MUSIC

Music of the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods have its own distinct
characteristics. Monophonic plainchant became popular because of Pope Gregory I
who approved this type of music in the Catholic church, “The Gregorian Chant.”
Troubadour Music emerged and was perfumed across Europe. Chansons and motets
are in the style of early liturgical polyphony.
Secular Music became more prominent in this so-called, GOLDEN AGE OF A
CAPELLA, “THE RENIASSANCE” music became popular as an entertainment and
activity for the amateur and the educated.
One of the significant events of baroque music was the creation of Major and
Minor tonality and applied music theories that are being used today. Baroque music
is highlighted, grandiose and elaborate.
MUSIC OF THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD (700-1400)
Gregorian Chant is the central tradition of Western plainchant, a form of
monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song of the western Roman Catholic
Church.
Characteristics of the Gregorian Chants:
• Monophonic
• Free meter
• Modal
• Usually based on Latin liturgy
• Use of Neume notation
Troubadour Music is a French medieval lyric poet, composing and singing
in Provencal in the 11th to 13th centuries especially on the theme of courtly
love.
Characteristics of the Troubadour Music:
• Usually monophonic
• Sometimes with improvised accompaniment
• Tells of chivalry and courtly love
• Originated in France
• Written in the French language

MUSIC OF THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD (1400-1600)

Characteristics of Renaissance Music:
• Mostly polyphonic
• Imitation among the voices is common
• Use of word painting in text and music
• Melodic lines move in a flowing manner
• Melodies are easier to perform because these move along a scale with a few
large leaps
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Vocal Music of Renaissance Period
1. Mass is a form of sacred musical composition that sets texts of the
Eucharistic liturgy into music.
Characteristics of the Mass:
a. Polyphonic
b. May be sung a cappella or with orchestral accompaniment
c. Text may be syllabic (one note set to each syllable), neumatic (a few
notes set to one syllable), or melismatic (many notes to one syllable)
Five Main Sections of Mass:
1. Kyrie (Lord Have Mercy)
2. Gloria (Glory to God in the Highest)
3. Credo (I Believe in One God)
4. Sanctus and Benedictus (Holy, holy and Blessed Is He)
5. Agnus Dei (Lamb of God)
2. Madrigal is a secular vocal polyphonic music composition which was
originated from Italy. It is written and expressed in a poetic text and sung
during courtly social gatherings. It is the most important secular form during
the Renaissance period.
Characteristics of the Madrigal:
a. Polyphonic
b. Sung a cappella
c. Through–composed
d. Frequently in 3 to 6 voices

GIOVANNI PIERLUIGI DA PALESTRINA (Rome: 1525 – 2594) He was the greatest master of Roman Catholic Church music
where majority of his compositions are sacred music and has a keen interest in satisfying the desires of church leaders in
the 16th century. Palestrina’s Pope Marcellus mass is the perfect example of the counter-reformation style. He received
his early training and spent majority of his career in various churches in Rome including Pope’s Chapel. He was an
organist and choir master in Sistine Chapel, St. Peter’s Basilica and St. Agapito which may have influenced his
distinctively pure and restrained style in musical compositions. His first book, Masses became popular and was greatly
appreciated by Pope Julius lll. Palestrina has two sons but both died during the plague epidemic that struck Rome in
1570’s. He planned to become a priest but eventually, he married a wealthy widow and helped him pursue a musical
career throughout his life.

THOMAS MORLEY (England: 1557 – 1602) Morley was born in Norwich, East England, the son of a brewer. He was a
singer in the local cathedral from his boyhood, and he became master of choristers there in 1583. Thomas Morley was
the most famous composer of secular music in his time. He was a singer in the local cathedral during his childhood and
was believed to have studied music with William Byrd, an Elizabethan composer of sacred music. He received his
Bachelor’s degree in Oxford and became an organist at St. Paul’s in London. He tried imitating Byrd in his early works but
veered towards composing madrigals that show a variety of color, form and technique. Most of his madrigals are light
and easy to sing with some aspects of Italian style. His Musica Transalpina, a collection of Italian madrigals fitted with
English text, was published in 1588 by Nicholas Yonge. Shortly after, he began publishing his own collections of
madrigals and made significant contribution to the history of music.
His works include: • Fire, Fire, My Heart • Sing and Chant It • Fantasie • April Is In My Mistress‟ Face

MUSIC OF THE BAROQUE PERIOD (1685-1750) Characteristics of Baroque Music: • Melodies sound elaborate and
ornamental • Melodies are not easy to sing or remember • Primarily contrapuntal textures with some homophony •
Dynamic contrast – alternation between loud and soft • Music genres—operas, oratorios, suites, toccatas,
concertógrosso, fugue • Orchestra consists of strings and continuo • Harpsichord and organ are the keyboard
instruments that are commonly used Music Genres of Baroque Music 1. Concerto is a form of orchestral music that
employs a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra. 2. Concerto Grosso is a form of orchestral music during the
Baroque Period wherein the music is between a small group of solo instruments called concertino and the whole
orchestra called tutti. 3. Fugue is a contrapuntal piece, developed mainly by imitative counterpoint. 4. Oratorio is a large-
scale musical composition for orchestra and voices that incorporates narratives on religious themes. Unlike usual
theatrical works, this is usually performed without the use of costumes, scenery, or action. It is usually written in the
native language for the intended audience. 5. Chorale is a musical composition that resembles a harmonized version of
hymnal tunes of the Protestant Church during the Baroque era.
Famous Composers of the Baroque Period
1. George Friedrich Handel
George Händel was the second son from the second marriage of a pastor.
Despite his father’s opposition, George secretly taught himself to play the
harpsichord. At age 7, he gained access to a church organ and started to play. A
Duke heard him play and insisted on giving him a formal
music education. Under Zachau, organist of Halle
cathedral, he studied counterpoint, canon and fugue.
Händel is remembered for his operas and oratorios.
Handel became England’s favorite composer. He had
given English audiences music that in variety and
interest rivalled anything they could remember. Handel
lost both of his eyesight in 1753. When he conducted his
oratorio, ―Samson,” a few in the audience were unaware
that he had lost his eyesight. The Messiah is Hӓndel’s
most famous creation and the very well known
―Hallelujahǁ chorus is part of Hӓndel’s Messiah. The
Messiah was written in the space of twenty – four days in London but it was in Dublin
when The Messiah was first performed and became an instant success.
His works include:
• The Messiah “Hallelujah Chorus”
Listens and watch the link that features the “Hallelujah” chorus from Handel’s
Messiah at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUZetVbJT5c
2. Johann Sebastian Bach
J.S. Bach came from a family of musicians. He was taught to play violin by
his father who was then the town musician in Eisanach. He entered school at age 7
where he was taught religion and other subjects. He became orphaned at age ten.
His brother, a church organist provided for him. Bach’s beautiful soprano singing
voice helped him to be accepted at a school in Luӥeberg. A few years later, his voice
changed and Bach focused his attention to playing the violin and harpsichord. Bach
was a religious man. His personal and deep faith is shown in his sacred music. He
was known for his compositions for organ, orchestra, and oratorio. His most
important and long – term position was as ―cantor” at St. Thomas Church.
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His works includes:
• Concerto Grosso
• Masses
• Cantatas
• Fuques
Listen to the link of Bach’s Taccata and Fugue in D
minor played on glass harp (musical glass)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XKRj-T4l-e8
3. Antonio Vivaldi
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi Antonio Lucio Vivaldi , nickn ilPrete Rosso ("The Red
Priest") because of his red hair, was an Italian Baroque composer, Catholic priest
and a virtuoso violinist. Recognized as one of the greatest Baroque composers, his
influence during his lifetime was widespread over Europe. Vivaldi is known mainly
for composing instrumental concertos, especially for the violin, as well as sacred
choral works and over forty operas. He entered the priesthood and was ordained in
1703. Vivaldi is well known for giving the strings a major role in his compositions.
His most famous piece is The Four Seasons. This composition is a series of four violin
concerti depicting each of the seasons, ―Spring,ǁ―Summer,ǁ―Autumn,ǁ and
―Winter.ǁ
His work includes:
• The Four Seasons
Listen to the link that features
“Spring”, (one of the four parts of
the Four Seasons)

ARTS

PREHISTORIC ERA
Pre-historic includes all human existence before the emergence of writing.
Their art is of interest not only to the art historians but also to archeologist and
anthropologist, for whom the art is only one clue- along with fossils, pollens and
other finds to an understanding of early human life and culture.
• Paintings from the Pre-Historic Era
Their paintings were found inside the caves which may have been their way
of communicating with each other. It may also be for religious or ceremonial
purposes. Some sections have beenidentified inside the cave such as: a. The
Great Hall of the Bulls, b. The Lateral Passage, c. TheShaft of the Dead man,
What’s New
What is It
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d. The Chamber of Engravings, e. The Painted Gallery, and f. The Chamber of
Felines.
• Paintings from Ancient Egypt
The purpose of Egyptian paintings is to make the deceased afterlife place
pleasant. With this in mind, themes include journey to the underworld
introducing the deceased to the gods of the underworldby their protective
deities.

Paintings from Sarcophagus of Tutankhamen

XVIII dynasty, 1362 A.D.- 1253 BC
(Images from Treasures of the World, 1961 CCP Library)

It emphasizes the importance of life after death and the preservation of the
knowledge of the past. The paintings of the walls on the tomb shows events of
the life of the king while he was still on earth and the scenes he expects to
encounter in the underworld after his death.

Paintings from Classical Greek Era

Paintings during the classical era were most commonly found in vases,
panels and tomb. It depicts natural figures with dynamic compositions.
Most common methods of Greek painting:
1. Fresco- method of painting water-based pigments on a freshly applied
plaster usually on a wall surfaces. Colors are made with grind powder pigments in
pure water, dry and set with a plaster to become a permanent part of the wall.
Ideal for murals, durable and has a matte style.
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2. Encaustic– developed to use by Greek ship builders, who used the hot
wax to fill the cracks of the ship. Soon pigments (colors) was added and used to
paint a wax hull.
Judgement of Paris (370-330B.C.)
(Image from Treasures of the
World, 1961 CCP Library)
Vase painting
Kerch Style also referred to as Kerch Vases are red-figured pottery named
after the place where it was found. Shapes commonly found are:
1. pelike (wine container)
2. lekanis (a low bowl with two horizontal handles and a low broad foot)
3. lebes gamikos (with high handles and lid use to carry bridal bath)
4. krater (bowl use for mixing wine and water)
Panel Painting
There are paintings on flat panels of wood. It can be either a small, single
Piece or several panels joined together. Most of the panel paintings no longer exist
because of its organic composition.
Pitsa Panel
Archaic Period between 540 and 530 B.C.E.
(Image from Treasures of the World, 1961 CCP Library)

Tomb / Wall Painting

Tomb or wall painting was very popular during the classical period. It uses
the method frescos either tempera (water-base) or encaustic (wax). It hasa
sharp, flatly outlined style of painting and because it uses water-based materials,
very few samples survived.

Paintings from the Romantic Era

Most of the paintings in this era were copied or imitated from Hellenic Greek
paintings. Fresco technique was used in brightly colored backgrounds; division of
the wall into a multiple rectangular area (tic-tac-toe design); multi-point perspective;
and a tropme-l’-oeil effect.
Roman paintings have a wide variety of subjects, animals, everyday life,
still life, mythological subjects, portraits and landscapes. The development of
landscape painting is the main innovation of Roman painting from Greek
painting.

Paintings from the Medieval Era

The lively styles of paintings which had been invented in Greek and Rome
lived on in Byzantium but this time for Christian subjects. By the 11th century,
the Greek and Oriental styles seem to blend together in magnificent, imposing
images, which adorned the churches in large and small forms.
It has a remarkable variety of artistic traditions such as modeling and
treatment of faces and draperies that follow Byzantine convention while the
refreshingly decorative feeling comes from southern French styles. It also
shows traces of Mozarabic influence (Arabize influence) through elongated oval
faces, large staring eyes and long noses, figures against flat colored bands and
heavy outlining.

Paintings from the Gothic Era

Paintings have been confined in the illumination of manuscript pages and
the painting of frescoes on the walls of churches in cosmopolitan style, elegant,
mannered and sophisticated.

P.E
What are physical activities?
Physical activities are those activities held during one’s leisure time.
Their purpose is to refresh oneself by doing activities that are considered
by an individual as enjoyable. The acquisition of physical skills can
motivate an individual to participate further physical activities; hence his
growth and development.
You experienced exercise as part of your daily routine, right?
Exercise is an integral part of body conditioning. Proper exercise
helps to reduce tension and maintain fitness. It is about preparing your
body and mind altogether. It is the most natural way of preparing for life.
Remember that physical activities are a necessity of life. You crave
for it as much as sleeping and eating. The more naturally you train your
body, the more health benefits you gain because no machine can ever
imitate the complexity of natural human movements.
Physical fitness means the ability to carry one’s work load
without staggering and to participate in recreation with ease and
enjoyment and still have a reservoir endurance to meet the emergencies
of life.
In other words, it is the ability of the body system to carry out the
daily activities satisfactorily with still enough energy to enjoy leisure and
to meet unforeseen emergencies.
Physical fitness is a condition whereby the systems of the body are
able to function at their optimal efficiency.
Some of the examples of Physical Fitness Test are:
• Curl-up measures strength and endurance of abdominal muscles.
• Standing long jump measures leg power
• Push-up measures upper body strength, specifically the muscles of the
arms, shoulders, chest and back.
• Shuttle run measures agility
• Three-minute step test measures the cardio respiratory endurance.
Fitness is the ability to live a healthy, satisfying and useful life. It is the
major goal of physical education considering its implications for physical,
social, emotional and mental well-being.

Advantages of exercise for fitness:

1. Exercise can be systematically planned to cover all the muscle groups
of the body and to emphasize areas of greatest need.
2. The dosage of exercise can be regulated from mild to vigorous and
exhaustive efforts.
3. Progression can be derived which will provide for the development of
body control, flexibility, balance, and good posture, as well as for
increased muscular strength and endurance.
Dynamic (active) stretching exercises involves active movements
where joints and muscles go through a full range of motion. They can
warm up your body before exercise. These include jogging, high knees,
butt kicks, side shuffles, back pedals, cariocas, and jumping jacks.
Static (stationary) stretching exercises on the other hand are done
at the end of your work out, and involve stretching that you hold in place
for a period of time, without movement. This allows your muscles to
loosen up, while increasing flexibility and range of motion. These include
neck stretches, shoulder curls, arm-stretches, trunk stretches, toe
touch, lunges and squats.

HEALTH
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a state of complete
physical, mental, and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or
infirmity. It leads to a socially and economically productive life.
Community is defined as a sociological group in a large place sharing one
environment. It includes the individual and the family.
Community Health is defined as the art and science of maintaining, protecting,
and improving the health of all the members of the community through organized
and sustained community efforts.
Environmental Health comprises those aspects of human health that are
determined by physical, chemical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in the
surrounding environment.
According to the WHO (2002), the characteristics of a healthy community
includes:
1. A clean and safe physical environment.
2. An environment that meets everyone’s basic needs.
3. An environment that promotes social harmony and actively involves everyone.
4. An understanding of local health and environmental issues.
5. A community that participates in identifying local solutions to local problems.
6. A community whose members have access to varied experiences, means of
interaction and communication.
7. Accessible and appropriate health services and facilities.
8. The promotion and celebration of historical and cultural heritage.
9. A diverse and innovative economy.
10. A sustainable use of available resources for all
Today waste is a huge problem. It affects every part of our environment, from
our waterways to our atmosphere, our grassy fields to our forests, our plants to our
people. If we want to make an impact in the fight against waste and pollution, one
of the best things we can do is to start it within ourselves to become a responsible
citizen when it comes to disposing our solid waste.

3Rs: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Three great ways you can eliminate waste and protect your environment is
through reduce, reuse and recycle.
Waste, and how we choose to handle it, affects our world’s environment - that’s
your environment. The environment is everything about you including the air, water,
land, plants, and man-made things. And since by now you probably know that you
need a healthy environment for your own health and happiness, you can understand
why effective waste management is so important to YOU and everyone else. The waste
we create must be carefully controlled to be sure that it does not harm your
environment and community health.