;http://www.israelwire.com/New/990820/9908205.html
;20.8.1999, p. 1

'Barak hopes Clinton will okay US Embassy move' The Jerusalem

Post,

David Zev Harris and Jenny Badner, 'Ramon: PM misquoted on US Embassy move',
19.8.1999, p. 2; ArabicNews.com, 'Palestinians welcome for not

Post,

Jerusalem

moving out the US embassy to Jerusalem',19.8.1999,

;http://www.arabicnews.com/ansuh/Daily/Day/990819/1999081919.html
Arutz 7, "Barak 'helping' Clinton hold up Embassy move",18.8.1999,
www.a7.org/English/newspaper/archive/newsarchive-99/news.augl8-99.htm
) , .(194

130

; http:/1

The

 : 2002-1996 ,

1999
. 17.12.1999
,16.6.2000 ,
.
.1999
215

2000 ,

.2000
,
.
, 1 .28.7.2000

.2000 ,

.
.
216

, .
. , 1999
, ,
, , , :

) 13.9.2000

The White House: Office of the Press Secretary, 'Suspension of Limitations under the 215
Jerusalem Embassy Act', 18.12.1999; The White House: Office of the Press Secretary,
'Suspension of Limitations under the Jerusalem Embassy Act', 19.6.2000; The White
House: Office of the Press Secretary, 'Suspension of Limitations under the Jerusalem
Embassy Act', 19.12.2000
Embassy (Israel): Press Section, 'Transcription: Clinton Interview by Israeli 216
Television on Peace Talks', 29.7.2000

U.S.

131

( ,
.
, )
(;
; ,
; , ^Appropriations
) Committee
( .

,
. ,
.
,
.
;

217

,
, ,
,
:
,
20.1.2001 ,
.
.
218

.
,

217 , , ,28.7.2000 , 1
Times,

Jane Perlez, 'Barak Asked Clinton To Raise Embassy Issue', The New York

Post, 28.7.2000,

30.7.2000, p. 6; Lally Weymouth, 'Waiting for Arafat', The Washington

p. A25
218 : ,2.8.2000 ,
.http:IJwww.haaretz.co.il

132

 : 2002-1996 ,

.
219

,
,
,
)
(.
220

:
)
( ,
,
.
221

.
.

,
.
. ,
,
.

9
/dailynews.walla.co.ilhltp:I

,29.7.2000

0
T r i b u n e , 1.8.2000; John 6 3 1 . 7 . 2 0 0 0 ,
;

York

'Clinton's Reckless Embassy Gambit', Chicago

F. Burns, "Arafat, on Diplomatic Tour, Accuses Israelis of 'Big Lies'", The New

30.7.2000, p. 6; Paula Amann, 'This year in Jerusalem? After Camp David cave-in,
3.8.2000, pp. 1, 22
221

Week,

Jewish

Times,

U.S. ponders embassy move', Washington

) , .(220

133

2002-2000 ,

2000 .1996
,
, :
"The United States has a moral and legal obligation to maintain its
Embassy and Ambassador in Jerusalem. Immediately upon taking
office, the next Republican prsident will begin the process of moving
the U.S. Embassy from Tel-Aviv to Israel's capital, Jerusalem".
222

,

. , ,
. 1996
,1999
2000
.
,
. ,
)
" ,"to screw up the peace process
( ,
.
223

, ,1988

222

'GOP Gets Tough On Bill's Gambit Over Jerusalem', Forward,

4.8.2000, pp. 1, 10
http:Hwww.rnc.org

223

; Ibid ) , George Salem and James Zogby, 'George W. Bush and the ; (194
Winter 2001, p. 3

Issues,

Institute:

American

;http://www.cnn.com/2000IALLPOLITICS

Middle East', Arab

'Bush says he will move U.S. embassy to

Jerusalem', 22.5.2000

134

 : 2002-1996 ,

.
, ,
.
,
.
,

, , .
, 1996 ,2000
, .
,
.20 00
224

.

2000
.
,
.
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
225

;224http://www.democrats.org ) , Arab American Institute, 'Presidential ;(194

Candidate Positions: AI Gore, Democrat',
2000/gore%5Fviews.htmhttp://arabamerican.org/archived%5Fcampaign
225Marily Henry, 'Hillary Clinton backs moving US Embassy to Jerusalem', The Jerusalem
Post, 9.7.1999, pp. 1-2; 'Press Release: Lazio Statement on the Jerusalem Embassy Act',
http:lwww.house.gov/lazio/pr_990611.htm

135

24 .
, ,
.
,2001
,
.
.
.

. ,
, , , , ,
,
.
2001 ,
.
, 2001
.
,
.
226

, 2001
. , ,1999

. )House
(Concurrent Resolution 30, H.R. 598, H.R. 1643

226 , , ,24.1.2001 , ;3
: , ,5.2.2001 , ;1 ,
, ,11.3.2001 , ,12 ,
, ,15.3.2001 , 4 , :
, ,27.4.2001 , .2
;

136

 : 2002-1996 ,

,



.
, .
,
.
.
2001 ,1999
.
227

. 12.6.2001 ,
, ,

.
17.12.2001 ,17.6.2002 . , ,

, .
, ,
.
,
. ,
.
228

.http:jjthomas.loc.gov ,
117
, 107.2002
228 , , ,12.6.2001 , 3
'Bush Postpones Moving U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem', 17.12.2001
; http:/lwww.reuters.com/news_article.jhtml?type
+ politicalnews&StorylD + 4 6 1 2 5 9 #
;

, , ,13.6.2001 , - , i n
The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 'Suspension of Limitations under the
Jerusalem Embassy Act', 17.6.2002

137

-


, .
,

:

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.
, ,


,
.
.
,
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139

,1995
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140

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229

:
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.3
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. , : .
; .

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229 , )
(2000 .
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141

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142

.
) 2000
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143

:

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,18.1.1989 ,
, , ,
1988 .
, , :
230

.1 ,
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(.
.2 .
.3 ,
99 ) 1 ( ,
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,
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.
,1989 .
231

230 , : ) , ,(132 1 ) , .(143

231 ) , ,(6 .318 ,265-264
;

144

31
,
, ,
) (.
232

, ,
.

-:

, .
,
,

.
233

,1994
)
, (.

,
.
,
. ,

Walid Khalidi, The Ownership

of the U.S. (132
232
Embassy Site in Jerusalem,
USA: The American Committee on Jerusalem and the Institute
for Palestine Studies, 2000, pp. 7, 61
233 , , ,25.10.1994 , .3

145

,
.
234

-:

1989 , American Committee one

,Jerusalem
.
1948 , ,
.
,
,
.
235

.

,
.
, ,
. ,

.
236

70%
1948 ,
76 . ,
,1989 .

234

235) , ,(232 .21-19

236 , ;20-9 ) , .(143

146

,
) 2.1 ( . ,
.
) (11.3
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237

1989 ,
,
. 1999
,
. ,
1989
. ,
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1 ,

.
238

: .

300 .
)

237) , ,(232 .34-27

238 ) ("Now therefore the Parties hereby enter:
" into the following Land Lease and Purchase agreement 11.7The date of :
;execution of this Agreement shall be its date of signature) , ,(232 ,27
46 ,36 ,33 , : ) , (132 5 ,1 , ),
.(233
;

147

,
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239

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239) , ,(232 ,32-31 , : ) , ,(132 .5

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,9.3.2001 , .6

148

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. 1980
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149

, ( ,
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240

, 1990

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241

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,(1999
) (2000-1999 .
, , 1999 ,

.
242

. ,
, .
:
2 4 3

.1 - ,
,
.
.2 ) , (

240 , , 7.8.2000 ,
, !3.7.2000 ,:
; 2000 , ) , Herb Keinon, 'Europeans seek Jerusalem land ; (39
Al
241 , .6.11.2001
;

242 ) 7 , "Jerusalem Planning New 'Embassy Row'", 28.10.1999, (214

http://www.melchizedek.com/press/news_J999J128-01
.htm
243 , ) , (35 ) , .(240
;

150

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244

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245

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244 , p , ,28.7.2000 , .3
245 , , ,25.7.2000 ,
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247

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*198* ,
;TH

CONGRESS

1ST S E S S I O N

|J,

QAOI
ZU0

To require that the United States Embassy in Israel be located in the city of
Jerusalem.

EN T H E S E N A T E OF T H E UNITED

STATES

OCTOBER 31, 1983

Mr. MOYNIHAN introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred
to the Committee on Foreign Relations

A BILL
To require that the United States Embassy in Israel be located
in the city of Jerusalem.
1

Be i t enacted

tives

by the Senate

of the U n i t e d States

and House

of

of A m e r i c a i n Congress

Representa-

assembled,

3 Notwithstanding any other Act, the United States Embassy

4 in Israel and the residence of the American Ambassador to
5 Israel shall hereafter be located in the city of Jerusalem.

,1983
.1984

165


1995 ,
104th US C O N G R E S S / 1st Session / S. 1322
AN

ACT

To provide for the relocation of the United States Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem , and for other
purposes.
Be i t e n a c t e d by t h e Senate
i n Congress
assembled,

a n d H o u s e of Representatives

of t h e U n i t e d States

of A m e r i c a

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the 'Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995'.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
The Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Each sovereign nation, under international law and custom, may designate its own
capital.
(2) Since 1950, the city of Jerusalem has been the capital of the State of Israel.
(3) The city of Jerusalem is the seat of Israel's President, Parliament, and Supreme
Court, and the site of numerous government ministries and social and cultural
institutions.
(4) The city of Jerusalem is the spiritual center of Judaism, and is also considered a
holy city by the members of other religious faiths.
(5) From 1948-1967, Jerusalem was a divided city and Israeli citizens of all faiths as
well as Jewish citizens of all states were denied access to holy sites in the area
controlled by Jordan.
(6) In 1967, the city of Jerusalem was reunited during the conflict known as the Six
Day War.
(7) Since 1967, Jerusalem has been a united city administered by Israel, and persons
of all religious faiths have been guaranteed full access to holy sites within the city.
(8) This year marks the 28th consecutive year that Jerusalem has been administered
as a unified city in which the rights of all faiths have been respected and protected.

166


(9) In 1990, the Congress unanimously adopted Senate Concurrent Resolution 106,
which declares that the Congress strongly believes that Jerusalem must remain an
undivided city in which the rights of every ethnic and religious group are protected'.
(10) In 1992, the United States Senate and House of Representatives unanimously
adopted Senate Concurrent Resolution 113 of the One Hundred Second Congress to
commemorate the 25th anniversary of the reunification of Jerusalem , and reaffirming
congressional sentiment that Jerusalem must remain an undivided city.
(11) The September 13, 1993, Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government
Arrangements lays out a timetable for the resolution of'final status' issues, including
Jerusalem .
(12) The Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area was signed May 4, 1994,
beginning the five-year transitional period laid out in the Declaration of Principles.
(13) In March of 1995, 93 members of the United States Senate signed a letter to
Secretary of State Warren Christopher encouraging planning to begin now' for
relocation of the United States Embassy to the city of Jerusalem
(14) In June of 1993, 257 members of the United States House of Representatives
signed a letter to the Secretary of State Warren Christopher stating that the relocation
of the United States Embassy to Jerusalem should take place no later than
1999'.
(15) The United States maintains its embassy in the functioning capital of every
country except in the case of our democratic friend and strategic ally, the State of
Israel.
(16) The United States conducts official meetings and other business in the city of
Jerusalem in de facto recognition of its status as the capital of Israel.
(17) In 1996, the State of Israel will celebrate the 3,000th anniversary of the Jewish
presence in Jerusalem since King David's entry.

SEC. 3. TIMETABLE.
(a) S T A T E M E N T OF T H E P O L I C Y OF T H E UNITED STATES(1) Jerusalem should remain an undivided city in which the rights of every ethnic and
religious group are protected;
(2) Jerusalem should be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel; and
(3) the United States Embassy in Israel should be established in Jerusalem no later
than May 31, 1999.
(b) O P E N I N G D E T E R M I N A T I O N - Not more than 50 percent of the funds appropriated to
the Department of State for fiscal year 1999 for Acquisition and Maintenance of Buildings
Abroad' may be obligated until the Secretary of State determines and reports to Congress
that the United States Embassy in Jerusalem has officially opened.

167

SEC. 4. FISCAL YEARS 1996 AND 1997 FUNDING.

(a) FISCAL Y E A R 1996- Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for 'Acquisition and
Maintenance of Buildings Abroad' for the Department of State in fiscal year 1996, not less
than 225,000,000 should be made available until expended only for construction and other
costs associated with the establishment of the United States Embassy in Israel in the capital
of Jerusalem .
(b) FISCAL Y E A R 1997- Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for Acquisition and
Maintenance of Buildings Abroad' for the Department of State in fiscal year 1997, not less
than $75,000,000 should be made available until expended only for construction and other
costs associated with the establishment of the United States Embassy in Israel in the capital
of Jerusalem .

SEC. 5. REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION.

Not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State shall
submit a report to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Committee on
Foreign Relations of the Senate detailing the Department of State's pian to implement this
Act. Such report shall include(1) estimated dates of completion for each phase of the establishment of the United
States Embassy, including site identification, land acquisition, architectural,
engineering and construction surveys, site preparation, and construction; and
(2) an estimate of the funding necessary to implement this Act. including all costs
associated with establishing the United States Embassy in Israel in the capital of
Jerusalem .

SEC. 6. SEMIANNUAL REPORTS.

At the time of the submission of the President's fiscal year 19.97 budget request, and every
six months thereafter, the Secretary of State shall report to the Speaker of the House of
Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate on the progress made
toward opening the United States Embassy in Jerusalem .

SEC. 7. PRESIDENTIAL WAIVER.

(a) W A I V E R A U T H O R I T Y - (1) Beginning on October 1, 1998, the President may suspend
the limitation set forth in section 3(b) for a period of six months if he determines and reports
to Congress in advance that such suspension is necessary to protect the national security
interests of the United States.
(2) The President may suspend such limitation for an additional six month period at the end
of any period during which the suspension is in effect under this subsection if the President
determines and reports to Congress in advance of the additional suspension that the
additional suspension is necessary to protect the national security interests of the United
States.
(3) A report under paragraph (1) or (2) shall include

168

.(A) a statement of the interests affected by the limitation that the President seeks to

suspend; and
(B) a discussion of the manner in which the limitation affects the interests
(b) A P P L I C A B I L I T Y OF WAIVER TO A V A I L A B I L I T Y OF F U N D S - If the President
exercises the authority set forth in subsection (a) in a fiscal year, the limitation set forth in
section 3(b) shall apply to funds appropriated in the following fiscal year for the purpose set
forth in such section 3(b) except to the extent that the limitation is suspended in such
following fiscal year by reason of the exercise of the authority in subsection (a).

SEC. 8. DEFINITION.
1

As used in this Act, the term 'United States Embassy means the offices o f the United States
diplomatic mission and the residence of the United States chief of mission

Passed the Senate October 24, 1995

Attest:
Secretary.
104th CONGRESS
1st Session
S. 1322
AN A C T
To provide for the relocation of the United States Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem . and for other
purposes.

169

<

2000-1968 ,

1968

"We recognize and support the established

status of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel,
with free access to all its holy places
provided to all faiths. As a symbol of this
stand, the US Embassy should be moved
from Tel-Aviv to Jerusalem."

1972

"We Recognize and support the established

status of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel,
with free access to all its holy places
provided to all faiths. As a symbol of this
stand, the US Embassy should be moved
from Tel-Aviv to Jerusalem."

1976

"The Democratic Party Recognizes and

supports the established status of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, with free access
to all its holy places provided to all
faiths. As a symbol of this stand, the US
Embassy should be moved from Tel-Aviv
to Jerusalem.

1980

"Jerusalem should remain forever undivided

with free access to the holy places for
people of all faiths. As stated in the 1976
and 1980 platforms, the Democratic Party
recognizes and supports the established
status of Jerusalem as the capital of
Israel. As a symbol of this stand, the
US embassy should be moved from TelAviv to Jerusalem."

1984

"Republicans believe that Jerusalem

should remain an undivided city
with continued free and unimpeded
access to all holy places by people
of all faiths."

'We believe that Jerusalem should

remain an undivided city with free
and unimpeded access to all holy
places by people of all faiths."

170

"We believe that Jerusalem should

remain an undivided city with free
and unimpeded access to all holy
places by people of all faiths."

1988

"We believe Jerusalem should

remain an undivided city with free
and unimpeded access to all holy
places by people of all faiths. No
genuine peace would deny Jews the
right to live anywhere in the special
city of Jerusalem."

"Jerusalem is the capital of the state of

Israel and should remain an undivided city
accessible to people of all faiths."

1992

"We applaud the Republican

Congress for enacting legislation
to recognize Jerusalem as the
undivided capital of Israel. A
Republican administration will
ensure that the US Embassy is

"Jerusalem is the capital of Israel and

should remain an undivided city accessible
to people of all faiths."

1996

"Jerusalem is the capital of Israel and

should remain an undivided city accessible
to people of all faiths."

2000

moved to Tel-Aviv by May 1999."

"The United States has a moral and
legal obligation to maintain its
Embassy and Ambassador in
Jerusalem. Immediately upon tak
ing office, the next Republican
president will begin the process of
moving the U.S. Embassy from Tel
Aviv to Israel's capital, Jerusalem."

171

172


, . 93 ,,
.25.10.1995
: ,.11.3.1999 ,
,
.11.5.1995
,

.12.10.1995 ,
,

.12.6.2001 ,
,.3.4.1984 ,
,.27.10.1995 ,
,.25.10.1995 ,
,.11.3.1999 ,
,.28.7.2000 ,
, ,. . . , . 93
,.25.10.1995 ,
, . ,.28.11.2000 ,
,.27.11.2000 ,
;

,.22.8.1980 ,
, :
,.10.5.1995 ,
, . , : ,48
, .1994 ,
, .
1949 ,) ,35 , ,(1985 .191-163
, . , : .2001 ,
, . ,,
.25.10.1995
, . , ,.24.10.1995 ,
, . , : .1973 ,

173

, . ,,
.25.3.1984
,,
.29.3.1984
,.6.4.1984 ,
,.22.8.1980 ,
, . ,.25.10.1994 ,
: , ,.16.8.2000 ,
, . , :
.2000 ,
, . , . ,.13.6.2001 ,

, . .1949-1937:
, .1992 ,
, . : ,,
.21.7.2000
, .
, . : .1997 ,
, . ,.25.7.2000 ,
: ,.27.4.2001 ,
,.24.1.2001 ,
,.15.3.2001 ,
,.11.3.2001 ,
,.27.10.1995 ,
, . : ,

.9.3.2001 ,
, . ,.29.7.1980 ,

, . ; : . :
.1999 ,

, .
, .
, . ? ,.28.7.2000 ,
: ,.5.2.2001 ,
, . . :.1951 ,
, . , ,.30.7.1980 ,
, . : ,,
.31.7.2000

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http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com
http://www.usembassy-israel.org..

180


.11.3.2002 ,
.17.2.2001 ,20.9.2000 ,
.9.11.2000 ,
10.10.2001,27.6.2001 ,
27.2.2002 ,
3.8.2000 ,
24.7.2000 ,
16.2.2001 ,
23.10.2001 ,
7.8.2000 ,
11.3.2001 ,
6.11.2001 ,
13.11.2001 ,
19.7.2000 ,11.7.2000 ,
, 2001
3.7.2000 ,
14.8.2000 ,
29.6.2000 ,
17.2.2001 ,
24.9.2000 ,


, 55 ,40 ,23
, 42
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157 ,99 ,61
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25
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137
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162 ,160
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150 ,79 ,28
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183

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149 ,117 ,53 ,31 ,24 ,13
93 ,57 ,53 ,33 ,13
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23
23
133
28 ,24-21
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116 ,115 ,108
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159 ,124 ,123 ,119 ,110
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184

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162 ,159 ,143 ,135-131 ,128-126

186

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, 29
)160 ,131 ,8 (2000
)159 ,43 ,17 (1978
29
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31
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, 124
52 ,31 ,25

About the authors

Akiva Eldar is a leading political columnist and editorial writer for the
prestigious Israeli national daily H a ' a r e t z . His columns also appear
regularly in the H a ' a r e t z - H e r a l d T r i b u n e edition, as well as in the Japanese
daily Mainichi. He lectured at the School of Journalism of Tel Aviv
University and is also a consultant for CBS News. Mr. Eldar was
previously (1993-1996) the H a ' a r e t z U.S. Bureau Chief and Washington
correspondent, covering the Peace Process, U.S.-Israel relations, American
issues and Israel-Diaspora relations. Prior to this post, Mr. Eldar was for
ten years (1983-1993) the diplomatic correspondent for H a ' a r e t z . Earlier, he
was a reporter and editor for Israel Radio, and before that he served as
spokesperson for former Mayor of Jerusalem, Teddy Kollek.

Nimrod Goren is a researcher at The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies.

He also serves as the secretary of the Israel Oriental Society and worked at
the Harry S Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace as
senior coordinator of "The Morning After" project, which explored the
implications of a future termination of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on the
Israeli society.

the American Embassy, emphasizing the underlying motives of their

sponsors, the public, political and international debate they generated, and
their consequences. Special attention is paid to the role played by Jewish,
Christian and Muslim organizations in the United States in promoting or
hindering the enactment of the proposed bills and their implementation.
The book also addresses the prospect of a future relocation of the American
Embassy to Jerusalem and its implications. It is assumed that such a move
will be carried out only after the successful completion of the IsraeliPalestinian negotiations, including, of course, a permanent or long-term
agreement on the status of the city. Many other countries will undoubtedly
follow the American example.
At present, Jerusalem is unprepared to accommodate several dozen
embassies and hundreds of diplomatic personnel and to provide the
necessary municipal and other services. A special section is therefore
dedicated to the steps that must be taken ahead of such a major move.
The research was initiated by The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. It
was guided, monitored and reviewed by Prof. Ruth Lapidoth (Professor of
International Law, Hebrew University of Jerusalem), Dr. Menachem Klein
(Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political Science, Bar-Ilan
University) and Ambassador Reuven Merhav (former Director-General
of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs), all Fellows at The Jerusalem
Institute for Israel Studies, and by Dr. Oded Eran (former Ambassador to
Jordan, deputy chief of mission in Washington D.C. and head of the Israeli
peace team to the negotiations with the Palestinians).

IV

Summary

The story of the American Embassy in Israel and Jerusalem is a rare

example in which a country declines to locate its embassy in the host
country's capital. It becomes even more singular given the special and
intimate relationship between Israel and the United States.
Immediately after Israel's establishment, the United States (in common with
nearly all other countries with representations in the country) situated its
embassy in Tel Aviv, where it has remained ever since despite Israel's
subsequent declaration of Jerusalem as its capital. This is due to the still
unresolved status of Jerusalem, one of the most complex issues in the
Israeli-Palestinian context.
Beginning in the early 1970s, the location of the U.S. Embassy in Israel
gradually became a central issue in the American domestic political arena
and in the American public discourse. The debate over whether the United
States should relocate its embassy to Jerusalem has involved many different
players, both American and others, and has often sprung due to political
and electoral considerations, rather than purely foreign policy ones.
The book is the first in-depth analysis of the various Congressional
initiatives to relocate the American Embassy from Tel-Aviv to Jerusalem
and the consequent unavoidable disputes with consecutive administrations.
It includes exclusive interviews with prominent figures directly involved in
the matter and a wide variety of documents, some published for the
first time.
The first chapters examine the nature of foreign diplomatic activity in
Jerusalem and American policy towards the city's status prior to and
immediately after Israel's establishment. The following chapters describe
and analyze the initiatives (particularly those of 1984 and 1995) to relocate

III

The Teddy Kollek Center for Jerusalem Studies

Established by:
The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies & The Jerusalem Foundation
The JUS Studies Series #92
The Jerusalem Capital Ambush
The Political Maneuvers to Relocate the American Embassy in Israel

Akiva Eldar
Nimrod Goren

This publication was made possible by funds granted by

The Jacob and Hilda Blaustein Foundation
The Arie and Ida Crown Memorial Fund
The Frankel Foundation
The Bernard and Audre Rapoport Foundation
The Charles H. Revson Foundation

The statements made and the views expressed

are solely the responsibility of the authors.

ISSN 033-8681

2002
The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies
The Hay Elyachar House
20 Radak St., Jerusalem 92186
Printed by: Ahava Press, Jerusalem

The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies

The Teddy Kollek Center for Jerusalem Studies

The Jerusalem Capital

Ambush

The Political Maneuvers to Relocate

the American Embassy in Israel
AKIVA ELDAR
NIMROD GOREN

Jerusalem, 2002


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,20 92186
02-5630175 :
02-5639814 .

machon@jiis.org.il
www.jiis.org.il