Chapter 8: Global

City, Population and

Mobility Migration,
and Demography
MARYSEL HUNDANA NICOLAS
UNIVERSIT Y OF ANTIQUE
SIBALOM, ANTIQUE
Lesson 1: Global City
• An emphasis on the
Global City is an urban centre that enjoys significant flow of information and
capital
competitive advantages and that serves as a hub • Cities are major nodes
within a globalized economic system. Saskia in the interconnected
systems of information
Sassen and money, and the
A Global City is also called “power city” which is wealth that they
the primary node in the global economic key capture is intimately
related to the
network. concept specialized businesses
that facilitate those
For a city to achieve the title of being global, it of the flows – financial
institutions, consulting
must have values and ideas that will have an global firms, law firms, and
media organizations.
impact in the rets of the world.
city • Identified 3 global
cities: New York,
This choice indicated that the criteria for London, Tokyo all of
which are hub of global
the status of the global city finance and capitalism.
were primarily economic. GLOBAL CITIES
are the ‘command centers’, the main nodes
of triumphant global capitalism.
 World It referred to a type of city which we have seen
over the centuries in earlier periods in
City Asia and in European colonial centers

• Shanghai World Financial Center

al It is a city generally considered to be
• World Financial Center (now
ob an important node in the global
G l ty economic system; it is a significant officially known as Brookfield Place)
New York
Ci
production point of specialized financial
and producer services that make the • San Francisco– Facebook, Twitter,
globalized economy run. and Google

Global cities are the main financial centers i.e.

The idea of “global city” emerged in the social stock exchanges and indices
science literature in the 1980s. • New York’s Wall Street
The concept was preceded by the idea of ‘world • London’s ‘Footsie’ (the informal name for
city’. Through the global cities the nation. FTSE 100 Index
states project their significance onto the global • Tokyo’s Nikkei
stage. • Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index
(FTSE)
Global cities are also at the top of the ‘urban
cultural hierarchy’ in terms of cultural
innovation and ability to attract visitors.

Global cities are residents to ‘knowledge workers’, a highly mobile, career-

minded middle class. KNOWLEDGE WORKERS are those "high level employees
who apply theoretical and analytical knowledge, acquired through formal
education, to develop new products or services". (PETER DRUCKER)

Gentrification is a general According to Sassen

term for the arrival of (1991), global cities are
wealthier people in an characterized by
existing urban district, occupational and
a related increase in rents and income
property values, and changes polarization, with the
in the district’s character and highly paid professional
culture. This refers also to the class on the one end and
displacement of poor providers of hollow
communities by rich low-paid services on the
outsiders. other.
INDICATORS OF GLOBALITY
Economic power - Sassen remains
correct in saying that economic power
largely determines which cities are global.
New York may have the largest stock
market in the world but Tokyo houses the
most number of corporate headquarters.
Global cities are also centers of
authority - Washington D.C. may not be
as wealthy as New York, but it is the seat of
American state power.
It houses major international organizations; centers of
political influence:
New York - United Nations
Brussels - European Union
Jakarta - ASEAN
Centers of higher learning and culture:
New York Times - New York City
Harvard University - Boston
The Challenges of Globalization
Global cities conjure up images of fast-paced,
exciting, cosmopolitan lifestyles. But such
descriptions are lacking. Global cities also have their
undersides. They can be sites of:
✓ Great inequality and poverty as well as
tremendous violence.
✓ “Pathologies” of Global Cities
✓ Congested
✓ Polluted
✓ Major terror attack
The phenomenon of driving out the poor in favor of
newer, wealthier residents is called
gentrification. Global cities are sites of
globalization. They are, therefore, material
representations of the phenomenon. Through them,
we see the best of globalization; they are places that
create exciting fusions of culture and ideas. They are
also places that generate tremendous wealth.
However, they remain sites of great inequality, where
global servants serve global entrepreneurs.
SALIENT FEATURES OF GLOBAL CITY
• International and national connectivity
• Diversified international population base
• International cuisine
• International culture
• International infrastructure
• International business presence
• Support for a recognized language of
international business
• Global economic and political importance
 Migration is a key feature of our increasingly interconnected world.
It has also become a flashpoint for debate in many countries, which
underscores the importance of understanding the patterns of global
migration and the economic impact that is created when people
Lesson 2 move across the world’s borders.

The twenty-first because there are more migrants in the

century has been world today than ever before —
called "The age of about 244 million international migrants
migration“ in 2015 and in fact it is increasing.

In fact, migration should not be considered a problem because

human beings have always been migratory resulting to an increase
in population, experience diversity and economic prosperity.

However, most reason for massive movement of people across borders were in search of
education, employment and to flee from war, persecution or natural disasters in their
home country has triggered global migration. Moreover, it has contributed to our
increasingly diverse and interconnected world. Thus, cross-border migration has risen
steadily over the last three decades (Lagarde 2016), which contends inevitable effects
on labor markets as well as on political, social and cultural dynamics creating potential
negative consequences of on the sending and receiving countries.
What is Global
Migration?

The movement of people from

one place to another for the
purpose of taking up residence
for a certain minimum period,
usually across a political or
administrative boundary, means
crossing the boundary of a
political or administrative unit
for a certain minimum period
(Boyle et al. 1998, chapter 2)
 GLOBALIZATION AND MIGRATION
International migration at the beginning of the twenty-first century: global
trends and issues
qSTEPHEN CASTLES
In the second half of the twentieth century, Often a result of economic and social development that
international migration emerged as one of the main may either contribute to further development and improved
factors in social transformation and development in economic and social condition, or alternatively help to
all regions of the world. perpetuate stagnation and inequality.

Its significance looks set to increase further in the

twenty- first century, as population mobility grows in Helps to erode traditional boundaries between languages,
volume and takes on new forms. Migration is a result cultures, ethnic groups and nation-states;
of the integration of local communities and national
economies into global relationships.

Today migration, is becoming increasingly common
as people move in search of security and better
livelihood: from villages to towns, from one region to
another in their home country, or between countries
and continents.
It therefore, challenges cultural traditions, national identity
and political institutions, and contributes to a decline in
autonomy of nation-state.
 CATEGORIES OF
INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS
1. Temporary labor migrants
2. Highly skilled and business
( also known as guest-workers
migrants
or overseas contract workers)

People with qualifications as

managers, executives,
professionals, technicians or
similar, who move within the
internal labor markets of
transnational corporations and
international organizations, or
who seek employment through
international labor markets for
scarce skills.
 CATEGORIES OF
INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS
3. Irregular Migrants (also
known as undocumented or 4. Refugees
illegal immigrants)

According to the 1951 United Nations

Convention relating to the Status of
Refugees,
a refugee is a person residing
outside his or her country of
nationality, who is unable or
unwilling to return because of a
‘well-founded fear of persecution
on account of
race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social
group, or political opinion’.
 CATEGORIES OF
INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS
7. Family Members (also known
5. Asylum-seekers 6. Forced Migration as family reunion or family
reunification migrants

In a broader sense, this includes

People who move across borders in
not only refugees and asylum-
search of protection, but who may
seekers but
not fulfill the
also people forced to move by
strict criteria laid down by the 1951
environmental catastrophes or
Convention. In many contemporary
development projects
conflict situations in less developed
(such as new factories, roads or
countries it is difficult to distinguish Return migrants are often looked
dams).
between flight because on favorably as they may bring
of personal persecution and with them capital, skills and
departure caused by the experience useful for economic
destruction of the economic and 8. Return Migrants
development. Many countries
social infrastructure needed for have special schemes to
survival. make use of this ‘development
potential’.
1. Forced Immigration
This is when the gov’t or authorities of a place force people to migrate for a reason.

2. Impelled Migration (also called reluctant or imposed migration)

3. Return Migration
This involves the voluntary return of migrants to their original place after they outlive the reasons for which they
left.

4. Internal Migration
This refer to population movement within a country

5. International Migration
This describes the movement of people between countries which involves greater distances than is the case with
internal migration.
Economic migration is defined as a choice to improve the standard of living by gaining a better job.

6. Family Migration
Family reunification is recognized reason for immigration in many countries because of the presence of one or
more family members in a certain country
Migrant Transnationalism refers to a social process characterized by substantively
bifocal consciousness and orientation, as well as regular practices of conducting
migrant’s lives across state borders, of living out significant domains of social life both
“here” and “there”.
ü The assumption that people will live their lives in one place, according to one set of national and
cultural norms, in countries with impermeable national borders, no longer holds. Rather, in the
21st century, more and more people will belong to two or more societies at the same time. This is
what many researchers refer to as transnational migration.

ü Transnationalism challenges traditional theories of assimilation, which assume that immigrants

who are more fully integrated into their host societies are less likely to continue to involve
themselves in the economic, social, and political spheres of their countries of origin.
Ø The foremost driver of transnationalism has been the
development of technologies that have made
transportation and communication infinitely more
accessible and affordable.
Ø International migrations have become integral to the
demographic future of many developed countries.
Ø Fills the demographic gaps created by declining
natural populations in most industrialized countries.
Today, migration accounts for 3/5 of population growth
in western countries as a whole.
Ø Global political transformations and new international
legal regimes have weakened the state as the only
legitimate source of rights.
 TRADITIONAL AND TRANSNATIONAL
LENSES OF MIGRATION
q Understanding Migration
Ø It would be a mistake to see
migration apart from broader social
relationships and
processes of change
Ø At the global level there are
multiple levels of mediation that
link individual
migrants to global interstate
systems of
migration
CAUSES OF MIGRATION
q Disparity in the levels of income,
employment and social well-being
between differing areas.
q Individual efforts to maximize their
income by moving from lower wage to
high wage
q Development leads to migration
because economic and educational
improvements make people capable of
seeking better opportunities elsewhere.
 MIGRATION IMPACT ON RECEIVING
COUNTRY
Positive aspects
+ Increasing domestic demand
+ More opportunities for
consumers: increasing variety
of goods and services
+ Job creation, new talents
+ 3D (dirty, dangerous,
difficult) jobs
+ More flexible labor force
+/- Low skill versus high skill
workers: effects on
employment and wages
Negative aspects
- Cheap and flexible labor: gain
in short run, loss in long run,
competitiveness issues
– Social dumping and hidden
labor market
– Social problems, high
unemployment among
immigrants, slums in big cities
– No incentives to improve
working conditions
– Negative effect on native
wages??
+ Increasing internal mobility
+ Increasing human capital (commuting,
temporary migration)
+ Remittances
+ Brain circulation
+ Diaspora (FDI, aid, political influence,
etc.)
+ Opportunity to reduce unemployment
and alleviate the negative effects of sharply
restructuring economic process
+/- labor shortage can cause the wage
increase
Diasporas often maintain ties to the
country of their historical affiliation and
influence the
policies of the country where they are
located.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an
investment made by a firm or individual in
one country
into business interests located in another
country.

– Negative net migration will accelerate
demographic problems, like ageing, low
birth rate etc.
– Depopulated areas, deepening of
regional discrepancies;
– Social problems with dependents
remained at home (especially children);
– Inflationary pressure (due to
remittances)
Brain drain is the movement of skilled individuals
from a less developed area to a more
developed area
Human Trafficking
It involves an act of recruiting,
transporting, transferring, harboring or receiving a
person through a use of force, coercion or
other means, for the purpose of exploiting them.
Remittance is a payment of money that is
transferred to another party
 CONCLUSION
The wide-scale movement of people is as much a defining feature of
globalization as the movement of goods, services, and capital. And countries
are often just as reluctant—if not more so—to open their borders to people
as they are to those items. As with trade of goods and capital, citizens may
fear that their culture and jobs are susceptible to being eliminated by
uncontrolled immigration. At the same time—again, similarly to free trade
and investment— economies and societies need migration in order to sustain
economic growth.

Global migration entails the globalization of people. Many richer states know
that migrant labor will be beneficial for their economies. With the aging
populations, Japan and Germany will need workers from demographically
young countries like the Philippines.
Lesson 3: The Global Demography
Demography is the “scientific study of
human population in which includes
study of changes in population size,
composition and its distribution.”
comes from the words “Demo” means “the
people” and “graphy” means
“measurement”

‘Demography’- is the science of people

In 1855, was first used by a French writer Achille
Guillard

“The study of the characteristics of human

populations.” (Oxford Dictionary of Economics)

The importance of demography lies in its
contribution to helping government and
society better prepare to deal for the issues
and demands of population growth, aging
and migration.
“Demography is the scientific study of human
populations,
primarily with respect to their size, their
structure and their development.”
(UN Multilingual Demographic Dictionary)
 Births, deaths and migration are the ‘big three’ of
demography, jointly producing population stability or
change.

Why is demography is
important? Nearly everything is connected to demography.

The greatest threat to mankind's existence is

The unbridled growth of human population
from the unchecked multiplication of his own
has also brought in its wake problems like
species, especially in the developing countries
unemployment, urbanization, pollution etc
of Asia and Africa.

The uneven distribution of population in the Population explosion is the biggest problem
world has severely affected the fragile which has drawn attention of the all
ecological balance in many countries. concerned.
First Billion: 1. Economy
1804 If population is increasing at a faster rate, the pace of development of economy
Second Billion : will be slow.
1927 (123 years) 2. Society
Third Billion : When population is increasing rapidly, the society is faced with innumerable
1960 ( 33 years ) problems.
Fourth Billion : 3. Economic and Health Planning
1974 ( 14 years ) Data relating to the present trend in population growth help the planners in
Fifth Billion : formulating policies for the economic plan of the country.
1987 ( 13 years ) 4. Administrators
Sixth Billion : The administrator has to tackle and find solutions to the problems arising from the
1999 ( 11 years ) growth of population.

5. Political system
It is on the basis of the census figures pertaining to different
areas that the demarcation of constituencies is done by the election commission
of a country.
 a) Size: increase or decrease
THE ELEMENTS OF
DEMOGRAPHY
b) Composition: sex and age group
c) Distribution: territory

SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC
DEMOGRAPHY PROCESSES

a) population a) fertility
censuses b) mortality
b) national sample c) Marriage
c) surveys registration d) migration
d) vital events e) social morbidity
 IS THERE A PERIL OF
OVERPOPULATION?
Development planners see
urbanization and industrialization as
indicators of developing society, but
disagree on the role of population
growth or decline in modernization
which was popularized by a British
scholar Thomas Malthus in 1789 in his
book “An Essay on The Principle of
Population” that population growth
will inevitably exhaust world food
supply by the middle of the 19th
century.
IT’S THE ECONOMY, NOT
THE BABIES
Population control program advocates has
its critics, like Betsy Hartmann who disagree
the Neo-Malthusian theory and accused
governments of using population control as
substitute to social justice and much needed
reforms – such as land distribution,
employment creation, provision of mass
education and health care, and
emancipation.
Scholars and policy makers agree with the
neo-Malthusians but suggest that if
governments pursue population control
programs, they must include “more inclusive
growth” and “greener economic growth”
(Claudio and Abinales, 2018).
 WOMEN REPRODUCTIVE
RIGHTS
Women have been the center subject
of debates of these population
measures. Reproductive rights
supporters argue that if population
control and economic development
were to reach their goals, women
must have control over whether they
will have children or not. By giving
women this power, they will be able
to pursue their vocations- be
economic, social, or political- and
contribute to economic growth.
FEMINIST
PERSPECTIVE
Feminist approach on the issue of
reproductive rights, they are foremost
against any form of population control
because it does not really empower
women. They believe that government
assumptions that poverty and
environmental degradation are caused by
overpopulation are wrong. Feminist also
point out that there is a very little
evidence that point to overpopulation as
the culprit behind poverty and ecological
devastation.
Activity:

Invite an OFW or a foreigner

migrating or working in the
Philippines to talk to the class
their experiences in staying
or migrating to another
country.