Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Computer architecture
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An advertisement of a computer
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What is inside your computer?
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Computer Architecture
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General Model of a Computer
• Computer Operations
• Architecture of Computer Systems
• The Fetch – Execute Cycle
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Computer Operations
A computer is a programmable electronic device
that can store, retrieve and process data
• Data Processing
• Data Storage
• Data Retrieve
• Programmable
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Parts that Build Up A System Unit
• Casing or cover • Sound card
• Power Supply • Floppy disk drive
• Motherboard • Hard disk drive
• Microprocessor • CD-ROM drive
• Memory • MODEM
• Video Card
Casing or cover
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Computer Organization
• CPU - central processing unit
o Where decisions are made, computations are performed,
and input/output requests are delegated
• Memory
o Stores information being processed by the CPU: data and
instructions
• Input devices
o Moves data from outside word into the computer
• Output devices
o Moves results from inside the computer to the outside world
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The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Brains of the computer
Arithmetic calculations are performed using the
Arithmetic/Logical Unit or ALU
Control unit decodes and executes instructions
Arithmetic operations are performed using binary
number system
CPU is contained on one (or a small number of)
integrated circuits called microprocessors
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Basic Model of
the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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Arithmetic Logic Units (ALU)
• Performs the arithmetic and logical
operations on the binary data .
• Most model ALU have small amount of
registers
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Control Unit
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Registers
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Fetch-Execute Cycle
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Clock
• A circuit in a processor that generates a regular
sequence of electronic pulses used to synchronize
operations of the processor's components.
• Clock rate (frequency):The number of pulses per
second
• The higher clock rate, the quicker speed of
instruction processing
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Memory
• Computer components, devices and recording
media that retain digital data used for
computing
• Includes internal and external memory
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Internal memory
Accessible by a processor without the use of
the computer input-output channels
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RAM and ROM
• RAM (Random Access Memory), computer memory
that can be read from and written to in arbitrary
sequence.
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External Memory (secondary storage)
• Holds information too large for storage in main memory.
• Information on external memory can only be accessed by
the CPU if it is first transferred to main memory.
• External memory is slow and virtually unlimited in
capacity.
• It retains information when the computer is switched off;
used to keep a permanent copy of programs and data.
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External memory
Floppy disk Compact disk USB flash drive
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External Memory: magnetic tape
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Secondary Storage Devices
• Attached to the computer system to allow you to
store programs and data permanently for the
purpose of retrieving them for future use.
• Floppy disk, Hard disk, CD Rom DVD
Floppy Disk
• The most common secondary storage device
• 3.5” disk – 1.44MB
High-Capacity Floppy Disks
• Floppy disk cartridges
• 3 ½ inches in diameter
• Stores more information
• Zip disks
Hard Disk Drive or Hard Disk
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Bus
• Transfers data or power between computer
components or between computers.
• Logically connects several peripherals over the
same set of wires.
• Each bus defines its set of connectors to
physically plug devices, cards or cables
together.
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Input-Output Devices
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Input Devices
• Allows data and programs to be sent to the CPU.
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joystick
• Microphone
• Webcam
• Scanner
Keyboard
• Traditional keyboards
• Flexible keyboards
• Ergonomic keyboards
• Wireless keyboards
• PDA keyboards
Two Types of Mouse
• PS/2 Mouse
• Serial Mouse
• USB/Cordless Mouse
Other Pointing Devices
• Trackball
• Track point
• Touch pad
• Touch Screen
• Joystick – input device for
computer games
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Printers