Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SOUTHERN AFRICA
TOPICS
Importance of cattle.
- For labour. - skins for clothes, drums, shields and
- Wealth. mats.
- For cultivation. - trade.
- For paying tribute. - meat.
- Fines. - milk.
- Rituals. - skins.
- Traditional ceremonies. - loan cattle.
vii) Trade developed in the Iron Age.
a) Internal Trade e.g. Iron tools for cattle.
b) External Trade e.g. cloth for gold.
viii) Raiding began as a result of stronger weapons. Powerful states got
richer from raids. Raiders captured livestock, women , children, grain, food,
minerals, ivory and tools.
ix) Tribute payment.
- The rulers demanded tribute from weaker groups. The ruling class
became richer.
- Tribute was paid in many forms.
Items / forms/ commodities used to pay tribute.
- Minerals :- gold, tin and silver. - animal skins.
- Crops :- pumpkins, beans and millet. - salt.
- Tools :- axes and hoes. - cloth.
- Cattle (livestock). - baskets.
- Labour. - Crafts e.g mats & clay pots.
- Wives. - young men and women.
- ivory.
x) More wealth in the Iron Age.
SOCIAL CHANGES FROM THE STONE AGE TO THE IRON AGE .
C2 Other factors.
- ambitious leaders.
- succession disputes.
- state formation resulted from need to control fertile soils.
- Need to control pastures.
- Loaning of cattle to other communities led to spread of influence.
- Polygamy was an important source of labour.
- Marriage alliances were a source of power.
- Strong armies helped in state formation.
THE GREAT ZIMBABWE STATE.
Sub-topics.
a) The reasons why Great Zimbabwe was built.
b) The factors that led to the rise of Great Zimbabwe.
Economic factors.
Social factors.
Political factors/ military.
Decline of Great Zimbabwe.
Uses of cattle in the Great Zimbabwe State (Nov 2011).
- Trade.
- Ritual purposes: rain making, appeasing spirits, symbol of ancestors.
- Payment of lobola (bride price).
- Form of wealth/status symbol.
- Tribute payment.
- For food: meat, milk.
- Form of transport/draught power.
- Skins: mats, clothes, blankets, making shields, drum making, sandals.
- Paying fines.
- Manure for agriculture.
- Fuel from manure e.g. in blast furnaces.
- Doing for polishing floors.
- Ropes.
- Loaning cattle for political influence.
Crafts practised by the people of Great Zimbabwe.
- Drum making.
- Building in stone (masonry).
- Making jewellery.
- Carving.
- Iron smelting.
- Blacksmithing.
- Ornament making.
- Pottery.
- Basketry.
- Weaving.
- Sculpture.
- Leather tanning.
Nov 2014.
2a) Identify any six artefacts that were discovered at Great Zimbabwe –
NB made by people for use.
- Beads.
- Figurines.
- Iron tools: spearheads, hoes, axes.
- Porcelain dishes.
- Chinaware (dishes, plates, cups).
- Shells.
- Iron gongs.
- Bangles.
- Soapstone bowls.
- Anklets.
b) Construction and functions of Great Zimbabwe as a city.
SOCIAL ORGANISATION.
- There was division of labour which was based on sex.
- Men’s work: hunting, mining, fishing, basketry, carving, clearing
land, iron working, building huts and kraals.
- Women’s work: gathering, fetching firewood, looking after children,
cooking, farming, pottery, looking after children, cooking, farming,
pottery, weeding.
- The status of a men was brought by having many wives, children and
cattle.
- A man married from different lineage.
- Polygamy was practiced.
- Clothes were made from animal skins.
- They lived in pole and dagga huts.
- Intermarriage brought unity. The king (ruling class) married wives
from chiefs and sub-chiefs.
- There were classes of rich and poor people.
- NB. Social classes/ groups at Great Zimbabwe (Nov 2007).
- farmers.
- traders.
-hunters.
-miners.
-Spirit mediums.
-potters.
-herbalists.
- war captives.
- blacksmiths.
-masons.
- They worshiped high God called Mwari.
- They believed in ancestral spirits.
- Succession disputes were solved by mediums.
- Mediums installed the king.
- Spirit mediums communicated with the ancestors and God.
POLITICAL ORGANISATION.
The kings duties (3 marks).
- The king was a religious leader who led in religious ceremonies.
- Controlled tribute.
- Was the head of the state.
- He was the commander of the army.
- Controlled external trade.
- Protected the state through the army.
- Punished rebels.
- He had the right of life and death.
- Fed the people in times of drought.
- He distributed land.
- Highest judge.
- Marriage alliances brought unity. The king married the daughters of
the lesser chiefs.
- King appointed and dismissed chiefs.
- Tribute payment was important
i) it showed loyalty.
ii) it showed respect.
iii) it showed allegiance.
iv) it brought wealth which the rulers gave as
gifts to loyal subjects e.g. generals.
Political factors.
- Weaknesses of the ruling family:
- People refused to pay tribute.
- Weak leaders.
- The state was attacked by neighbouring groups.
- Succession disputes in the ruling family e.g. when the King died they
fought for who succeeded him. After the death of Chibatamatosi there
was civil war- led to the migration of Nyatsimba Mutota to the Dande
area. Torwa migrated Westwards.
- Ambitious leaders broke away e.g. Nyatsimba Mutota.
Social factors.
- The population increased to about 10 000 People – Great Zimbabwe
become overpopulated.
- Diseases affected the people e.g. cholera and small pox.
- Cattle were affected by diseases like nagana.
- A great fire destroyed the buildings.
Economic system.
- Agriculture was the backbone of the economy. It provide food to feed
the Shona people.
- Livestock keeping: cattle, sheep and goats were the banks of the
Shona. Livestock had important functions e.g. paying lobola, tribute,
meat, milk, skins.
- Mining of iron, gold, silver, copper. It provided iron tools weapons for
the army. Minerals like gold led to the rise of external trade.
- External trade with the Swahili and the Portuguese. The state become
rich through foreign goods e.g. cloth, jewellery, guns, sugar, umbrella,
sea shells, chinaware, candles, tobacco, mirrors, wines etc.
- Hunting it brought wealth e.g. ivory, meat, skins. This improved
external trade.
- Raiding brought wealth e.g. cattle.
- Gathering e.g. vegetables, honey, milk, locusts.
- Crafts were practised e.g. tanning, carving, weaving, pottery,
sculpture and iron smithing.
- Fishing.
i. Political Interference.
- The Portuguese were involved in the succession disputes and civil
wars.
- When the Munhumutapa died they chose weak claiments.
- Supplied guns during civil wars.
- They supplied armies called Chikunda.
- Puppet Munhumutapas come to power e.g. Mavhura Mhande and Gatsi
Rusere.
- The Portuguese refused to pay CURVA (tribute).
- They demanded tribute from the Munhumutapa.
- Prazeros took the powers of the chiefs.
- They took lands in the Zambezi Valley and controlled gold & silver
mines.
- Prazeros were rude, lawless, arrogant and disrespectful.
- Signed treaties which gave them mining rights and land.
Social activities.
- Slavery – Africans were sold to slave dealers in Mozambique
- Prisons.
- Ill- treatment/ brutal to Africans e.g. beaten using sjambok.
- Rape of Africans ---Mulatos ,( mixed blood).
- Marijuana was smoked.
- Fed on exotic meat and expensive wines.
- Prazeros refused to pay curva.
- Lived in plastered huts.
- Prazeros were rude, arrogant, disrespectful to the Munhumutapa
hence they were a multitude of sinners.
- The life for prazeros was more comfortable compared to Africans.
Political activities.
- After the death of Silveria in 1561 the Portuguese declared war on the
Mutapa State. The government of Portugal sent an army led by
Barreto to avenge the death. The invasion was unsuccessful because
of many reasons :
i) Heat.
ii) Malaria.
ii) Fever.
iv) Heavy clothes.
v) Lack of Knowlwdge of the area.
vi) The Portuguese were attacked by the Maravi.
- Another army was sent, led by Vasco Homem. It was also
unsuccessful.
- The Portuguese were involved in the succession disputes and civil wars
of the Mutapa State.
- They helped weak claimants like Gatsi Rusere and Mavhura Mhande to
come to power.
- The Portuguese signed treaties/ Alliances with the two puppet rulers.
Tribute items
- Livestock.
- Grain/ crops.
- Labour.
- Minerals.
- Ivory.
- Skins.
- Meat.
- Daughters.
- Iron tools.
- Cloth.
- Jewellery.
- Salt.
- Mats.
- Baskets.
- carvings.
J 2012
Three exports from Rozvi State.
- Pigs, sheep, cattle, gold, ivory, crops, ostrich feathers, animal
skins/hides, tools, pottery and crafts.
Imports into Rozvi State.
- Cloth.
- Glass beads.
- Guns.
- Gunpowder/ammunition/bullets.
- Liquor/wines/alcohol.
- Maize, rice, beans (Max 2).
- Fruits/examples (Max 2).
- Tobacco.
- Mirrors.
- Ceramics.
- Knives.
Internal:
Political factors:-
- death of Changamire Dombo.
- Successors were weak and uncharismatic.
- Succession disputes after the death of Mambo.
- Civil wars divided the state.
- The state became too big (vast) so there was poor communication.
- Rebellions (some vassal chiefs like Uteve and Madanda broke away
and refused to pay tribute).
- Tumbare became ambitious, corrupt and biased.
Economic factors.
- Exhaustion of gold mines.
- Elephant hunting using guns led to shortage of ivory/exhaustion of
hunting grounds.
- Fall in external trade in gold and ivory.
- Successive droughts disturbed agriculture and livestock keeping;
population loss. Droughts forced people to migrate to areas with high
rainfall.
External factors/Aggression.
- Portuguese pressure e.g. military attack.
- Attacks from the Hiya of Dondo area disturbed trade and agricultural
activities.
- Attacks from 6 Mfecane/NGUNI GROUPS/MIGRANTS.
- They raided for livestock, women, grain, young men.
1. Zwangendaba.
2. Nxaba.
3. Maseko Ngoni.
4. Soshangane.
5. Nyamazana – she killed Mambo Chirisamhuru by skinning him alive to
see if he had two hearts.
6. Finally, the Ndebele led by Mzilikazi defeated and absorbed the Rozvi.
THE NGUNI STATES OF SOUTHERN AFRICA.
Ethnic groups found in Nguniland before Mfecane wars.
- Mthethwa.
- Ndwandwe.
- Ngwane/Swazi
- Zulu.
- Langeni.
- Khumalo.
- Mpondo.
- Xhosa.
- Pedi.
- Hlubi.
- Dhlamini.
- Qwabe.
- Bele.
THE MFECANE.
- This was a time of war, a time of plunder and destruction.
- In Nguniland it can be also called Difecane.
Non-benefits of Mfecane.
- There was wide spread death and destruction.
- People lost homes and property.
- Problem of refugees.
- Fear and insecurity.
- There was loss of grain and cattle.
- Loss of grazing and cultivation land.
- Agriculture was disturbed.
- Great famine as more time was spent on fighting.
- Hunger led cannibalism.
- Some people forced to live on mountain tops.
- Weakened Africans so colonization by Whites become easy.
- The Mfecane wars saw three leaders rising as the best because of their
military tactics.
i) Dingisiwayo - Mthethwa.
ii) Sobhuza – Ngwane.
iii) Zwide – Ndwandwe.
Describe the Rise of Tshaka to the Zulu Kingship
(J2012 and Nov 2013).
- Tshaka was the son of Senzangakona, the Zulu Chief.
- He was a product of Mfecane Wars.
- He was drafted into Dingiswayo’s army.
- He distinguished himself as an able fighter e.g. bravery, tactics.
- Shaka was appointed commander of a regiment.
- He advised Tshaka on military matters.
- Senzangakona died in 1816. This presented an opportunity to Tshaka.
- Tsaka was helped by Dingiswayo to overthrow/ kill Sigujana.
- He assumed kingship of the Zulu.
- Dingiswayo was killed by Zwide in battle.
- Shaka betrayed Zwide when he arrived late and did not fight the Battle
against Zwide.
- Shaka got the opportunity to enlarge the Zulu.
- He conquered the Mtetwa and combined the Mtetwa and the Zulu
chiefdom to form the Zulu kingdom.
- He defeated Zwide in 1819 and broke the Ndwandwe kingdom.
- Tshaka introduced military reforms.
- Kingdom extended from Tugela River to Pongola River.
- Military ability was important in his rise e.g.
he was brave and strong.
Courageous and innovative fighter.
Effective commander who advised the king.
Developed new fighting skills.
-Attacked and defeated Mtetwa.
Ndebele Settlements.
- Ekupumuleni.
- Mosega.
- Tshwenyane.
- Endinaneni.
- Egabeni.
- Enkuqini.
- Gibixhegu.
- Inyati.
Problems faced by the Ndebele during the journey.
- Attacks/ wars by other groups e.g. Sotho, Rolong, Boers(Max 2).
- Attacks by wild animals e.g. lions, leopards and elephants.
- Hunger and starvation – shortage of food.
- Death caused by diseases e.g. malaria.
- Death due to war.
- Tsetse flies – sleeping sickness attacked people.
- Nagana killed cattle.
- Homes were burnt.
- Shortage of pastures for livestock.
- Loss of women and livestock to other groups.
- Drought.
- Agriculture was disturbed by wars.
- They crossed big mountains e.g. Drankensberg mountain.
- Different groups joined so there was language barrier e.g. Sotho,
Tswana – communication breakdown.
- The Ndebele fought whites who had better weapons e.g. guns and
horses. Ndebele had poor weapons.
- Trade was disturbed.
- Tiredness/fatigue because of walking long distances.
- Succession disputes – Mzilikazi’s son Nkulumane was installed to be
the Ndebele king. Mzilikazi executed (killed) Nkulumane and the
Indunas responsible.
- Crossing flooded rivers.
- Lack of water when travelling in the desert.
- Constant fear of being attacked.
- Trade was disturbed.
- Mzilikazi was chief of the Khumalo. The Khumalo were under the rule
of Tshaka.
- In 1821 Mzilikazi raided the Sotho and kept the booty.
- He cut the plumes of the messengers sent by Tshaka to collect the
booty. It was a sign of disobedience/ disloyalty.
- Tshaka sent an army to punish the Khumalo. The small army was
defeated.
- Mzilikazi decided to leave Nguniland before Tshaka sent s bigger army.
- He left with about 300 followers.
- They crossed the Drakensberg mountains and reached the land of the
Sotho – movement Westwards.
- Mzilikazi established a settlement called Ekupumuleni. It means the
place of rest.
- The Sotho gave the Khumalo the nickname “Matebele”. It means men
of long shields or people from the East.
- The Ndebele raided the Sotho for livestock, grain and women.
- Mzilikazi was forced to leave/abandon Ekupumuleni because of
problems:
- i) Zulu attacks.
- ii) drought.
- iii) lack of pastures.
- He moved into the Transvaal and established settlements like
Mhlahlandlela, Egabeni and Tshwenyane.
- The Ndebele were attacked by the Zulu, Griquas, Boers, Kora, Khoisan
and Rolong.
- He met Robert Moffat, a missionary. The two become friends.
- The Ndebele established a settlement called Mosega in the Transvaal.
- Moffat advised Mzilikazi to leave the Transvaal.
- They were defeated by a combined force in 1937 e.g. Boers, Griquas,
Kora, Tlokwa and the Zulu (Max 2).
- Mzilikazi decided to leave Mosega.
- He divided or split his people into two groups:
- The main group was led by Induna Gundwane Ndiweni. It included old
people, children, Mzilikazi’s wives, livestock.
- It also included Mzilikazi’s sons e.g. Nkulumane and Lobengula.
- Moved Northwards across Limpopo.
- The group followed a shorter route.
- It followed the Muzingwane river valley.
- The group settled at Gibixhegu near the Matopo hills.
- They lost hope of uniting with Mzilikazi and installed Nkulumane as
king.
- The 2nd group was led by Mzilikazi. It was smaller.
- it moved from Mosega in a Westward direction through the territory of
the Ngwato.
- Mzilikazi was following the Kololo.
- He failed to defeat the Kololo and faced attacks by tsetse flies.
- He moved Southwards to meet the main group.
- Mzilikazi heard about the installation of Nkulumane.
- He rushed to Gibixhegu.
- Ndiweni and other Indunas responsible for the installation of
Nkulumane were executed (killed) for treason.
- What happened to Nkulumane is unclear. Some historians say he was
killed. Others say he fled southwards.
- Mzilikazi established his capital at Inyati near modern day Bulawayo.
- Mzilikazi married Nyamazana, a Ngoni leader who had broken away
from Zwangendaba.
- The local shona people offered less resistance and fell under Mzilikazi’s
control.
Qn: To what extent did Ndebele settlement in
Western Zimbabwe bring security to them?
Question: Part C.
To what extent did the Ndebele social system beneficial to
all the classes/people?
C1 – benefits.
- Poor people given loan cattle.
- Intermarriages united people of different origins.
- Inxwala brought the whole nation together.
- They spoke one language, Sindebele.
- Mixing/ adoption of Shona customs e.g. the worshipping of Mwari.
- Village cooperatives brought villagers together.
- Worshipped one God so there was unity.
C2 – harmful/ non- benefits.
- The Hole were exploited as cattle herders.
- Hole people were used in the frontline during battles.
- They were classes of rich and poor people.
- Most of the Hole could not occupy important positions such as
Indunas.
- Marriages were not allowed at first between Hole and Zansi.
c) Political organisation.
- The Ndebele system was centralized / the king had the total control.
- The King was an absolute king or a dictator.
- He had many responsibilities/ roles: [3marks].
He made the final decision on important issues like
raids, war and treaties.
The army commander.
The religious leader.
Controlled external trade and hunting of elephants.
Distribution land.
He has the right of life and death.
He appointed and dismissed indunas (chiefs).
Punished rebels.
Highest judge.
- The kingship was hereditary. The king was succeeded by his eldest son
- Tribute was paid to the King by the defeated groups e.g. Shona. It was
paid in many forms: Cattle, grain, iron tools. (3 examples).
- The Inxwala ceremony united the Ndebele. The whole nation
gathered at Bulawayo for the festival of the first fruits.
- Importance;
i) It showed Ndebele unity.
ii) It was time to thank the ancestors for the new crops.
ii) Attendance of the Indunas was a sign of loyalty and
allegiance.
iv) It showed the growth/ fertility of the state.
v) It was time to display the military strength of the.
Ndebele army. Ndebele regiments were displayed.
vi) The king led the dances and rituals so it showed his
power.
vii) The king displayed his wealth. A lot of cattle were
killed to feel the nation. He showed he was generous.
- The king was assisted by two Councils to get advice.
i) The Umphakati – The king presided/ chaired.
- It was made of close relatives and elders known for their wisdom and
knowledge about Ndebele customs.
ii) The Izikulu
- It was made up of Indunas.
- The army was important in the administration of the state.
- The army was important in the political system:
Soldiers were united by staying in regiments. The
regiments were made up of people of different
origin.
Army raided.
Punished rebels.
Collected tribute.
Protected the state and the king.
- Loan cattle brought unity.
- Intermarriages: the king married daughters of lesser chiefs.
- Mzilikazi sent female relatives to stay in the regimental towns. They
reported the events in the outlying areas.
NDEBELE MILITARY SYSTEM- AMABUTO ( J 2012).
- The Ndebele army was led by commanders called Indunas appointed
by the king.
- The army was divided into regimental towns
- Each regiment was given a name e.g. Indubu, Zwangendaba,
Empandeni, Sijeba, Insukhamini, Inyati and Amaweni.
- Soldiers were allowed to marry.
- The king had his own regiment. It was made up of recruits or young
men from the regimental towns and captives.
- The amabuto had many responsibilities:
Protected the state and the king (security).
Raiding – it brought young men, women, livestock,
grain and minerals.
Protecting foreign traders.( trade routes).
Maintaining peace and order.
Collected tribute.
Ndebele armies numbered about 20 000.
Same head gear and colour of shields for each
regiment.
Agricultural work.
Protected people and properties.
Weapons : assegai, bows and arrows, shields, knobkerries, battle axe
Methods of war e.g. cow horn formation .
Surprise attack e.g. attack at dawn.
Smoke signals for communication.
The use of spies.
- The army harvested.
- The army soldiers were miners.
- The army herded cattle in peace times.
- The army provided labour in king’s fields.
- The king was the commander in chief. He made the final decision on
raiding and war.
- The king consulted the Umphakati and the Izikulu before war. He
received advice.
- Ndebele armies were doctored by traditional healers before war to
make them brave.
- Chants and war cries were used to create fear among enemies – they
intimidated the enemies.
- The king distributed booty to the loyal and brave men e.g. livestock
and women
- Defeated groups near the Ndebele were absorbed in the regiments.
- Royal women were placed in the regimental towns to report on
developments.
- Army was divided into age regiments.
- Women were used in the army as prostitutes and cooks.
Questions to Part C.
To what extent were missionaries able to solve these
problems at that time?
C1 – missionaries were successful in solving their problems.
- they brought medicine quinine to fight malaria.
- Taught African children to read and write.
- Learned to speak African language which helped in communication and
preaching.
- They cleared roads.
- They established friendship with African rulers.
- They built clinics to cure diseases.
- They grew their own crops.
- They used African preachers (evangelists).
- They translated the bible and hym books to local languages.
- They worked together with Rhodes in the colonization of Matebeleland.
- They converted one leper on his death bed in Matebeleland.
B. Social factors.
- There was desire to stop the slave trade and slavery.
- Need to spread 3cs: Christianity, Commerce and Civilisation.
- Europeans believed they had superior race. Africa was seen as the
dark continent. The Africans were regarded as barbaric and salvage
people.
- Desire to spread Western education 3Rs: e.g. reading, arithmatic and
writing.
- There was need to resettle excess population and troublesome citizens
e.g. thieves, murderes and riff raffs.
C. Political Factors.
- Need for military bases.
- There was need to protect strategic routes and areas. There was need
to control sea route to India.
(i) Egypt and the Suez canal.
(ii) The Cape.
(iii) The missionaries’ road via Bechuanaland.
- Need for prestige and pride.
- Need for greatness.
- Local agents like Rhodes played an important role.
- Africans had poor weapons.
- Disunity or divisions among Africans.
- Poor strategy.
- Others remained neutral.
- Others signed treaties e.g. Lobengula.
Terms (promises).
- It was a treaty of friendship.
- Lobengula agreed to help the Boers with soldiers whenever he
was asked to help.
- Lobengula to allow Whites with passports from the Transvaal to
enter Matebeleland.
- Lobengula agreed to give protection to Boer hunters and traders
in Matebeleland .
- A representative of the Boers to stay at Bulawayo.
- Lobengula agreed to send back criminals who fled from the
Transvaal.
- The Boers agreed to recognize Lobengula as King of the
Ndebele.
- There was going to be everlasting peace between the Boers and
the Ndebele.
- Boers to hunt and trade freely in Matebeleland.
The terms.
- It cancelled the Grobler Treaty.
- Lobengula promised to be a friend of the Queen of Britain.
- Lobengula promised not to sign any treaty with another power
without the knowledge of the British.
- Lobengula not to give any part of the country without consulting
the British.
Comments.
- Moffat pretended to be a friend of Lobengula.
- Moffat was now an agent of Rhodes.
- Rhodes used him because he was a family friend to Lobengula.
- Moffat pretended to represent the Queens of Britain. He
represented Rhodes.
The Rudd Concession, October 1888.
Rhodes sent 3 men to go to negotiate.
(i) Charles Rudd – a business partner and friend of Rhodes.
(ii) Rotchfort Maguire – a lawyer.
(iii) Francis Thompson – a fluent Ndebele speaker nicknamed
“Matabele.” He was used as an interpreter.
- They spent 5 weeks without getting the chance to speak to
Lobengula. Lobengula had sleepless nights caused by concession
seekers so did not want to talk to this delegation.
- Lotshe and Sikombo were bribed (trusted indunas) to persuade
Lobengula to talk to them.
- Missionaries persuaded Lobengula to sign e.g. Helm.
- Helm acted as a false witness.
Written terms.
Promises made by Rhodes.
100 pounds per month or a monthly salary/Money per month.
1000 rifles – guns.
100 000 rounds of ammunition – bullets.
A gunboat to patrol the Zambezi river or 500 pounds.
Lobengula’s promises.
He promised to give all minerals rights to Rhodes.
He gave power to the British to do what they deemed necessary to
protect their interest.
Lobengula promised not to sign any other treaties without permission
from the British.
Rhodes given power to collect and enjoy mineral profits.
Verbal terms.
British visitors were going to surrender weapons and obey Ndebele
laws and customs.
Not more than 10 white men at a time.
British to dig one hole at a time.
British not to dig near towns.
Rhodes was to put notices in South African newspapers to warn other
countries to keep out of Ndebele country (Rhodes was based in Cape
Town).
No miners were to enter Matebeleland before the 1st monthly salary
was paid.
Qn. Did Lobengula and the Ndebele benefit from terms
of the Rudd Concession?
C1- Blame.
He over trusted missionaries e.g. Helm and Moffat.
He loved luxury goods.
He also tried to use whites against each other.
He thought if he gave rights to Rhodes, he would have no problems in
future from other Europeans.
He put his x-signature to documents he did not understand.
He put his elephant seal to the documents.
C2 – we must not blame Lobengula.
He used delaying tactics.
Missionaries become false witness.
Close indunas were bribed: Lotshe and Sikombo.
he was illiterate.
Signing or not signing the Ndebele state was going to be colonized.
Rhodes had too much money to bribe rivals.
Lobengula took steps to avoid colonization e.g. he killed Lotshe and
Sikombo. He also died while fighting the British in the Anglo- Ndebele
war.
- De Beers.
- Exploiting and Exploring Company.
Sub – Topics.
- Selection.
- Recruitment.
- Organisation.
- Leaders of the Pioneer Column.
- The Journey/March of the Pioneer Column.
- Problems of the Pioneer Column.
- Reasons for easy occupation of Mashonaland.
The Promises
1 100 whites.
2000 Tswana.
400 Shonas and Cape coloureds.
- There were about 18 000 Ndebele fighters.
- The Fort Victoria column and the F. Salisbury Column met at Iron Mine
Hill near Kwekwe.
- The first Battle between the BSAC and the Ndebele was at Lalapanzi.
The Ndebele were defeated.
- The first major battle was the Battle of Shangani.
Who attended?
Question:
Did the Ndebele benefit from the Matopo Indaba?
Yes the Ndebele benefited.
- Chiefs were promised salaries.
- Chiefs and headman were recognized.
- Peace was restored to Matebeleland.
- Ndebele people received seeds for the new planting season.
- Ndebele received grain and food. This reduced hunger.
- However, the Ndebele did not benefit from the Indaba at Matopos.
- There was loss of land.
- There was loss of cattle.
- Weapons were taken away.
- Taxes continued to the Ndebeles –Dog tax, Hut tax, Wife tax and Dip
tax.
- Forced labour.
- Loss of Independence/freedom.
- Ill treatment continued e.g. beating of man in front of their women
and children using the sjambok. The sjambok was made from the hide
of a Hippo.
THE ROLE OR PART PLAYED BY RELIGIOUS LEADERS/SPIRIT
MEDIUMS IN THE NDEBELE UPRISING.
- -They told the Ndebele that natural disasters were caused by white
man e g. drought, rind pest and locusts.
- They told the Ndebele to kill the whites.
- The mediums told people that the bullets of the whites were going
to be harmless.
- Africans were encouraged to unite and fight.
- Organized strategies to attack the whites.
- Their shrines were used to get information.
- People pretended to look for locusts medicine from Mkwati
- Ndebeles were told to leave the route to South open. The whites
were going to escape using the open route.
- Unfortunately, the whites used the open route to bring more
soldiers, weapons, food and medicines.
- Mkwati moved around encouraging Indunas to start the war.
- Chiefs visited Mkwati pretending to look for medicines for locusts.
- Mkwati provided morale and confidence to Ndebele fighters.
- Religious leaders become symbols of resistance.
- Mkwati was based at Manyanya (Ntaba Zika Mambo/The hill of
chiefs.