Maculopapular rash

What is Maculopapular rash disease?

A maculopapular rash is made of both flat and raised skin lesions. The name is a blend
of the words “macule,” which are flat discolored skin lesions, and “papule,” which are small
raised bumps. These skin lesions are usually red and can merge together. Macules that are bigger
than 1 centimeter are considered patches, while papules that are merged together are considered
plaques.

A maculopapular rash is a marker for many diseases, allergic reactions, and infections.
Most of the time, the cause is a viral infection. See a doctor if you have a maculopapular rash.
The rash could indicate a serious disease. The most distinctive feature of a maculopapular rash is
the pattern of macules and papules. A macule is a small, flat, red area of discoloration, and a
papule is a small, red, raised lesion. As a result, a maculopapular rash appears as red bumps
against a red background. People with darker skin may not notice the flat, red patch.

A maculopapular rash can appear on any part of the body depending on the underlying
cause. It may also spread to other areas. The rash usually lasts from 2 to 21 days. Chronic
maculopapular rashes may last for more than 8 weeks.
Causes and Transmission

Maculopapular rashes may be present in many different conditions. Some may be due to:

 drug reactions

 bacterial or viral infections

 allergies

 our body’s own systemic inflammation

The body's own systemic inflammation can cause maculopapular rashes. Inflammation
is how your body responds to an injury or infection. A drug reaction, infection, an autoimmune
response, or allergic reaction can cause your body's immune system to respond and develop
maculopapular rashes.

Signs and Symptoms of Maculopapular rash disease

Since maculopapular rashes are most common in infections and body immune responses, more
than one symptom may also appear. These include:

 fever

 headache

 vomiting

 breathing troubles

 muscle pain

 dry skin

Maculopapular rashes may be present in many different conditions. Some may be due to:
  drug reactions

 bacterial or viral infections

 allergies

 our body’s own systemic inflammation

Prevention and Treatment for Maculopapular rash disease

To reduce the itching caused by a maculopapular rash, a doctor may recommend OTC
antihistamines or hydrocortisone cream. Stronger versions of these medications are available by
prescription. Treatment of your rash depends on the cause. For immediate treatment to
relieve itching, your doctor may also prescribe antihistamines or topical steroids. You can also
use over-the-counter drugs such as hydrocortisone creams or Benadryl. As mentioned before, be
sure to see a doctor first before taking these over-the-counter drugs. You don’t want to treat the
symptom without knowing the cause.
 Measles

What is Measles?

Measles is a very contagious respiratory

infection. It causes a total-body skin rash and flu-
like symptoms. Measles (also called rubeola) is
caused by a virus , so there's no specific medical
treatment for it. The virus has to run its course. A
child who is sick should drink plenty of liquids,
get lots of rest, and stay home from school or daycare to prevent spreading the infection.

Measles causes a red, blotchy rash that usually appears first on the face and behind the
ears, then spreads downward to the chest and back and finally to the feet. Measles is a childhood
infection caused by a virus. Once quite common, measles can now almost always be prevented
with a vaccine.

Measles is a highly contagious illness caused by a virus that replicates in the nose and
throat of an infected child or adult. Then, when someone with measles coughs, sneezes or talks,
infected droplets spray into the air, where other people can inhale them.
 The infected droplets may also land on a surface, where they remain active and
contagious for several hours. You can contract the virus by putting your fingers in your mouth or
nose or rubbing your eyes after touching the infected surface. Measles is caused by morbillivirus,
which is mostly seen in the winter and spring. It's spread from one child to another through direct
contact with discharge from the nose and throat. Sometimes, it is spread through airborne
droplets (from a cough or sneeze) from an infected child.

Causes and Transmission

Measles is caused by an extremely contagious virus called morbillivirus. In fact, if 10

people who weren't vaccinated were in a room with someone with measles, nine of those people
would get measles. Measles is spread by: Contaminated droplets that are spread through the air
when you cough, sneeze or talk.

Signs and Symptoms of Measles

The first symptoms of a measles infection are usually a hacking cough, runny nose,
high fever, and red eyes. Kids also may have Koplik's spots (small red spots with blue-white
centers) inside the mouth before the rash starts.
The rash breaks out 3–5 days after symptoms start, sometimes along with a high fever
up to 104°F (40°C). The red or reddish-brown rash usually begins as flat red spots on the
forehead. It spreads to the rest of the face, then down the neck and torso to the arms, legs, and
feet. The fever and rash slowly go away after a few days

Measles signs and symptoms appear around 10 to 14 days after exposure to the virus. Signs and
symptoms of measles typically include:

 Fever

 Dry cough

 Runny nose

 Sore throat

 Inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis)

  Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a red background found inside the mouth on
the inner lining of the cheek — also called Koplik's spots

 A skin rash made up of large, flat blotches that often flow into one another

Prevention and Treatment for Measles

Getting vaccinated is the best way to protect against measles. Measles is a routine
vaccination that children in the United States receive. The vaccine is given in 2 doses, with the
first dose administered at age 12 through 15 months and the second dose administered at age 4
through 6 years.

Not everyone can receive the measles vaccination. But there are other ways that you can help to
prevent the spread of measles.

If you’re susceptible to infection:

 Practice good hand hygiene. Wash your hands before eating, after using the bathroom,
and before touching your face, mouth, or nose.

 Don’t share personal items with people who may be ill. This can include things like
eating utensils, drinking glasses, and toothbrushes.
  Avoid coming into contact with people who are sick

Noted there is no specific treatment for measles, and symptoms usually go away
within 7 to 10 days. If there are no complications, the doctor will recommend rest and plenty of
fluids to prevent dehydration. If there is a risk of complications, the doctor may recommend
spending time in the hospital.

Rubella Disease

What is Rubella disease?

Rubella is a contagious viral infection best known by its

distinctive red rash. It's also called German measles or three-day
measles. While this infection may cause mild symptoms or even
no symptoms in most people, it can cause serious problems for
unborn babies whose mothers become infected during pregnancy.
Rubella isn't the same as measles, but the two illnesses share
some symptoms, including the red rash.
 Rubella is caused by a different virus than measles, and rubella isn't as infectious or as
severe as measles. The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is highly effective in preventing
rubella. In many countries, rubella infection is rare or even nonexistent. However, because the
vaccine isn't used everywhere, the virus still causes serious problems for babies whose mothers
are infected during pregnancy.

Causes and Transmission

Rubella is caused by a virus that's passed from person to person. It can spread when an
infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread by direct contact with an infected person's
respiratory secretions, such as mucus. It can also be passed on from pregnant women to their
unborn children via the bloodstream.

Droplet precautions are indicated for mumps and rubella. Health-care associated
infections with these agents, although rare, still occur. Rubella is spread by direct contact with
nasal or throat secretions of infected individuals. Rubella can also be transmitted by breathing in
droplets that are sprayed into the air when an infected person sneezes, coughs or talks.

Signs and Symptoms of Rubella Disease

Rubella infection may begin with 1–2 days of mild fever (99°–100°F, 37.2°–37.8°C) and
swollen, tender lymph nodes, usually in the back of the neck or behind the ears. A rash then
begins on the face and spreads downward. As it spreads, it usually clears on the face.

The rubella rash is often the first sign of illness that a parent notice. It can look like many other
viral rashes, appearing as either pink or light red spots, which may merge to form evenly colored
patches. The rash can itch and lasts up to 3 days. As the rash clears, the affected skin might shed
in very fine flakes. Signs and symptoms generally appear between two and three weeks after
exposure to the virus. They usually last about one to five days and may include:

 Mild fever of 102 F (38.9 C) or lower

 Headache

 Stuffy or runny nose

 Inflamed, red eyes

 Enlarged, tender lymph nodes at the base of the skull, the back of the neck and behind the
ears

 A fine, pink rash that begins on the face and quickly spreads to the trunk and then the arms
and legs, before disappearing in the same sequence

 Aching joints, especially in young women

Prevention and Treatment for Rubella

There is no specific medicine to treat rubella or make the disease go away faster. In
many cases, symptoms are mild. For others, mild symptoms can be managed with bed rest and
medicines for fever, such as acetaminophen.
 The rubella vaccine is usually given as a combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR)
vaccine. Doctors recommend that children receive the MMR vaccine between 12 and 15 months
of age, and again between 4 and 6 years of age — before entering school. It's particularly
important that girls receive the vaccine to prevent rubella during future pregnancies.

Fifth Disease (Parvovirus B19)

What is Fifth disease?

Fifth disease is a mild rash illness caused by

parvovirus B19. It is more common in children than adults.
A person usually gets sick with fifth disease within 14 days
after getting infected with parvovirus B19. This disease,
also called erythema infectiosum, got its name because it
was fifth in a list of historical classifications of common skin rash illnesses in children.

Causes and Transmission

Transmission. Parvovirus B19 spreads through respiratory secretions, such as saliva,

sputum, or nasal mucus, when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Parvovirus B19 can also
spread through blood or blood products. A pregnant woman who is infected with parvovirus B19
can pass the virus to her baby. Parvo can be found in almost any environment. It is transmitted
when a susceptible dog comes in contact with the virus.

This includes contact with the feces of an infected dog, or objects that contain the virus
(shoes, clothes, bedding, bowls, grass, carpets, floors, etc). Parvo in puppies is caused by the
canine parvovirus. This virus is highly contagious and spreads through direct contact with an
infected dog or by indirect contact with a contaminated object. Your puppy is exposed to the
parvovirus every time he sniffs, licks, or consumes infected feces

Signs and Symptoms of Fifth disease

The symptoms of fifth disease are usually mild and may include

 fever
 runny nose
 headache
 rash

 Bright red cheeks

 A flat or raised red rash, usually on the arms and legs, which lasts from 2 to 39 days and may
itch; the rash fades from the center of red areas toward the edges, giving it a lacy appearance.
The rash can recur with exercise, warm baths, rubbing the skin, or emotional upset.

Not all children with fifth disease get the rash. Some will have a rash that lasts several weeks or
changes with environmental triggers.

It’s less common, but some kids also have:

 Sore throat
 Joint pain
  Swollen glands
 Red eyes
 Diarrhea
 Rash that looks like bruises or blisters

Adults usually don’t get a rash, but they do tend to get more serious flu-like symptoms, including:

 Headache
 Sore throat
 Muscle pain
 Joint pain, particularly in the hands, wrists, knees, and ankles
 Abdominal pain
 Fever

Prevention and Treatment for Fifth disease

Fifth disease is caused by a virus, so can't be treated with antibiotics (antibiotics kill
bacteria, not viruses). In most cases, this is a mild illness that clears up on its own, so no
medicine is needed. Usually, kids with fifth disease feel OK and just need to rest. Washing your
hands often, especially after wiping or blowing noses and before preparing or eating food. Do
not share food, pacifiers, bottles, eating utensils, or drinking cups. If toys tend to end up in tots'
mouths, clean and disinfect them often.

Fifth disease is caused by a virus, so can't be treated with antibiotics (antibiotics kill
bacteria, not viruses). In most cases, this is a mild illness that clears up on its own, so no
medicine is needed. Usually, kids with fifth disease feel OK and just need to rest. After the fever
and mild cold symptoms are gone, there may be little to treat except any discomfort from the
rash.

Doctors can usually diagnose fifth disease by seeing the distinctive rash on the face and
body. If someone doesn't have the rash but does have other symptoms, the doctor may do blood
tests to see if they're caused by fifth disease.
 Roseola Disease

What is Roseola Disease?

Roseola infantum is a viral illness that mostly affects infants and toddlers. Infected
children generally have a high fever followed by the development of a rash. Roseola is a
generally mild infection that usually affects children by age 2. It occasionally affects adults.
Roseola is so common that most children have been infected with roseola by the time they enter
kindergarten. Two common strains of the herpes virus cause roseola.

The condition typically causes several days of fever, followed by a rash. Some children
develop only a very mild case of roseola and never show any clear indication of illness, while
others experience the full range of signs and symptoms. Roseola typically isn't serious. Rarely, a
very high fever can result in complications. Treatment of roseola includes bed rest, fluids and
medications to reduce fever.

Causes and Transmission

The most common cause of roseola is the human herpes virus 6, but the cause also can
be another herpes virus — human herpes virus. Like other viral illnesses, such as a common
cold, roseola spreads from person to person through contact with an infected person's respiratory
secretions or saliva
 Roseola is caused by a type of herpes virus. The virus can enter the body through the
nose and mouth. It is spread when a child breathes in droplets that contain the virus after an
infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or laughs.

Signs and Symptoms of Roseola Disease

If the child is exposed to someone with roseola and becomes infected with the virus, it
generally takes a week or two for signs and symptoms of infection to appear — if they appear at
all. It's possible to become infected with roseola, but have signs and symptoms too mild to be
readily noticeable. Roseola symptoms may include:

 Slight cough.
 Sore throat
 Swollen lymph nodes
 Upset stomach or diarrhea
 Seizure.

Prevention and Treatment for Roseola Disease

Most people have antibodies to roseola by the time they're of school age, making them
immune to a second infection. Even so, if one household member contracts the virus, make sure
that all family members wash their hands frequently to prevent spread of the virus to anyone who
isn't immune. Adults who never contracted roseola as children can become infected later in life,
though the disease tends to be mild in healthy adults. However, infected adults can pass the virus
on to children.

Roseola symptoms typically clear up on their own in about a week as the virus runs its
course. Your healthcare provider may recommend giving your child acetaminophen or ibuprofen
to bring down the fever. You shouldn’t need to treat the rash because it doesn’t itch or cause
pain. Children who have weakened immune systems may need antiviral medications.
 Scarlet fever Disease

What is Scarlet Fever Disease?

Scarlet fever is a bacterial illness that develops in some people who have strep throat.
Also known as scarlatina, scarlet fever features a bright red rash that covers most of the body.
Scarlet fever is almost always accompanied by a sore throat and a high fever.

Scarlet fever is most common in children 5 to 15 years of age. Although scarlet fever
was once considered a serious childhood illness, antibiotic treatments have made it less
threatening. Still, if left untreated, scarlet fever can result in more-serious conditions that affect
the heart, kidneys and other parts of the body.

Group A strep live in the nose and throat and can easily spread to other people. It is
important to know that all infected people do not have symptoms or seem sick. People who are
infected spread the bacteria by coughing or sneezing, which creates small respiratory droplets
that contain the bacteria.
Causes and Transmission

Scarlet fever is caused by the same type of bacteria that cause strep throat. In scarlet
fever, the bacteria release a toxin that produces the rash and red tongue. The infection spreads
from person to person via droplets expelled when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Bacteria called group A Streptococcus or group A strep cause scarlet fever. The bacteria
sometimes make a poison (toxin), which causes a rash — the “scarlet” of scarlet fever.

Signs and Symptoms of Scarlet Fever Disease

The signs and symptoms that give scarlet fever its name include:

 Red rash

 Red lines

 Flushed face

 Strawberry tongue

Prevention and Treatment for Scarlet Fever Disease

There is no vaccine to prevent scarlet fever. The best prevention strategies for scarlet fever are
the same as the standard precautions against infections:

 Wash your hands

 Don't share dining utensils or food

 Cover your mouth and nose

Wart like Eruption (Molluscum Contagiosum)

What is Wart like Eruption Disease?

Molluscum contagiosum and warts are benign epidermal eruptions resulting from viral
infections of the skin. Molluscum contagiosum eruptions are usually self-limited and without
sequelae, although they can be more extensive in immunocompromised persons. MC infection
occurs frequently among children and also affects sexually active adults, where it is classified
among the sexually transmitted diseases. MC has gained additional attention over the past two
decades because of its prevalence as an opportunistic infection in persons with human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

Warts are highly contagious and are mainly passed by direct skin contact, such as when
you pick at your warts and then touch another area of your body. You can also spread them with
things like towels or razors that have touched a wart on your body or on someone else's. Warts
like moist and soft or injured skin.
 Causes and Transmission

Molluscum contagiosum is an infection caused by a poxvirus (molluscum contagiosum

virus). The result of the infection is usually a benign, mild skin disease characterized by lesions
(growths) that may appear anywhere on the body. The virus that causes molluscum spreads from
direct person-to-person physical contact and through contaminated fomites.

Signs and Symptoms of Wart like Eruption Disease

The rash is the telltale sign of molluscum. Its bumps:

 Start as very small spots about the size of a pinhead.

 Grow over a few weeks. They can be as large as a pea or pencil eraser.

 Are soft and smooth and may have a small dent in the center.

 Often are painless, but can get itchy, sore, red, and/or swollen.

 Can get infected with bacteria if kids scratch or pick at them.

 Can appear alone or in groups, or rows. Most people get between 1 and 20 bumps.

 Can show up almost anywhere on the skin except for the palms and soles. In kids, they're most
often on the trunk, arms, and face.
 Prevention and Treatment for Wart like Eruption Disease

Kids with molluscum can still go to daycare, school, and sports. To prevent the spread
of molluscum to other places on their body and to other people, they should:

 Wash their hands well and often with soap and water.

 Cover the bumps with clothing or a bandage.

 Cover the bumps with a watertight bandage before swimming or doing activities with close
contact (like wrestling) or shared equipment (like gymnastics).

 Not share towels or pool toys.

 Not shave over areas that have bumps.

 Not touch, scratch, or rub the bumps.

Most of the time, molluscum clears up on its own without treatment. Each bump goes
away in about 2–3 months. New bumps can appear as old ones go away, so it can take 6-12
months (and sometimes longer) for molluscum to fully go away.

Sometimes, doctors remove the bumps or help them go away more quickly. To do this, they can:
 Freeze the bumps off.

 Scrape or cut the bumps off.

 Put a chemical on the bumps to make the body fight them away faster.

 Put medicine on the bumps or give medicine to swallow.

What is Ringworm, Beard

(Tinea Barbae)

Tinea infections are

commonly called ringworm
because some may form a ring-
like pattern on affected areas of
the body. Beard ringworm (tinea
barbae), also known as tinea sycosis or barber's itch, is a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and
hair follicles of the beard and mustache area. Beard ringworm may be passed to other people by
direct contact with infected people or animals, with contaminated objects, or from the soil.
Although beard ringworm is most common in men, it may also affect women who have dark,
coarse hair on their faces and necks.

Causes and Transmission

 Tinea barbae is caused by both zoophilic and anthropophilic dermatophytes. It may be
due to Trichophyton tonsurans after shaving with insufficiently disinfected hairdressing tools.
Infection caused by zoophilic dermatophytes usually is of greater severity than that produced by
anthropophilic organism. Beard ringworm may be passed to other people by direct contact with
infected people or animals, with contaminated objects, or from the soil.
Signs and Symptoms of Ringworm, Beard (Tinea Barbae)
The most common locations for beard ringworm infection include the following:

 Chin

 Cheeks

 Neck

 Upper lip

Beard ringworm may affect either the outer surface (superficial) or the deep portion of
the skin that holds shafts of hair (hair follicles). If the infection is superficial, beard ringworm
appears as a pink-to-red scaly patch ranging in size from 1 to 5 cm. Alternatively, small pus-
filled bumps (pustules) may be seen around hair follicles in the affected skin.

In deeper forms of beard ringworm, you may see firm red nodules covered with pustules
or scabs that may ooze blood and pus. Beard ringworm is usually itchy. Deeper forms of beard
ringworm may be accompanied by fever and swollen lymph glands.
Prevention and Treatment for Ringworm, Beard (Tinea Barbae)

To confirm the diagnosis of beard ringworm, your physician might scrape some surface
skin material (scales) or pluck an affected hair and place it onto a glass slide for examination
under a microscope. This procedure, called a KOH (potassium hydroxide) preparation, allows
the doctor to look for tell-tale signs of fungal infection. If you have many pus-filled lesions or if
deeper lumps are present, your physician may wish to perform a procedure to grow out the
fungus (fungal culture) in order to discover the particular organism that may be causing the
infection. The procedure involves:

1. Penetrating the pus-filled lesion with a needle, scalpel, or lancet.

2. Rubbing a sterile cotton-tipped applicator across the skin to collect the pus.

3. Sending the specimen away to a laboratory.

The fungal culture can take up to 3 weeks to produce final results.

Since beard ringworm usually requires oral antifungal pills in order to get rid of the infection
completely, your physician will likely recommend one of the following oral medications:

 Terbinafine

 Itraconazole
 Griseofulvin

 Fluconazole

 Ketoconazole

References:
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37135#Measles-vaccine-and-autism
https://www.healthline.com/health/skin/maculopapular-rash#differential-diagnosis
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/measles.html
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/measles/symptoms-causes/syc-20374857
https://www.healthline.com/health/measles#prevention
https://www.webmd.com/children/understanding-fifth-disease-symptoms
https://www.cdc.gov/parvovirusb19/fifth-disease.html
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15785-roseola-infantumsixth-disease
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/roseola.html
https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/about/in-the-us.html
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/german-measles.html
https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/scarlet-fever.html
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scarlet-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20377406
https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/ss/slideshow-warts
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8584-measles#:~:text=Measles%20is%20caused
%20by%20an,you%20cough%2C%20sneeze%20or%20talk.
https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/index.html
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/molluscum-contagiosum.html
https://www.emedicinehealth.com/molluscum_contagiosum/article_em.htm