“Internal Criticism “

We analyzed the ff. Topics:

Pre-colonial Culture “Languages"

According to the book of Teodoro Agoncillo entitled the "History of the Filipino People"
under the Pre-colonial topic. There are more than a hundred languages dialects in the
Philippines, eight of which may be considered major language. They are Tagalog, Iloko,
pangasinan, pampangan, subuhanon hiligaynon, samarnon or samar-leyte and magindanao.
Among the Philippine Language, wether Bahasa Indonesia or that of Malaysia. According to
Translator without borders under the Language data of the Philippines There are over 120
languages spoken in the Philippines. Filipino, the standardized form of Tagalog, is the
national language and used in formal education throughout the country. Filipino and English
are both official languages and English is commonly used by the government.

Under Martial Law “Initial Measures”

According to the book of Teodoro A Agoncillio entitled " History of the Filipino people"
President Marcos implemented his land reform program. Under the presidential decree No.2
dated September 26, 1972 he proclaimed the entire Philippines as a land reform area. This
aims to solve the landless problem in our country by ending unfair land ownership practices.
Dividing the land and providing proper documentation to its rightful owners and generate
sustainable livelihoods for them. This program contributed to relieve the unemployment
pressure and to increase agricultural production and productivity. That’s why the department
of Agrarian reform was created to expedite the transfer of land titles to the beneficiaries.
According to study of Susan Evangelista-Leones and Frede Gumera Moreno entitled
AGRARIAN REFORM AND PHILIPPINE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT, problem of
landownership and control of resources continue to be a political development issue in the
Philippines—between the wealthy landlords and the poor and landless farmworkers. They
said that this program has responded to the battle cry of the 1.3 million landless peasants to
gain control of the land and address the issue of inequitable landownership.

Pre-colonial Culture “System of Writing”

According to the book of Teodoro Agoncillo entitled the "History of the Filipino People"
under the Pre-colonial topic about the system of writing. The Filipinos before the arrival of
the Spaniards had a syllabary which was probably of Sanskrit or Arabic provenance. The
Syllabary consisted of seventeen symbols, or which three were vowels standing for the
present five vowels, and fourteen consonants. The book state that direction of writing is still a
problem, for no scholar could present incontrovertible proofs and strong reasons to support
his theory. It is more probable, however, that Father Pedro Chirino was correct in his theory
that the early Filipinos wrote vertically from top to bottom and from left to right. It also
affirms that the ancients wrote on the bark of trees, on leaves, and bamboo tubes, using their
knives, daggers, pointed sticks or iron as a pens and colored saps of tees as ink. According to
the “Philippines: The pre colonial Period” by Philippines boss. It states that During the early
years, almost everybody in the society, male or female, knows how to read and write.
However, they have their own writing method, which uses sharp-pointed tools, trunk skin,
bamboo, and leaves. They actually write from top to bottom and read from left to right.
Therefore, they have their Alibata, and their script is different from India, Japan, and China.
This report was told by Father Pedro Chirino, one of the first Spanish missionaries to come to
the Philippines. The statement of the article by Regine and joe is in favor or similar with the
affirmation of Teodoro Agoncillo about the System of writing of Filipinos in Pre-colonial
period.

Institutional Impact of the Spanish Rule “Educational Transformation”

According to the book of Teodoro Agoncillo entitled the "History of the Filipino People"
under the Institutional Impact of Spanish Role topic about the Educational Transformation.
The early schools in the Philippines were in compliance with Charles V’s Decree of July 17,
1550, which provided that indios in all the Spanish dominions were to be taught the
conqueror’s language. As part of conversion, the Spanish missionaries in the Philippines used
children in the belief that they “would learn our alphabet, language, Christian doctrine and
customs, policies and transmit them in the towns afterwards.” The Society of Jesus, as the
teaching order, specifically believed that their hope of a “brilliant” Christianity came from
children. The Christian doctrine was the milk they sucked" and "from their tender youth in
the Jesuit residences, they were taught and instructed in all virtues." In fact, associated with
the policy of attracting the Filipino chiefly class to conversion was the founding of a
secondary school for "the sons of native ruling families" in preparation not only for
Christianizing but also as future gobernadorcillos and cabezas de barangay. Thus, the Colegio
de Niños was founded in 1596, an annex of the Jesuit Colegio de Manila established a year
before. After five years, the Colegio de Niños folded up, due to lack of funds. Here, the sons
of chiefs were taught Christian doctrine, the rudiments of the three R's, vocal and
instrumental music, and handicrafts. According to Wikipedia Education in the Philippines
during Spanish rule topic. During the Spanish Colonial Period in the Philippines (1521–
1898), the different cultures of the archipelago experienced a gradual unification from a
variety of native Asian and Islamic customs and traditions, including animist religious
practices, to what is known today as Filipino culture, a unique hybrid of Southeast Asian
and Western Culture, namely Spanish, including the Spanish language and the Catholic Faith.
Spanish education played a major role in that transformation. The oldest
universities, Colleges, and vocational schools, dating as far back as the late 16th century were
created during the colonial period, as well as the first modern public education system in
Asia, established in 1863. By the time Spain was replaced by the United States as the colonial
power, Filipinos were among the most educated peoples in all of Asia, boasting one of the
highest literacy rates in that continent. Simultaneously, the knowledge of Filipinos about
neighboring cultures receded. During the early years of Spanish colonization, education was
mostly run by the Church. The details of Teodoro’s book about Educational Transformation
during Spanish period and the information of Wikipedia about the topic is the same. The
affirmation of Teodoro Agoncillo about the topic is factual.

The Liberation “Battle of the Philippine Sea”

According to the book of Teodoro Agoncillo entitled the "History of the Filipino People"
under The Liberation topic about the battle of Philippine Sea. The year 1944 was crucial for
the combatants in the Pacific. Slowly and painfully, the American naval and marine forces
inched their way north from the vicinity of Australia. Meanwhile, a huge naval battle was
shaping up in the Philippine Sea off the Pacific coast. In mid-June, the Japanese fleet,
composed of carriers, battleships, cruisers, and destroyers, rushed toward the Marianas to
relieve the Japanese garrisons there, Admiral Raymond Spruance, commanding the American
Fifth Fleet, waited for the enemy west of the Marianas. At the same time, he sent carrier-
based airplanes to attack Iwo Jima and Chichi Jima to neutralize the Japanese bases in the
islands. On June 19, the Battle of the Philippine Sea began. The battle, which was fought up
to June 20, was primarily an air combat. The air battles started over Guam, with Admiral
Marc A. Mitcher's Task Force 58 carrying the brunt of the attack. The result of the two air
battles over Guam was the destruction of 402 enemy airplanes as against seventeen American
airplanes lost and four ships damaged. With the destruction of a great majority of the enemy's
carrier-based airplanes, the American fleet rushed westward in an attempt to lure the Japanese
ships out. Search planes were sent to determine the enemy's position. Contact with the enemy
fleet was made in the afternoon of June 20. The Battle of the Philippine Sea prevented the
Japanese from reinforcing the Marianas, on the one hand, and led to the subsequent capture
of the islands by the Americans, on the other. In Manila, the Japanese put out a small or
"pony" edition of the Tribune describing in broad outlines the alleged destruction of the
American fleet. No Filipino, however, was fooled by such reporting Subsequent "pony"
editions carrying the news about the defeat of the American naval forces were brought out,
but the Filipinos described such alleged Japanese victories as "Tribune victories." According
Pacific atrocities education about Philippine battles against World War 2 same with the book
of Teodoro Agoncillo. The Philippines played a critical role in American strategy during
World War II. Before the war, the United States had large numbers of troops stationed on the
islands. After U.S. forces were defeated from the islands, regaining the Philippines became
an important goal, especially for General MacArthur, who had been forced to evacuate from
his headquarters there in 1942 when the Japanese attacked. Accordingly, MacArthur adopted
a strategy of island-hopping, which would allow him to steadily drive Japanese forces out of
the islands they had conquered, bringing him closer and closer to Japan itself. Unfortunately,
the Philippines’ proximity to Japan meant that they were among the last of the occupied
islands to be retaken; fighting on the island of Mindanao continued up until the Japanese
surrender in August of 1945. The first was the Japanese invasion of American and Filipino
forces. The second was a battle between Japanese occupying forces and guerrilla resistance
fighters. This was a disaster for MacArthur, who had based his entire plan for the defense of
the Philippines on being able to maintain a strong defense against amphibious landings by the
Japanese. The Battle of Corregidor was the final battle of the first phase of the war in the
Philippines. This marked the end of organized resistance in the Philippines, and was the end
of the first phase of the war. However, the Japanese were able to slowly overcome American
resistance until at last only Corregidor remained. Nonetheless, MacArthur had no other
options, with Manila left indefensible and his aircraft destroyed in the first days of the war by
Japanese raids. The battle of Manila marked the end of the Japanese occupation of the
Philippines. U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur took control of Corregidor Island and fought until
February of 1945. In the battle over 100,000 Filipino civilians were killed, some murdered by
Japanese soldiers and others killed by American bombs.

Before the Conquest “The position of women”

According to the book of Teodoro Agoncillo entitled the "History of the Filipino People"
under Before the conquest topic about The Position of women. Women before the coming of
the Spaniards enjoyed a unique position in society that their descendants during the Spanish
occupation did not enjoy. Customary laws gave them the right to be the equal of men, for
they could own and inherit property, engage in trade and industry, and succeed to the
chieftainship of a barangay in the absence of a male heir. Then, too, they had the exclusive
right to give names to their children. As a sign of deep respect, the men, when accompanying
women, walked behind them. According to Wikipedia about the topic women in the
Philippines the role of women in the Philippines is explained based on the context of Filipino
culture, standards, and mindsets. The Philippines is described to be a nation of strong women,
who directly and indirectly run the family unit, businesses, government agencies
and haciendas. Although they generally define themselves in the milieu of a male-dominated
post-colonial society, Filipino women live in a culture that is focused on the community, with
the family as the main unit of society, but not always according to this stereotype. It is in this
framework of Philippine hierarchical structure, class differences, religious justifications, and
living in a globally developing nation wherein Filipino women struggle for respect.
Compared to other parts of Southeast Asia, women in Philippine society have always enjoyed
a greater share of equality. Also, it is proven that a woman is powerful during pre-colonial
period because of the babaylans. According to center for babaylan studies, Babaylan
is someone who has the ability to mediate with the spirit world, has her own spirit guides, and
is given gifts of healing, foretelling, and insight. She may also have knowledge of healing
therapies such as hilot, arbularyo. She is a ritualist, a chanter, diviner. She has the gift of
traveling to the spirit world or non-ordinary states of reality in order to mediate with the
spirits. Babaylans are called by other names in the other languages of Philippine indigenous
communities: Mombaki, Dawac, Balyan or Balian, Katalonan, Ma-Aram, Mangngallag,
Mumbaki, Mambunong.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Pre-colonial Culture “Languages"

Language data for the Philippines. (n.d.). Translators Without Borders.

https://translatorswithoutborders.org/language-data-for-the-philippines?

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fglwwwqDnt7CqezliW9i0xl9b6X_0EdUFlQfXa6l4#:~:text=There%20are%20over

%20120%20languages,commonly%20used%20by%20the%20government
Under Martial Law “Initial Measures”

Moreno, F., & Leones, S. E. (2011). Agrarian Reform and Philippine Political Development.

SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1967844

Pre-colonial Culture “System of Writing”

Joe, R. A. (2022, January 13). The Philippines: The Pre-Colonial Period Explained.

PhilippinesBoss. Retrieved September 17, 2022, from https://philippinesboss.com/the-

philippines-the-pre-colonial-period-explained/

Institutional Impact of the Spanish Rule “Educational Transformation”

Wikipedia contributors. (2022, August 28). Education in the Philippines during Spanish rule.
Wikipedia. Retrieved September 17, 2022, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines_during_Spanish_rule#:
%7E:text=During%20the%20Spanish%20colonial%20period%20in%20the
%20Philippines,including%20the%20Spanish%20language%20and%20the%20Catholic
%20faith.

The Liberation “Battle of the Philippine Sea”

Philippines Battles in WW2. (n.d.). Pacific Atrocities Education. Retrieved September 17,

2022, from https://www.pacificatrocities.org/blog/philippines-battles-in-world-war-ii

Before the Conquest “The position of women”

What is Babaylan? (n.d.). Babaylan Studies. Retrieved September 17, 2022, from https://www.centerforbabaylanstudies.org/history

Wikipedia contributors. (2022a, July 20). Women in the Philippines. Wikipedia. Retrieved

September 17, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines